人工湿地植物研究进展

人工湿地具有去除污染效果好、运行费用低和易维护等特点,已被广泛用于污水处理中.湿地植物在其中起着重要作用,主要包括直接吸收氮、磷等污染物,通过根系输氧促进根区的氧化还原反应与好氧微生物活动及增强和维持介质的水力传输等.综述了人工湿地植物的去污机理,阐述了湿地植物对生物可降解的有机物、营养性污染物和有毒有害物质净化的研究成果与应用,并展望今后进一步研究的重点.     

Removal of antibiotics from urban wastewater by constructed wetland optimization

Seven mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs), differing in their design characteristics, were set up in the open air to assess their efficiency to remove antibiotics from urban raw wastewater. A conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was simultaneously monitored. The experiment took place in autumn. An analytical methodology including HPLC-MS/MS was developed to measure antibiotic concentrations in the soluble water fraction, in the suspended solids fraction and in the WWTP sludge. Considering the soluble water fraction, the only easily eliminated antibiotics in the WWTP were doxycycline (61 ± 38%) and sulfamethoxazole (60 ± 26%). All the studied types of CWs were efficient for the removal of sulfamethoxazole (59 ± 30-87 ± 41%), as found in the WWTP, and, in addition, they removed trimethoprim (65 ± 21-96 ± 29%). The elimination of other antibiotics in CWs was limited by the specific system-configuration: amoxicillin (45 ± 15%) was only eliminated by a free-water (FW) subsurface flow (SSF) CW planted with Typha angustifolia; doxycycline was removed in FW systems planted with T. angustifolia (65 ± 34-75 ± 40%), in a Phragmites australis-floating macrophytes system (62 ± 31%) and in conventional horizontal SSF-systems (71 ± 39%); clarithromycin was partially eliminated by an unplanted FW-SSF system (50 ± 18%); erythromycin could only be removed by a P. australis-horizontal SSF system (64 ± 30%); and ampicillin was eliminated by a T. angustifolia-floating macrophytes system (29 ± 4%). Lincomycin was not removed by any of the systems (WWTP or CWs). The presence or absence of plants, the vegetal species (T. angustifolia or P. australis), the flow type and the CW design characteristics regulated the specific removal mechanisms. Therefore, CWs are not an overall solution to remove antibiotics from urban wastewater during cold seasons. However, more studies are needed to assess their ability in warmer periods and to determine the behaviour of full-scale systems.     

Macrophyte growth in a pilot-scale constructed wetland for industrial wastewater treatment

A pilot-scale wetland was constructed to assess the feasibility of treating the wastewater from a tool industry in Santo Tomé, Santa Fe, Argentina. The wastewater had high conductivity and pH, and contained Cr, Ni and Zn. This paper describes the growth of vegetation in the experimental wetland and the nutrient and metal removal. The wetland was 6 x 3 x 0.4 m. Water discharge was 1000 l d(-1) and residence time was 7d. After the wetland was rendered impermeable, macrophytes from Middle Paraná River floodplain were transplanted. Influent and effluent quality was analyzed every 15 d. TP, Cr, Ni and Zn concentrations in leaves, roots and sediment (inlet and outlet) were measured monthly. Cover and biomass of predominant species were estimated. Also, greenhouse experiments were carried out to measure the effects of conductivity and pH on floating species. The variables measured in the influent were significantly higher than those in the effluent, except for HCO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+). TP and metal concentrations in sediment at the inlet were significantly higher than those at the outlet. Conductivity and pH of the incoming wastewater were toxic for the floating species. Typha domingensis displaced the other species and reached positive relative cover rate and biomass greater than those at the undisturbed natural environment. T. domingensis proved to be highly efficient for the treatment of wastewater. For that reason, it is the advisable species for the treatment of wastewater of high conductivity and pH enriched with metals, characteristic of many industrial processes.     

