提高实验区建设质量 推进地方可持续发展

钟祥地处湖北省中部 ,汉江中游 ,素有“磷都”、“粮仓”、“林海”、“旅游胜地”、“长寿之乡”和“大地博物馆”之称。现辖 3个办事处、1 7个镇、2个乡、3个国营农牧场 ,总人口 1 0 5万人。1 993年 6月 ,钟祥市按照国家《社会发展综合实验区指南》的具体要求 ,自觉、自发、自费的率先在湖北省建立社会发展综合实验区 ,高起点、高标准、高质量地推进社会发展综合实验区建设 ,取得了初步成效。1 994年 6月 ,钟祥被列为湖北省社会发展综合实验区 ,1 995年 1 2月被批准为国家社会发展综合实验区。三年多的实验区建设 ,对钟祥经济快速增长与社…     

国家可持续发展实验区建设的回顾与展望北大核心CSCDCSSCI

国家可持续发展实验区(以下简称"实验区")诞生于1986年,是我国针对改革开放后经济快速发展但社会建设相对滞后、生态环境恶化等问题发起的一项地方试点工作,旨在依靠制度创新和科技推广应用,促进经济发展与社会进步、环境保护相协调。30年来,实验区建设取得了积极成效,突出体现在促进了可持续发展理念在国内的普及、探索出了一批具有示范推广意义的地域可持续发展模式以及发挥了向世界展示中国可持续发展成就的窗口作用三个方面。但是,实验区建设也存在许多不足,主要体现在顶层设计存在缺陷、在我国创新驱动发展战略布局中没有占据应有位置以及能力建设工作滞后三个方面。随着国内外可持续发展的形势变化,特别是国际上通过了《2030年可持续发展议程》以及国内落实"五位一体"总体布局、五大发展理念和"一带一路"倡议,赋予了实验区建设新的历史使命。着眼未来,实验区建设应在深入分析总结30年经验和教训的基础上,以统筹落实《2030年可持续发展议程》和"五位一体"总体布局、五大发展理念为目标,以破解地区可持续发展的关键问题为着力点,以创新为动力,着力探索可持续发展关键问题的系统解决方案,凝练可持续发展典型模式,为国内同类地区可持续发展发挥实验和示范效应,并依托"一带一路"向其它发展中国家提供中国经验和鲜活案例。     

国家可持续发展实验区建设的回顾与展望

国家可持续发展实验区(以下简称"实验区")诞生于1986年,是我国针对改革开放后经济快速发展但社会建设相对滞后、生态环境恶化等问题发起的一项地方试点工作,旨在依靠制度创新和科技推广应用,促进经济发展与社会进步、环境保护相协调。30年来,实验区建设取得了积极成效,突出体现在促进了可持续发展理念在国内的普及、探索出了一批具有示范推广意义的地域可持续发展模式以及发挥了向世界展示中国可持续发展成就的窗口作用三个方面。但是,实验区建设也存在许多不足,主要体现在顶层设计存在缺陷、在我国创新驱动发展战略布局中没有占据应有位置以及能力建设工作滞后三个方面。随着国内外可持续发展的形势变化,特别是国际上通过了《2030年可持续发展议程》以及国内落实"五位一体"总体布局、五大发展理念和"一带一路"倡议,赋予了实验区建设新的历史使命。着眼未来,实验区建设应在深入分析总结30年经验和教训的基础上,以统筹落实《2030年可持续发展议程》和"五位一体"总体布局、五大发展理念为目标,以破解地区可持续发展的关键问题为着力点,以创新为动力,着力探索可持续发展关键问题的系统解决方案,凝练可持续发展典型模式,为国内同类地区可持续发展发挥实验和示范效应,并依托"一带一路"向其它发展中国家提供中国经验和鲜活案例。     

旅游牵头 全面带动 推进华山可持续发展实验区健康发展

华山可持续发展实验区是 1 996年经国家 2 8个部委审查批准设立的城郊型社会发展实验区 ,是西北地区唯一的国家级实验区 ,该实验区位于国家级重点风景名胜区——西岳华山风景名胜区内 ,具有独特的旅游优势。几年来 ,实验区坚持“依山兴城、以城带乡”和“开放开发”的发展战略 ,坚持“旅游牵头 ,全面带动”的工作思路 ,以经济建设为中心 ,围绕国家可持续发展实验区的标准和要求 ,依托上级支持和当地资源条件 ,走“政府组织、专家指导、公众参与、社会兴办”的发展路子 ,有力地推动了实验区人口、经济、社会以及生态环境的协调发展。1　华山…     

