The Polluter-Pays Principle and its Environmental Consequences for Industrial Waste Management

The paper maintains that, as a means toward achieving the ideal of a sustainable development, industrial waste should best be regarded in business-economic terms as having the same basic status as regular products. It is shown how an approach to proportioning industrial costs to waste that is described can be applied to the Polluter-Pays Principle in a way incorporating this principle into a company's internal estimation system. In two case studies presented, use of this approach is found to generate a waste-reducing incentive through showing waste to have a negative impact on estimates of profit.     

建设项目的社会成本研究

随着大型建设项目的增多和人们环保意识与可持续发展意识的逐渐增强,关注建设项目对社会、环境等的影响已势在必行。基于这一认识,首先在分析建设项目对交通、经济、环境以及社会等方面造成负面影响的基础上,尝试构建建设项目社会成本体系,进而详细分析该体系中每个单项成本的内涵。然后。改变现有建设项目成本估算中只考虑建造成本的现状。将社会成本纳入到建设项目总成本之中,使建设项目总成本的内容更加科学、完善。最后,研究建设项目社会成本以及总成本的估算方法,并给出每种估算方法的适用范圈。为建设项目的社会成本评估提供一个相对完整、具体的框架,也为建设项目的发展提供了一个全新的思路。     

Eco-efficiency in logistics: a case study on distribution network design

Sustainability demands that managers deliberate effects on stakeholders and the environment alongside traditional profitability measures. This paper presents a case study suggested by the managers of a distribution firm that seeks to balance environmental impact with cost in an industrial distribution network configuration decision incorporating product returns, which is currently taking place. While this can be modelled using mathematical programming, nonlinear terms in the objective functions as well as the likeliness that a large number of combinations of binary decision variables result suggest that this will not be able to be relied upon for a solution. For this reason, we propose a heuristic that aims at finding the Pareto-efficient frontier, which managers can use to deliberate the best solution balancing cost and environmental impact, according to the relative trade-offs of various possible configurations. We illustrate this heuristic on the Italian region of Liguria, and further explore trade-offs juxtaposing the regions of Lombardi and Sicily. Lastly, various extensions for enhanced product recovery opportunities for returns are suggested.     

协调贸易与环境的最佳途径——环境成本内部化

面对经济发展带来人类福利增加的同时所产生的日益严重的环境污染问题。国际贸易被指责为环境质量下降的原因之一．甚至连国际贸易自由化的原则也受到质疑。围绕贸易与环境可否协调以及如何协调的问题．由环境保护与贸易自由化在理论和实践中的冲突引出贸易与环境之间存在着复杂的相互作用；并通过进一步的经济学分析得出结论：环境问题的根源并不是国际贸易。而是环境成本的外部性造成的市场失灵，而国际贸易只是加重了这种市场失灵。二者可以协调发展。环境成本内部化是解决这一问题的最佳手段。通过环境成本内部化可以达到环境资源的合理配置并最终实现可持续发展。     

Pollution prevention in the pharmaceutical industry

The pharmaceutical industry traditionally uses complex batch-type processes in the manufacture of medicines, although the production of specific medicines by continuous processes is currently envisaged. Due to the diversity of these processes, it is difficult to define a general set of waste prevention guidelines that would apply to all drug manufacturing. The most applicable methods of prevention can, however, be delineated for each of the five steps in the pharmaceutical manufacturing, i.e. (i) research and development, (ii) chemical synthesis, (iii) natural product extraction, (iv) fermentation and (v) product formulation. Waste streams generally arise from cleaning and sterilising equipment, chemical spills, rejected by-products and the processes themselves. Prevention mainly involves waste reduction by materials substitution, process modification/optimisation, waste stream segregation and solvent waste recycling. These measures are assessed and lead to guidelines for waste minimisation methods according to the waste streams under scrutiny.     

环境资源的量化模型及估算指标体系

本文依据区划环境标准，提出了环境资源的成本概念－环境成本。     

面向生态的西部开发政策环境影响评价

本文在分析西部开发政策体系的基础上,剖析了该战略产生的环境影响的特征,指出了开展政策环境影响评价的必要性和可行性,提出了政策环评所需要的度量指标,以及面向生态的政策环评工作原则和技术程序,探讨了西部开发政策环境影响的控制方法。     

A carbon footprint analysis in the textile supply chain

This research work focuses on the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to determine the carbon footprint of different players involved in a supply chain of the textile sector. A case study of a product by a textile leader company was carried out. This study demonstrates that, in the textile chain, the main contribution to the greenhouse effect is provided by the electrical and thermal energy used and by the transportation (since different production phases are delocalised in a wide range that goes from South Africa, Italy, Romania and all around the world, from the distribution centre to the stores). The Monte Carlo analysis has been used in order to obtain, for each calculated impact, not only the average value but also the distribution curve of the results characterised by uncertainty parameters. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the impact of management choices such as:

??a change in the transportation modality, from aeroplane to boat;

??a combination of road and rail transportation; and

??a selection among suppliers that allows the firm to cut environmental impacts.     

