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1.
柴油发电机噪声控制技术的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
柴油发电机组噪声强,发热量大.通过对柴油发电机组提出隔声、消声、减振、通风散热的具体措施后,经工程实践证明,方案设计合理,达到预期的降噪效果,昼间等效声级<60 dB(A),夜间等效声级<50 dB(A),符合GB12348-90Ⅱ类排放标准.  相似文献   

2.
环境噪声评价数据的处理,目前国内有些单位还用手工计算。对于统计声级 L_(10)、L_(50)、L_(90),手工计数虽慢但甚可靠。对于等效连续 A声级Leq及反映读数波动程度的标准差σ,若用近似公式计算误差过大,而用准确公式计  相似文献   

3.
徐鸿  李勇  李娜  楼睿焘  吴旭雨  程浩 《环境工程学报》2022,16(11):3805-3815
目前,等效排气筒多用于大气污染物总量控制,其预测精度和范围的不明晰限制了其在污染物运移扩散领域的进一步应用。基于《大气污染物综合排放标准》,依据所预测的范围和浓度精度对8种典型等效计算方法进行了比选,并验证了将等效排气筒用于不同工况下污染物运移扩散预测的可行性。改进的有效高度等效算法 (源强加权算术平均法) 综合考虑了不同高度和源强参数特征,以2个排放同种污染物的相邻排气筒为例,所计算的高斯模式下等效后下风向污染物浓度场总体分布趋势与等效前叠加计算结果一致,且预测精度优于《大气污染物综合排放标准》中提出的均方根平均法和其他等效算法。对不同风速条件下 (1.5~4.5 m·s−1) 等效前后下风向污染物浓度场分布计算比较,发现即使风速改变仍可保证较高的最大落地浓度预测精度 (−6.87%~−2.21%),特别是风速较大时其预测精度更高 (达到−2.21%) 。这验证了该方法的有效性和稳定性。本研究探讨的源强加权算术平均值算法,进一步提升了等效排气筒相关参数计算的合理性,并拓展了其在大气预测评价中的应用。  相似文献   

4.
目前,噪声预测的模型较多,本文所应用的负指数模型车流噪声预报公式的推广就是设法证明当多车通的车辆分布服从泊松时,并用一等效车道来近似代替多车道,便可将多车道车流简化为行驶在等效车道上的合成流泊松流来考虑。然后分类叠加合成车流中各辆车对测点的声强贡献,通过求声强的累积量母函数和n阶累积量表达式入手,求出声强分布的特征函败。对此特征函数作逆傅氏变换便得出声强分布的概率密度函数。在满足各态历经过程的假设下,根据声强与声压的关系及统计声级的定义求出系统计声级与等效声级。  相似文献   

5.
研制了一套远距离多通道VOCs连续采样在线监测系统。监测系统主要由远距离多通道VOCs连续采样装置与真空紫外灯单光子电离源飞行时间质谱仪组成。通过PAMS与有机硫标准气体对该系统进行了性能表征测试。结果表明:各物质连续7次实验RSD≤7%;最优检测限为0.004 μmol·mol−1;在0.01~1.00 μmol·mol−1浓度范围内各物质判定系数大于0.99;定量误差在−13%~25%之间,可以满足环境中VOCs监测要求。该监测系统采样距离为500 m,可在1 h内完成10个不同点位的采样,并可对C4~C10烃类、有机硫化物和苯系物VOCs进行在线分析。该系统可应用于化工园区无组织排放VOCs的在线监测中。  相似文献   

6.
AERMOD在国内环境影响评价中的实例验证与应用   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
AERMOD是美国环保局推出的新一代空气质量模式系统,它由AERMET(气象数据预处理器)、AERMAP(地形数据预处理器)和AERMOD(大气扩散模型)3部分组成.结合宁波市北仑区域大气环境影响评价,对该模式系统进行模式验证,并应用于实际预测评价.验证结果表明,在采用适当的模型参数时,该系统预测值与实际监测值具有很好的一致性,SO2、NO2日均最高浓度预测准确率分别达到64.3%和85.7%.最后结合实际预测评价工作,提出AERMOD模式系统在国内环境影响评价工作中的优势及不足.  相似文献   

7.
长时间的规模预测有助于从宏观角度分析事物的发展趋势与规律。对上海市2013—2017年逐日空气质量指数(AQI)进行分析,在此基础上建立了Prophet-随机森林(RF)优化模型。Prophet模型将AQI时间序列趋势分解为趋势项、季节项、节假日效应;RF算法用于弥补Prophet模型无法预测随机非线性部分的缺点,对Prophet模型进行优化,将Prophet-RF优化模型用于AQI的规模预测。结果表明:相比于Prophet模型,Prophet-RF优化模型的预测效果更加精确,其中,拟合值的均方根误差和平均绝对误差均减少了0.161,预测值的均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别减少了0.434和0.399。Prophet-RF优化模型解释性强且精度高,对于时间序列的规模预测具有较明显的优势。  相似文献   

8.
高速铁路动车组列车的噪声特性   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
测量了车速达250 km/h的高速铁路动车组列车不同距离、不同高度处的噪声,分析了其时间、频谱及空间分布特性,并与普通客运列车比较.结果表明,动车组列车噪声表现为较强的脉冲性,频谱较宽,为2 500 Hz内的宽频噪声,200 Hz以下的低频成分很强;不同高度处最大声压级随距离的衰减规律基本类似,但不同高度处频谱不同.  相似文献   

9.
以双室微生物燃料电池为研究对象,改变活性污泥MLSS值、营养物质的量、营养物质种类、温度等运行条件,测量24 h内COD值、细菌数目和电压值,进而研究不同运行条件对微生物燃料电池运行初期产电性能的影响。结果表明:在其他同等条件下,只改变MLSS值时,MLSS值越大,产电性能愈佳,只改变葡萄糖浓度时,当葡萄糖浓度为60 mg/mL时,产电性能最佳,最大电压和功率密度可达224.8 mV和505 mW/m3,只改变营养物质种类时,当加入低糖和C源营养物质时,产电性能较佳,只改变运行温度,当温度为37 ℃时,产电性能最佳,最大电压和功率密度可达231.5 mV和535 mW/m3;改变上述条件时,细菌数目与MFC的产电性能呈显著正相关关系。  相似文献   

10.
以上海市某污水处理厂A/O工艺好氧池为研究对象,在线监测好氧池沿程的耗氧速率和氧利用率(OTE),结合好氧池的曝气量、DO、进出水污染物指标,对曝气充氧性能进行综合评估。通过核算该污水处理厂实际需氧量和实际供氧量,计算曝气系统的节能潜力。结果表明:(1)该污水处理厂好氧池OTE为22.54%~28.82%,曝气量为4.24~9.63m~3/h。曝气量与OTE的变化呈明显的负相关,说明好氧池中的曝气器可能受到一定程度的污染。(2)距好氧池进水口5~45m,活性污泥比耗氧速率(SOUR)在12~16mg/(g·h)内波动,在实际经验值8~20mg/(g·h)内。60、100、140m处SOUR低于8mg/(g·h),处理负荷偏低,存在曝气过量和池容浪费的情况。(3)好氧池供气量、需气量分别为89 968.99、76 885.15m~3/d,节能潜力较大。  相似文献   

11.
Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.  相似文献   

12.
The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.  相似文献   

13.
Book review     
The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.  相似文献   

14.
Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.  相似文献   

17.
The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of 3H, 137Cs, 90Sr, totU, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu, and241 Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of 3H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.  相似文献   

20.
Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of 14C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative 14CO2 was less than 1.5% of applied 14C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.  相似文献   

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