温度对城市生活垃圾和厌氧颗粒污泥联合厌氧发酵的影响

针对无锡市垃圾填埋场堆体厌氧发酵所存在的产气率低、氨氮浓度高的问题,以无锡市生活垃圾为原料,在添加厌氧颗粒污泥的情况下,探讨了不同发酵温度下(25、35和45℃)对城市生活垃圾厌氧发酵过程中渗滤液的化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、渗滤液产量和产甲烷量的影响。结果表明,25、35和45℃条件下氨氮的最终浓度分别为2 450、2 650和3 000 mg·L~(-1),COD的去除率分别为60.9%、85.2%和80.1%,最大产甲烷速率分别为67、552和397 mL·d~(-1),沼气中甲烷的平均体积分数分别为39.4%、66.9%和53.2%,累积产甲烷量分别为2 906、19 004和14 286mL。以上结果表明35℃条件在能够缩短发酵周期,提高甲烷产量的同时,还能在一定程度减小渗滤液氨氮浓度,有助于减轻后续渗滤液处理的压力。     

三峡库区垃圾污染现状及治理技术

如何搞好三峡库区的生态环境保护已成为全世界关注的课题，介绍了库区生活垃圾污染现状，并根据库区生活垃圾的特性及当地的经济发展和自然条件，对三峡库区生活垃圾的综合治理进行了系统研究，建议三峡库区垃圾实行分类收集，系统地将城区生活垃圾的管理、收集、运输和处理等各个环节有机结合起来，逐步建立起高效完善的现代化城市生活垃圾管理体系。重点介绍了准好氧垃圾卫生填埋技术和CBS（Cental Bilolgical System）城市生活垃圾高效菌种堆肥技术，秭归、巴东等烧煤区生活垃圾含无机物成分较高，建议选用准好氧填埋技术；涪陵、开县、忠县等燃气区生活垃圾有机物成分较高，已具备一定的资源化价值，高效菌种CBS堆肥技术在燃气区具有广阔的前景。     

中国城市垃圾的处理现状及利用对策

分别从城市垃圾的产量、垃圾的特点、垃圾的危害、垃圾中重金属污染等方面，论述了目前中国城市垃圾处理现状及利用方面的研究进展，并指出了处理和利用中存在的问题，提出了今后的发展方向。     

城市垃圾中生物质在热分析仪中燃烧的动力学模型研究

为了合理有效利用城市垃圾中的生物质能，实现城市垃圾的无害化、减量化、资源化利用，开发适合我国城市垃圾中生物质的焚烧技术，特地对昆明市城市垃圾中生物质进行了特性分析，并在热重分析天平上对其进行了动力学实验研究与分析。结果表明，城市垃圾中生物质的燃烧过程大致可以分为四个阶段，即脱水干燥阶段、挥发份的析出和燃烧阶段、过渡阶段和固定炭燃烧阶段。城市生活垃圾中生物质具有着火温度低、燃尽率高等特点。通过对热重（TG）、差示扫描曲线（DTA）的深入分析，对城市垃圾中生物质的燃烧动力学参数进行了研究，为实现城市垃圾无害化提供理论与技术的支持。     

第四代垃圾焚烧技术

上海多灵环保工程设备有限公司研制成功第四代垃圾焚烧技术，包括垃圾预处理、焚烧、烟气治理、综合利用等技术组成，每天可处理100t生活垃圾，能适合600多个县城。其特点：垃圾不需分拣；不需添加燃料也可焚烧水分高达50％的垃圾；不烧垃圾时可像煤球炉一样暂时封炉。工程实例（海南琼海市）表明，     

韩国清垃圾之绝招

为了回收资源和减轻城市垃圾的压力，韩国政府于１９９５年起，正式实施垃圾袋收费制度。按规定，居民必须购买政府规定的垃圾袋装垃圾，否则将罚款１００万韩元。同时，在许多住宅区设置了资源回收站收集旧报纸、瓶罐以及塑料包装袋等，并且建立了配套的资源回收再生工厂。该制度实施两年来，韩国各大城市的垃圾量减少了３７％以上，资源回收量增加了４０％。因此，这一做法不失为清垃圾之绝招。韩国清垃圾之绝招@丹人     

利用生活垃圾肥生产无土草毯的研究

将中国南方种植的两个狗牙根品种和两个结缕草品种种植于以垃圾为主要组分的基质上，并以田园土和无土基质作对照，对其在不同基质上的生长速度进行了统计分析。初步结果表明：①不同基质上建植的草坪草，其生长速度存在极显著的差异，其中，在100％垃圾肥、70％垃圾肥 30％棉子壳以及50％垃圾肥 50％棉子壳无显著差异，并快于且显著地优于其它基质处理和对照75％垃圾肥 25％稻壳与50％泥炭土 50％棉籽壳(CK2)无显著差异，但显著好于田园土(CK1)和50％垃圾肥 50％稻壳，而CK1则显著优于50％垃圾肥 50％稻壳。②草坪草品种与基质间亦存在显著的互作效应，狗牙根在100％垃圾肥的表现，显著优于在75％垃圾肥 50％棉籽壳和在50％垃圾肥 50％棉子壳上的表现，并且，75％垃圾肥 25％稻壳与CK2无显著差异，而50％垃圾肥 50％稻壳明显逊于CK1；而结缕草在垃圾肥与棉子壳组合的基质上的生长速度和CK2基质上的无显著差别，并且75％垃圾肥 25％稻壳显著优于CK2，而50％垃圾肥 50％稻壳与CK1无显著差异。③考虑到草坪草的生长表现和基质的相应成本，50％垃圾肥 50％棉籽壳的基质应该是4个试验材料无土草皮生产的较好的选择。     

国内外餐饮垃圾的管理

餐饮垃圾高含水量和易腐等特性，使其成为一类特殊的固体垃圾。餐饮垃圾对于我国城市发展还是个新问题，国内外系统报道其管理和处理对策的文献也很少。在分析中，介绍了国内外餐饮垃圾的管理政策与治理技术，同时，针对我国目前现状，提出城市餐饮垃圾的管理和治理建议，为困扰我国众多城市的餐饮垃圾管理与治理决策提供参考。     

垃圾填埋场对地下水污染的模拟研究

在对长春市某垃圾填埋场进行野外调查的基础上，于室内进行了垃圾淋滤模拟实验。分析了垃圾渗滤液污染组分的自然衰减规律，建立了垃圾填埋场地下水污染的数值模型，采用FEFLOW软件对其进行模拟和预报，并取得了较好的效果，最后提出防止和防治垃圾填埋场污染地下水的若干措施。     

医疗垃圾的现状及处理对策

在评述各类医疗垃圾危害性及现有处理方法基础上提出，应重视医疗垃圾和生活垃圾的区分，医疗垃圾的最佳处置方法是焚烧，医疗废水的处理方法应建立在科学论证的基础上，并建议尽快出台相应的法规及政策。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.