Construction of an optimum system design method considering product lifecycle

This paper proposes an optimum system design method that especially considers product lifecycles and aims to help designers make effective decisions during the product design phase. By considering and estimating all lifecycle factors of cost and environmental impact in addition to the product performance, this method facilitates development of optimum design solutions that incorporate requirements pertaining to the product's entire lifecycle. Furthermore, quantitative estimation of lifecycle factors enables the numerical expression of optimum solutions, rather than depending primarily on experiment and designer intuition. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, this paper develops an optimum system design method for a milling machine as an example of a machine product designed for long term use. The lifecycle cost and the lifecycle environmental impact are generally expressed as the summation of each value during manufacturing phase, usage phase, disposal phase and recycling phase. In this example model, Eco-indicator 99 is used to evaluate environmental impact. In the proposed lifecycle design optimisation method, the relationships among the product performance, the lifecycle cost and the lifecycle environmental impact are evaluated as a multi-objective optimisation problem. Analysis of the obtained Pareto optimum solution sets subsequently enables designers to pursue breakthrough product design solutions.     

三峡工程的环境影响及其对策

三峡工程规模宏大 ,举世瞩目 ,具有巨大的防洪、发电、航运等综合效益 ,是开发治理长江的骨干工程。三峡工程建设将对生态与环境产生广泛而深远的影响 ,它的有利影响主要在长江中下游 ,总库容 393亿m3 ,防洪库容2 2 1.5亿m3 ,能有效地控制上游洪水 ,削减中游地区洪峰流量 ,提高防洪能力 ,防止荆江两岸发生毁灭性灾害 ,降低中下游平原地区 75 0 0万人口和 6 0 0万hm2 耕地及大中城镇的洪水淹没损失 ,保障人民的生命财产安全 ;装机 2 6台 ,总装机容量 182 0万kW ,年发电量 847亿kW·h ,能参与西电东送 ,提供清洁能源。不利影响主要在库区 ,将淹没耕地 2 782 0hm2 ,动迁人口 113万 ,会加剧库区本来就已十分突出的人地矛盾 ;部分文物古迹和三峡自然景观将被淹没 ;将对库区生态与环境带来影响。环境保护是一项基本国策。三峡工程建设严格执行国家有关环境保护法律条例 ,采取有效措施 ,切实做好移民安置、水质保护、物种保护、环境地质保护及施工区环境保护。真正做到兴水利、除水害、开发利用水资源 ,保护环境 ,造福人民 ,促进长江流域可持续发展。     

再生资源供应链的结构、行为和绩效分析

再生资源是一种特殊的资源类型,兼具资源资产产权和环境产权,两者相互作用引导其开发利用自组织形成了正规与非正规回收利用者相互交织的完整逆向供应链系统。协调其中各主体间的利益关系、减少逆向供应链的环境污染和整体运行损耗是再生资源开发利用水平提升的关键手段。为此,本文以北京市废旧电视为例,利用实地调研的方法,系统分析了再生资源供应链的结构、行为和绩效(SCP)。结果表明:(1)消费者选择一级回收者时具有价值性、便捷性和规范性三种偏好。销售商回收模式可较好地满足消费者的需求,成为其首选方案,然而,"以旧换新"限制了无需购买新电视的人群。游商以45%的份额占据了剩余一级回收市场的主导地位。(2)一级与二级回收者间形成了稳定的合作关系,二手市场扩大了一级回收者的利润,中间商则为一级回收者提供了稳定的需求保障。(3)受到非正规拆解作坊的挤占,正规拆解企业产能严重过剩。一方面,降低了拆解企业对收购产品的质量要求,致使中间商偷换有价组件和跨境转移电子废弃物等问题日益严重。另一方面,正规拆解企业会提高收购价格,致使政府补贴的基金大部分转移至回收环节,巩固了现有的正规与非正规回收者共存的供应链结构。(4)个体中间商及非正规拆解利用作坊是再生资源供应链低效率的关键。本文调整了现有的家电基金制度,建议在电视销售环节向消费者征收40元/台的基金,并将其中的10元/台用于扶持政府可管控的正规主体中间商,代替个体中间商的功能,其余金额可用于弥补现有基金的亏空。该种模式可充分利用现有的一级回收者及二手市场,并可有效提升再生资源供应链的整体绩效水平。     

浅析供应链、价值链理论的发展与价值型企业的特征

本文在阐述供应链、价值链理论发展的基础上，进一步分析了供应链与价值链的联系与区别，指出基于建立企业长期竞争优势的“价值型企业”与传统的“经济型企业”的区别。并提出价值型企业四个方面的主要特征，即，追求“创造价值“和“利润”双重目标；善于构造“企业生态”；追求与自然生态的互利共生；努力使企业成为“学习型组织”等。     

论可持续发展的思想与概念

本文阐述了可持续发展思想的形成与发展,从哲学、伦理、生态学、科学技术、社会经济和人类社会发展规律揭示了可持续发展思想形成的深刻背景,并从“天-人”、“人-地”和“人-人”关系定义了可持续发展的概念。     