发挥科技引导作用争创国家可持续发展示范区

可持续发展实验区是实施可持续发展战略的基地 ,是探索科技引导促进经济、社会与人口、资源、环境协调发展的样板。山东省可持续发展实验区工作自 1991年开展以来 ,已有临沂市罗庄办事处、烟台市牟平区、长岛县和日照市 4个国家级可持续发展实验区 ,泰安市、广饶县大王镇和东营黄河三角洲 3个省级可持续发展实验区。近年来 ,在国家科技部和有关部门的指导帮助下 ,山东省各级实验区坚持从实际出发 ,选择重点领域 ,通过科技引导和综合配套改革 ,积极探索经济效益、社会效益、生态环境效益相统一的新型发展模式 ,为贯彻实施可持续发展战略提供…     

实施可持续发展战略 推动实验区建设──邱隘镇社会发展综合实验的成就与体会

浙江省鄞县邱隘镇１９９３年被批准为国家社会发展综合实验区，至今已整整三年。在这三年，我们围绕实现现代化经济强镇的目标，加快发展步伐，加大改革力度，加强精神文明建设，努力实施科教兴镇和可持续发展战略，在不断的探索中前进，在促进经济与社会持续、协调发展方面取得了明显进展，初步形成了一条具有邱隘特色的以改善和提高人们生活质量为目的，与社会进步相适应的发展新路子     

21世纪新曙光——可持续发展实验区

1　全国可持续发展实验区的基本概况1.1总体概况可持续发展实验区从 1986年试点开始至今已有 15年 ,在有关部门和地方政府的共同努力和参与下 ,经过多年的发展 ,到 2 0 0 1年底先后分 10批审查批准建立国家级实验区 40个 ,各省市区政府建立了省级实验区 60多个 ,遍及全国 2 5个省市 ,形成了从国家和地方两个层次上共同推动可持续发展战略实施的局面。实验区总体上有以下三个特点 :( 1)东部地区数量多 ,西部地区数量少。改革开放以来 ,沿海地区因地理区位处于优越的地位 ,信息密集 ,资金充裕 ,引进技术方便快捷 ,经济社会发展明显超前 ,因此 …     

国家可持续发展实验区又绽新蕾

20 0 3年 4月 2日 ,由科技部农村与社会发展司和国家可持续发展实验区办公室召集 ,由国家国家发展与改革委员会、教育部等 1 5个部委相关司局负责同志组成的国家可持续发展实验区评审委员会对广东省广州市天河区等 5个申报国家可持续发展实验区的区 (市 )进行了评审。评审委员采取观看申报区 (市 )录象、听取申报区 (市 )负责同志汇报以及询问了有关情况等方式进行了评审 ,并综合有关情况进行了打分。根据评审结果 ,广东省广州市天河区、江西省赣州市章贡区、湖南省韶山市、黑龙江省大庆市和海林市等 5个省级实验区通过评审进入国家可持续发…     

国家可持续发展实验区验收暨新区评审会在京召开

2008年1月15日至16日,科技部社会发展科技司、国家可持续发展实验区办公室在北京组织召开了国家可持续发展实验区验收暨新区评审会。在本次会议上,浙江省杭州市下城区、河区省廊坊市、     

国家可持续发展实验区验收暨新区评审会在京召开

为进一步推动国家可持续发展实验区验收和新区评审工作，国家可持续发展实验区办公室在北京组织召开了国家可持续发展实验区验收暨新区评审会。在本次会议上，山西省泽州县、江西省井冈山市、重庆市龙宝区，重庆市北碚区、陕西省华阴市以及河南省林州市等六个建区满六年的国家可持续发展实验区通过了由科技部农社司、国家可持续发展实验区办公室组织的十三个部委的验收评审，验收合格。同时山东省青岛市城阳区、浙江省温岭市、四川省乐山市五通桥区三个省级实验区也通过了新区评审，被批准成为国家可持续发展实验区。至此，国家可持续发展实验区已经达到48个。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式，经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题，作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析，指出当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”，更表明了我国当前发展循环经济，促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义；再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析；最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Omics and biotechnology of arsenic stress and detoxification in plants: Current updates and prospective

Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metallic element, is a dreadful health hazard to millions of people across the globe. Arsenic is present in low amount in the environment and originates from anthropogenic impact and geogenic sources. The presence of As in groundwater used for irrigation is a worldwide problem as it affects crop productivity, accumulates to different tissues and contaminates food chain. The consumption of As contaminated water or food products leads to several diseases and even death. Recently, studies have been carried out to explore the biochemical and molecular mechanisms which contribute to As toxicity, accumulation, detoxification and tolerance acquisition in plants. This information has led to the development of the biotechnological tools for developing plants with modulated As tolerance and detoxification to safeguard cellular and genetic integrity as well as to minimize food chain contamination. This review aims to provide current updates about the biochemical and molecular networks involved in As uptake by plants and the recent developments in the area of functional genomics in terms of developing As tolerant and low As accumulating plants.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.