污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视，在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用。但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用，在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制。本研究分析了一些强化技术（如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等）在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性。     

人工湿地废水生态处理系统的作用机制

人工湿地废水生态处理新技术的高效去污能力基于独特而复杂的作用机制 ,其中最重要的是湿地基质、大型植物和微生物的高度协同作用。基质在为植物和微生物提供生长介质的同时 ,也能够通过沉淀、过滤和吸附等作用直接去除污染物。大型湿地植物既是微生物的“固定化载体” ,氧气的生产和运输“机器” ,同时还能够稳固湿地床表面 ,起到冬季保温和支撑冰面的作用。微生物是消除污染物的作用者 ,它能够在去除氮、磷等营养物的同时把有机质作为丰富的能源转化为营养物质和能量     

污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视,在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用.但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用,在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制.本研究分析了一些强化技术(如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等)在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性.     

Application of a constructed wetland for industrial wastewater treatment: a pilot-scale study

The main objective of this study was to examine the efficacy and capacity of using constructed wetlands on industrial pollutant removal. Four parallel pilot-scale modified free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland systems [dimension for each system: 4-m (L)x1-m (W)x1-m (D)] were installed inside an industrial park for conducting the proposed treatability study. The averaged influent contains approximately 170 mg l(-1) chemical oxygen demand (COD), 80 mg l(-1) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 90 mg l(-1) suspend solid (SS), and 32 mg l(-1) NH(3)-N. In the plant-selection study, four different wetland plant species including floating plants [Pistia stratiotes L. (P. stratiotes) and Ipomoea aquatica (I. aquatica)] and emergent plants [Phragmites communis L. (P. communis) and Typha orientalis Presl. (T. orientalis)] were evaluated. Results show that only the emergent plant (P. communis) could survive and reproduce with a continuous feed of 0.4m(3)d(-1) of the raw wastewater. Thus, P. communis was used in the subsequent treatment study. Two different control parameters including hydraulic retention time (HRT) (3, 5, and 7d) and media [vesicles ceramic bioballs and small gravels, 1cm in diameter] were examined in the treatment study. Results indicate that the system with a 5-d HRT (feed rate of 0.4m(3)d(-1)) and vesicles ceramic bioballs as the media had the acceptable and optimal pollutant removal efficiency. If operated under conditions of the above parameters, the pilot-plant wetland system can achieve removal of 61% COD, 89% BOD, 81% SS, 35% TP, and 56% NH(3)-N. The treated wastewater meets the current industrial wastewater discharge standards in Taiwan.     

四川望佳人工湿地系统生活污水净化效果

取样监测分析了望佳人工湿地系统各组成单元对COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的去除效果。在水力负荷为0.18 m3/m·d、温度为8~19℃、p H为6~8的条件下,分析结果表明,各单元COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的系统去除率满足:人工快渗池>厌氧调节池>1号表流湿地>潜流湿地>氧化塘>2号表流湿地>1号水平潜流湿地>2号水平潜流湿地,其中人工快渗池单元的系统去除率平均值分别为21.21%、22.74%、22.49%、25.58%和30.85%。监测期间COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的总去除率平均值分别为89.41%、90.27%、89.89%、89.89%和92.28%,系统出水达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》GB18918-2002一级标准的B标准。监测表明,该湿地设计偏于保守,还可以优化设计单元以减少建设和运行成本。     

复合人工湿地去除生活污水中的有机物和氮

为提高人工湿地对生活污水的处理能力,对传统的单一垂直流湿地进行改进和优化。采用2个垂直流人工湿地串联,并在好氧湿地内增加曝气供氧,使好氧湿地内溶解氧保持在2～2.5 mg/L范围内,而后增加出水回流。结果表明,增加曝气显著提高了出水的COD、NH3-N去除率,但TN去除效果仍不达标;当随着回流比的增加,NH3-N的去除率略有提高,而后趋于稳定,TN去除率提高显著,但回流比过大时,TN去除率则有所下降。     

