燃煤工业锅炉排放二氧化硫对大气的污染及工业固硫型煤的应用

本文论述了我国燃煤工业锅炉排放ＳＯ２对大气污染的状况及发展趋势,以及应用工业固硫型煤控制燃煤工业锅炉对大气的污染。燃煤工业锅炉燃烧工业固硫型煤时,可明显地降低ＳＯ２和烟尘的排放量,并节约煤炭。在当前及今后相当长的时期内,推广和发展工业固硫型煤,是防治燃煤工业锅炉大气ＳＯ２污染的一条投资少、见效快、简便易行的实用措施,其经济效益及环境效益相当可观。     

钢铁行业氮氧化物控制技术及对策

根据2007年第一次全国污染源普查数据,钢铁行业氮氧化物排放量已达81.74万t,约占全国总排放量的4.55％,是继火力发电、机动车、水泥工业后第四大氮氧化物排放源.针对中国重要氮氧化物来源——钢铁工业的氮氧化物生成机制,排放节点及特征,国内外控制技术现状开展综述研究.研究表明,钢铁工业中的氮氧化物的产生以高温型为主.烧结、焦化、炼铁、炼钢、轧钢等过程为主要的氮氧化物排放源.收集并整理了国外在钢铁各工序上的主要氮氧化物控制技术及其在国内的应用状况.在回顾中国钢铁大气污染物控制历程的基础上,提出了中国钢铁行业氮氧化物控制的对策建议.     

燃煤工业锅炉烟气中汞排放情景分析

目前,中国对于燃煤工业锅炉烟气中汞排放的控制,主要利用除尘、脱硫等技术进行协同减排控制。以2015年为燃煤工业锅炉烟气中汞排放标准的实施年,按设定的两种情景分析了不同的协同脱汞技术方案,并分析了两种情景(情景一:新建锅炉和在役锅炉汞的排放限值分别为30、50μg/m3;情景二:新建锅炉和在役锅炉的汞排放限值分别为20、30μg/m3)下燃煤工业锅炉烟气中汞的减排情况。分析表明:情景一下,与2015年相比,2020年燃煤工业锅炉烟气中汞减排量增加15.5~29.0t,汞减排率则增加了8~14百分点;情景二下,与2015年相比,2020年汞减排量增加19.7~36.5t,汞减排率则增加10~18百分点。情景二下,高脱汞效率的协同脱汞控制技术的使用比例更高,因此汞减排效果更强。     

空间计量经济学视角下的浙江工业大气污染物排放及社会影响因素

工业大气污染物排放量的影响因素确定是区域大气污染防治策略制定的重要依据之一.以2006—2017年浙江11个地级市的3种主要工业大气污染物(二氧化硫、氮氧化物和烟粉尘)排放量为研究对象,在空间计量经济学视角下探究了社会影响因素的效应.结果发现:(1)12年间,3种工业大气污染物排放量均呈现出总体削减的趋势.全局莫兰指数...     

信息

欧洲二氧化硫排放量20余年减少70%欧洲污染物监测和评估项目(EMEP)2004年报告称,欧洲二氧化硫排放量已从1980年的5300万t下降至2000年1500万t,减少了70%。但从2000年至2002年,下降趋势似乎停顿。原因是虽然一些国家二氧化硫排放量继续减少,但另一些国家的排放量却在增加。排放量增加的国家有波兰、西班牙、俄罗斯和乌克兰。例如,从1999至2002年,乌克兰的排放量增加了29%,达30万t。该报告还披露了氮氧化物(NOX)、挥发性有机物(VOC)和氨的同期排放量分别下降1/3、1/3和1/4,但从2000至2002年,其排放量也呈持平趋势,据称,俄罗斯在此期间的N…     

秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律试验研究

根据锅炉烟尘测试方法(GB 5468-91)及锅炉大气污染物排放标准(GB 13271-2001),在不同风门的工况下,分别对设计的双层炉排秸秆成型燃料锅炉污染物排放规律进行试验.试验表明,在较好工况下,双层炉排锅炉排烟中CO等中间产物及烟尘含量低于单层炉排锅炉,其排烟中CO、NOx、SO2和烟尘浓度等指标远远低于燃煤锅炉,符合国家关于工业锅炉大气污染物排放标准要求,有较好环保效益.     

东北长春民用散煤燃烧大气污染物排放清单研究

民用散煤燃烧是大气污染的重要来源,由于民用散煤活动水平获取难度较大,目前有关民用散煤燃烧大气污染物排放量的研究较少。计算了2016年长春6个城区内民用散煤燃烧产生的CO、SO2、NOx、PM2.5、PM10、挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的排放量,编制了民用散煤燃烧大气污染物排放清单,并分析了大气污染物排放的时空分布特征。结果表明:长春城区燃煤棚户区共计287处,总面积26.64km2,棚户区户均燃煤量约为2.1t/户,住户燃煤比在0.6～0.8;2016年长春城区民用散煤CO、SO2、NOx、PM2.5、PM10、VOCs的排放量分别为12 462、329、142、961、1 201、356t,CO为长春地区民用散煤燃烧主要污染物,占民用散煤燃烧污染物总排放量的80.7%;长春各城区民用散煤燃烧总排放量为绿园区宽城区朝阳区双阳区二道区南关区;大气污染物排放日变化峰值在6:00—7:00、12:00、19:00;民用散煤燃烧污染物排放的周变化差异不大,周末排放量较工作日稍高;采暖期大气污染物排放的月变化与气温的变化同步,排放量呈现1月12月2月11月3月10月4月的变化规律。     

循环流化床锅炉污染物排放量的环评计算

在常用燃煤锅炉污染物排放量计算经验公式的基础上，结合循环流化床锅炉中石灰石与二氧化硫反应的原理，推算出其污染物排放量及排放浓度的计算公式，并对锅炉污染物排放量的环评计算提出了原则性的建议。     

欧洲二氧化硫排放总量显著减少

据《Acid News》(No.3 2 0 0 2 )报道 ,由于欧洲国家已有大量烟气脱硫装置投入运行 ,二氧化硫排放量已较 3 0年前减少 2 /3左右。据 1 999年统计 ,欧洲二氧化硫排放量约 1 80 0万 t,而上世纪 70年代末排放量曾高达 5 5 0 0～ 60 0 0万 t。为防止二氧化硫对环境的酸化影响 ,当局仍在采取措施进一步降低其排放量。但另一项统计表明 ,对环境酸化有较大影响的氮氧化物排放量至今仍未明显减少欧洲二氧化硫排放总量显著减少@未名     

欧洲二氧化硫排放量20余年减少70％

欧洲污染物监测和评估项目（EMEP）2004年报告称，欧洲二氧化硫排放量已从1980年的5300万t下降至2000年1500万t，减少了70％。但从2000年至2002年，下降趋势似乎停顿。原因是虽然一些国家二氧化硫排放量继续减少，但另一些国家的排放量却在增加。排放量增加的国家有波兰、西班牙、俄罗斯和乌克兰。例如，从1999至2002年，     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.