英国环境管理的公众参与及其对中国的启示

鼓励公众参与环境管理是当今国际社会重要的政策导向之一。本文从法律赋予公民环境权、环保团体在环境保护中发挥重要。作用、环境影响评价中强调公众参与三方面来介绍英国公众参与环境管理的一些做法，探讨其对中国环境管理中公众参与的启示。     

何种环境战略生态产生企业高绿色创新绩效？

中国企业环境战略生态在逻辑层面存在根源性差异,如何实现环境战略逻辑融合优化进而提升企业绿色创新绩效的现实问题亟待解决。该研究以长三角及珠三角工业经济带A股上市制造企业为研究样本,建立“供应链压力-战略柔性-管理者环境认知”分析框架并构建“绿色创新细胞模型”,结合NCA和fsQCA方法,运用动态视角探究中国企业环境战略生态与绿色创新绩效的复杂因果关系及演进逻辑。研究发现：①近年来中国企业环境战略生态中“反应”与“前瞻”的逻辑权衡混合使得环境战略边界融合,双元混合主导型逐渐呈现出对绿色创新促进性更强、适用性更广的战略优势。②供应链压力中环境规制与竞争压力对绿色创新的正向驱动作用呈减弱趋势,而以市场压力为主导的单一驱动力的有效性正逐步凸显。③战略柔性与管理者环境认知之间存在协同效应,二者互补形成的绿色创新内在驱动力可近似替代外部供应链压力对企业绿色创新的促进作用,但若二者无法协调甚至相矛盾则会对绿色创新绩效提升产生抑制作用。文章引入时序fsQCA方法,探究环境战略要素的多元组态对于企业绿色创新绩效的动态驱动作用。     

基于外部性理论的中国环境管理体制设计

环境问题的外部性属性决定了其不可能依靠市场解决。必须进行适当的政府干预。研究外部性的意义在于内部化,即纠正市场失灵。本文对外部性进行了主体划分．建立了以时间和空间为基准的外部性分类矩阵,构建了外部性绝对大小和相对大小的概念模型。基于这些研究．分别回答环境问题是否需要管理、由谁来管、采取什么手段以及管到什么程度的问题．并由此提出“三级两层”的中国环境管理体制框架。跨行政区的环境外部性应当由上一级政府负责管理,在总社会成本最小化的前提下．应当在尽量小的范围实现较高程度的内部化,内部化手段的搭配符合费用效果最好原则。建议中国的环境管理体制改革在保留国家、省、市三级环境管理机构的基础上。设置环保总局和省环保局的分局以便直接管理省际、市际等外部性。     

加强区域生态经济建设,实现可持续发展

任一生态经济区域都是更大区域的组成部分 ,区域生态经济建设既要注意区域内在的协调 ,更应关注对更大区域的环境影响。区域生态经济建设开发利用自然资源时 ,要特别处理好生态环境保护利用与经济开发利用的协调关系 ,因此 ,做好环境影响分析是区域生态经济建设的前提     

Recycling – the importance of understanding the complexity of the issue

Natural resources and raw materials such as metals and minerals are often taken for granted in today’s society. Without them, the offerings of an enormous variety of modern conveniences, including computers and mobile phones, would not be possible. The production of these everyday items depends on a secure, sustainable, and reliable supply of critical raw materials. In addition, product development also requires new hybrid materials when targeting lightweight structures, etc. However, the mandatory recyclability of new products or materials is not obligatory or even prevailing practice in present manufacturing business. Therefore, the main research question in this article is: “how to solve the challenge of recycling in industrial system?” In this article, a comprehensive approach to recycling based on the findings of research projects is presented. Simplified, this involves moving the challenge from the end of the product’s life cycle to the beginning, to the design or even to material development phases. Life cycle and system thinking and material know-how in the design phase are found to be essential elements of a new approach to recycling. This approach stems from the material development and market economy perspectives. Furthermore, the vulnerability of the industrial system to create uncertainty to recycling is also demonstrated.     

Closed-loop supply chain system with energy,transportation and waste disposal costs

Energy usage and consumption play important and strategic roles in modern manufacturing, inventory and logistics systems. The literature on inventory models for closed-loop supply chains reveals that, for no clear reasons, energy costs were ignored along with transportation and disposal costs. This paper introduces a closed-loop supply chain model that considers the economic value and energy content of products. It also offers a novel framework for studying lot-sizing policies of production processes in that context. Thus, a mathematical model for a closed-loop supply chain system with energy, transportation and disposal costs is developed. Numerical examples are provided with their results discussed. The developed model was also compared to that of Richter (1996) to stress the importance of accounting for the three noted costs. The numerical results emphasise that accounting for energy, transportation and disposal costs in supply chain modelling increases the sustainability of a production-inventory system due to the strong interdependence of the three costs on one hand, and their relationship to the environment on the other hand.