潜流人工湿地去除毒死蜱、双酚A、4-壬基酚

为研究潜流人工湿地对毒死蜱、BPA及4-NP的去除效果,选取宽叶香蒲、芦苇、花叶香蒲及小香蒲4种湿地植物,通过SPE-HPLC测定进出水中3种污染物的浓度,计算4种植物潜流人工湿地对3种污染物的去除效率。结果表明,水力停留时间3 d,4组植物对毒死蜱、BPA和4-NP去除率均高于60%,各植物组对毒死蜱和4-NP的去除效果之间无显著性差异,宽叶香蒲对BPA的去除率为82.66%,显著高于其余3种植物组62.96%~69.63%。在静态条件下,毒死蜱、BPA和4-NP在模拟系统内降解过程符合一级降解动力学方程,降解方程分别为：c=124.63exp（-t/25.393）+3.7618 ①,c=316.61exp（-t/34.955）+0.56475 ②,c=168.91exp（-t/17.061）+12.133 ③（c,剩余浓度,μg/L;t,停留时间,h）,半衰期分别为18、21和11 h。     

人工河岸湿地对面源污染的处理效果研究

针对城市河道污染治理存在的主要问题,并考虑到华南地区河流水量、水质、水温季节性变化大的特点,构筑了人工河岸湿地试验系统,对该系统约13个月连续性运行进行了观测和研究。结果表明,平均水力负荷为15cm/d工况下,试验系统对高锰酸盐指数、SS、NH3-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为50%、60%、50%、35%和45%;系统对高锰酸盐指数、NH3-N和TN的去除效果随季节变化明显,夏季处理效果好于冬季;SS处理效果受季节影响不明显;TP初期处理效果好于末期。该人工河岸湿地既能较好地改善水质,又能改善生态环境、美化城市景观,是一项适合城市河道污染治理的技术。     

垂直潜流人工湿地技术在上海市农村污水处理中的应用和发展

不同规模垂直潜流人工湿地技术在上海市农村污水处理实际应用的结果表明,采用垂直潜流人工湿地处理农村地区的污水在技术上、经济上和运行管理上都是可行的,值得在农村地区推广.同时,解决了垂直潜流人工湿地技术在上海市农村污水处理应用过程存在的诸多技术瓶颈问题,提出了多种防止垂直潜流人工湿地发生堵塞雍水的对策措施.     

椰糠填料用于人工湿地处理制胶废水

以椰糠作为湿地工作层主要填料,采用复合垂直流人工湿地处理海南天然橡胶加工业低浓度废水。结果表明,在144 mm/d水力负荷条件下,椰糠填料人工湿地对废水中的COD、BOD5、NH3-H及TP的去除率分别达到68.99%、66.49%、59.55%和75.22%,显著高于无椰糠对照组。当水力负荷提高至216 mm/d,系统运行稳定,出水水质仍能达到污水排放标准(GB 8978-1996)和《农业灌溉水质标准》(GB5084-92)。     

不同类型潜流湿地处理养猪废水的对比

针对养猪废水的水质特点,在同等条件下开展了2种类型潜流湿地处理效果的对比研究。实验结果表明,水平潜流湿地(HSSF)与垂直潜流湿地(VSSF)由于结构设计的不同造成其布水方式和系统内部水力流态的不同,从而导致了两系统对养猪废水处理效果的差异;当水力负荷为0.02 m3/(m2.d)时,两系统对养猪废水中COD的平均去除率分别为93.18%和93.10%,对TN的平均去除率分别为53.44%和81.43%,对NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为52.64%和84.62%,对TP的去除率分别为88.41%和95.71%;垂直潜流湿地可充分利用填料层,可增强系统的复氧能力,还可实现填料层中好氧区、缺氧区和厌氧区的共存,使硝化作用与反硝化作用在同一系统内完成,提高了系统的脱氮能力,而且改善了养猪废水中其他污染物的去除效果。因此,结合处理效果和出水水质的稳定性,对于浓度较高的畜禽养殖废水,选择垂直潜流湿地较为合适。     

