TWO DECADES OF MINERAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS

The Department of Technical Co-operation for Development of the United Nations Secretariat in New York, which now incorporates the Division of Natural Resources and Energy (formerly the Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport) has, over the past 20 years, assisted the geology and mineral development programmes of most of the world's developing countries. Funding for this technical co-operation has been provided mainly by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) with roughly equivalent amounts by recipient governments, generally in the form of national facilities, staff and local operating costs. The total UNDP expenditures of some $170 million have supported more than 200 projects so far. At present, about 45 projects are operational with a total budget of about $55 million. The large-scale operational activities of the United Nations programme in the past have concentrated primarily on systematic mineral exploration combined with strengthening of national institutions, basic geological mapping and feasibility investigations. Associated with the United Nations programme are the projects of the United Nations Revolving Fund for Natural Resources Exploration, more recently established to provide an additional source of exploration financing in recognition of the needs of developing countries which are not being adequately met by their own resources and the limited resources available within the United Nations Development Programme. Le Département de la coopération technique pour le développement du Secrétariat des Nations Unies à New York dont fait maintenant partie la Division des ressources naturelles et de l'énergie (anciennement le Centre des ressources naturelles, de l'énergie et des transports) a apporté son assistance pendant ces vingt demières années aux programmes de mise en valeur de la géologie et des minéraux de la plupart des pays en développement du monde. Le financement de cette coopération technique a été essentiellement assuré par le Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement (PNUD) et les gouvernements receveurs qui ont fourni des sommes approximativement équivalentes, généralement sous forme d'installations, de personnel et de frais d'exploitation au niveau national. Le montant total des dépenses du PNUD, s'élevant à quelque $170 millions, a financé jusqu'à présent l'exécution de plus de 200 projets. Auparavant, les activités opérationnelles de grande échelle du programme des Nations Unies ont été dirigées principalement vers l'exploration systématique des minéraux conjointement avec le renforcement des institutions nationales, l'établissement de cartes géologiques de base et les enquêtes de faisabilité. Les projets du Fonds autorenouvelable des Nations Unies pour l'exploration des ressources naturelles, associés au programme des Nations Unies, ont été récemment établis afin de fournir une source supplémentaire de financement de l'exploration pour répondre aux besoins des pays en développement que leurs propres ressources de même que celles disponibles mais limitées du Programme de développement des Nations Unies n'arrivent pas à satisfaire de manière adéquate. El Departamento de Cooperación Técnica para el Desarrollo del Secretariado de las Naciones Unidas, que incorpora la División de Recursos Naturales y Energía (anteriormente Centro de Recursos Naturales, Energía y Transportes) ha, en los últimos 20 años, asistido a los programas de geología y desarrollo de minerales en la mayoría de los países en desarrollo. La financiación para esta cooperación técnica fue proveída principalmente por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y por los Gobiernos, en especie, por un monto aproximadamente igual a la contribución del PNUD. La contribución total del PNUD de unos $170 millones ha sido aplicado a más de 200 proyectos hasta ahora. Acerca de 45 proyectos están en ejecución al presente por un monto aproximado de $55 millones. En el pasado los proyectos de gran escala del programa de actividades de las Naciones Unidas se han concertado principalmente en la exploración sistemática de minerales combinada con el reforzamiento de instituciones nacionales, geológico basico y estudios de factibilidad. Asociados al programa arriba mencionado se ejecutan los proyectos del Fondo Revolvente de las Naciones Unidas para la Exploración de Recursos Naturales, fondo recientemente establecido con el objeto de proveer financiación adicional a las actividades de exploración. La limitación de los recursos propios de los países en desarrollo y la del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarollo para hacer frente a las necesidades de dichos países han urgido la creación del Fondo.     

POST-GRADUATE TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF MINERAL EXPLORATION

If a developing country decides to devote scarce human and material resources to post-graduate training and research in an applied science - based on a realistic assessment that the potential benefits from such an investment are likely to exceed the benefits from alternative investments - several approaches exist. The authors examine these alternatives as they apply to mineral exploration. They argue that if recourse is made to overseas training, programmes should be restricted by aid agencies to universities that will provide applied research subjects in the trainees' own countries. 'Twinning' arrangements between institutions in developing and developed countries may be useful if faculty in the developed country university are interested in and available for overseas work and if university administrations are aware of potential problems. The authors also discuss the provision of short-term non-academic fellowships in applied research, an approach which has not been used to extent it deserves.     

China's Minerals Future: 1985–2005

China has embarked on major economic and social changes to revitalize the Chinese economy, increase labor productivity, and improve the material standard of living of the Chinese people. This paper assumes that China will achieve its goal of a per capita income of US$800 in 2000, open-door policies will be maintained, and nonfuel mineral commodity consumption will increase as GDP per capita increases. Projections are made of production, trade and consumption of 14 nonfuel minerals for the period 1985–2005. China is projected to increase its net imports to these 14 minerals from about US$5000 million in 1985 to about US$12000 million in constant dollars in 2005. China's investment climate will become more favorable for those multinational companies that bring with them clear comparative advantages in minerals exploration, mining and processing technologies and marketing, and are prepared to develop in-depth Chinese expertise.     

World diamond industry: 1970–2000

The diamond cartel has remained effective in controlling diamond supplies and prices for a longer period than any other major minerals cartel in the twentieth century. This paper examines the diamond pipeline from mine to the jewellery market. Particular attention is given to the characteristics of diamonds and of the industry structure that make the long-term stability of the cartel possible. The strategies of De Beers Consolidated Diamond Mines in controlling rough gem supplies and prices are examined, and projections are made to 2000. The paper shows that in spite of a projected decrease in the share of total diamond production sold through the De Beers' cartel in the 1990s, the cartel is expected to continue effectively to control supplies and prices.     

Managing mineral dependence: Papua New Guinea 1972–89

Papua New Guinea (PNG) managed the mineral booms of 1973–74, 1979–82 and 1987-89 well compared with other mineral exporting economies. Orthodox macroeconomic policies were one reason for this while the cushion afforded by the slow withdrawal of Australian aid was another. PNG also renegotiated MNC mining contracts in its favour without curbing foreign investment, but it managed its fragile political unity less well. Secession closed a large mine in 1989 while successful rent-seeking left wage indexation unreformed. Relatively high wages, exchange rate overvaluation and foreign investment controls in non-mining sectors retarded structural diversification: mineral dependence remains uncomfortably high a generation after the start-up of the first copper mine.     

ANNOYANCE AND COMMUNITY NOISE: PSYCHOPHYSICAL MODEL OF DOSE – RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS

There is a paucity of theory pertaining to social surveys of annoyance and community noise. A new psychophysical model addresses data concerning resident annoyance in sites exposed to various maximum noise levels and different numbers of noise events. The best fits of this model point to the relevance of response variance for understanding the results obtained with category response scales. The argument identifies a number of psychological and physical variables that may influence annoyance reactions to community noise. Most importantly, the model suggests that the truncation inherent in category scales biases the responses, and that response variability may be critical in determining the detailed shape of the dose–response function. Regulatory decisions concerning annoyance and community noise should be more valid when based on a deeper understanding of the theoretical basis of the empirical data.