组合式垂直流人工湿地工艺及其污水处理效果

提出了一种组合式垂直流人工湿地处理工艺,并研究了其对生活污水的处理效果。在水力负荷100 mm/d的工况下,生活污水中有机物的去除主要集中在组合式垂直流人工湿地的第一级,其去除速率常数显著高于后面两级(P<0.05)。人工湿地系统对污水中化学耗氧量、总氮、总磷的去除率分别为90.1%、53.7%和43.7%,相应的去除速率常数分别为88.0、29.2和21.2。     

人工湿地系统在我国污水处理中的应用

介绍了人工湿地系统在我国污水处理中的应用现状 ,认为设计方案、基质、水生植物的选用以及微生物降解等方面 ,是决定人工湿地系统净化效果的主要因素 ,最后指出了目前该法在全国各地推广的难度、存在的问题及解决这些问题的途径。     

垂直流人工花卉湿地模拟系统净化污水的效果

通过在垂直流模拟人工土柱上种植不同的花卉植物，研究了垂直流花卉人工湿地对污水COD、BOD5、TN和TP的净化效果的影响。结果表明，所选用的5种陆生花卉，甚至鲜切花卉对化粪池污水有比较好的净化效果，它们对BOD5的去除率可达到92．04％以上，对TP的去除率甚至可达到97．77％以上。而且种植花卉植物的人工湿地出水水质要好于不种植物的对照湿地系统。     

垂直流人工花卉湿地模拟系统净化污水的效果

通过在垂直流模拟人工土柱上种植不同的花卉植物,研究了垂直流花卉人工湿地对污水COD、BOD5、TN和TP的净化效果的影响.结果表明,所选用的5种陆生花卉,甚至鲜切花卉对化粪池污水有比较好的净化效果,它们对BOD5的去除率可达到92.04%以上,对TP的去除率甚至可达到97.77%以上.而且种植花卉植物的人工湿地出水水质要好于不种植物的对照湿地系统.     

新型潮汐流人工湿地在分散型生活污水处理中的应用研究

为了克服人工湿地存在的供氧能力不足、总化学需氧量(TCOD)去除率不高及生物硝化不完全等问题,采用新型的潮汐流人工湿地(TF-CWs)处理分散型生活污水。TF-CWs由四级人工湿地构成,以潮汐流方式运行(运行周期为8h),以提高DO供给量;并以从建筑固体废弃物中回收的砾石和粉煤灰为填料,以强化除磷效果。结果表明,出水水质基本满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准,其中NH+4-N、TP的达标率均为100%,TCOD的达标率为98.31%;TF-CWs采用潮汐流方式运行,提高了DO供给能力,强化了对NH+4-N和TCOD的去除效果,其平均去除率分别达到96.78%、86.98%;以建筑固体废弃物粉煤灰砖制成的粉煤灰颗粒为填料的人工湿地对磷的吸附性能良好。TF-CWs可作为分散型生活污水的有效处理工艺之一,而且为建筑固体废弃物的资源化利用提供了新途径。     

贯泾港构筑根孔湿地水质净化效果

贯泾港构筑根孔湿地是石臼漾湿地的升级版,采用前塘-植物床/沟壕湿地-后塘复合系统净化平原河网污染水源,旨在为贯泾港水厂供水。研究了调试运行期湿地对污染水源的净化效果。结果表明,湿地对水源主要指标的去除率为:TSS(22.45%),NH+4-N(66.80%),TN(45.44%),SRP(66.67%),TP(50.28%),TOC(29.39%),COD(59.26%),chl-a(68.93%),chl-b(91.82%),chl-c(84.15%),藻类密度(42.42%),Cr(31.74%),Cu(23.21%),Ni(82.47%),Zn(52.24%),Pb(40.44%),离子总量(10.71%)。比较得知,水厂现状水源南郊河与湿地水源海盐塘的水质互有优劣,但前者多数指标劣于湿地出水水质。可以预期,随着贯泾港湿地生态系统逐渐成熟,将为水厂提供稳定而良好的净化原水。提出了贯泾港湿地在调试运行期存在的问题和建议。