6种湿地植物吸收污水中氮和磷的动力学

为研究不同湿地植物对污染水体中氮、磷的去除效果,采用改进耗竭法研究水竹、金花菜、空心菜、雪里红、芋头和韭菜等6种湿地经济植物对溶解性总磷(TSP)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)及铵态氮(NH+4-N)的吸收动力学特征。目的是在对污染水体进行修复时,可以根据不同的污染程度选择相应的经济作物。结果表明:空心菜适应任何TSP、NO-3-N及NH+4-N浓度的污水,水竹则适应TSP、NO-3-N及NH+4-N浓度较低的污染水体;韭菜与金花菜对TSP、NH+4-N浓度较高的污染水体有较大吸收效率,而雪里红则适合浓度较低的水体;对于含NO-3-N水体,韭菜与雪里红具有较大吸收速率,适宜高NO-3-N水平的养分条件,金花菜具有较大亲和力,适宜于NO-3-N浓度低的污染水体;芋头的最大吸收速率最小而亲和力最大,不适宜作为湿地植物修复污染水体。6种湿地植物都具有喜铵性,对NH+4-N有更好的吸收效果。     

重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属(包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd)复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)Glomus mosseae对蚕豆(Vicia faba)生长及DNA损伤的影响.结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异.采用单细胞凝胶电泳(single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE)法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合.结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致.     

水力负荷对厌氧氨氧化反应器运行影响的研究

采用一套有效容积为4.46 L的UASB-ANAMMOX反应器,通过对水力负荷进行3个阶段的调节,研究水力停留时间对ANAMMOX反应器处理效果的影响.3个阶段的水力负荷分别为0.20～0.25、0.38～0.43、0.16～0.20 L/(Ld).在试验过程中,水力负荷的冲击对NH 4-N、NO-2-N的去除率影响明显.其中水力负荷为0.20～0.25 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率都能达到99%以上;当水力负荷为0.38～0.43 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率分别降至64%和62%;当水力负荷为0.16～0.20 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率立刻分别回升至94%和97%.ANAMMOX反应过程中,NO-2-N和NH 4-N的去除量比值基本在1.3∶1.0左右变化,ANAMMOX反应的优势菌种代谢在运行过程中会将一部分NO-2-N转化为NO-3-N,水力负荷的改变对NO-3-N的出水浓度影响不大;但NO-3-N日生成量与水力负荷的大小成正比.试验表明,UASB-ANAMMOX反应器对水力负荷冲击有较强的抵抗力,但是仍会造成一定量的ANAMMOX反应的优势菌流失,使该反应器在短时间内不能恢复最佳的去除效果.     

纳米铁与微生物联合去除地下水中的NO_3~--N

采用实验模拟装置考察油酸包覆型纳米铁、反硝化细菌及其组合方法处理地下水NO-3-N效果与反应产物的变化特征。结果表明,在模拟地下水溶解氧(0.50 mg/L)、温度(15℃)和黑暗环境中,2 g油酸包覆型纳米铁与70 mg/L NO-3-N反应,11 d后NO-3-N去除率为86.4%,其中74.7%的还原产物为NH+4-N,1.7%为NO-2-N,N2生成量仅占10%;反硝化细菌体系中,反应6 d后NO-3-N去除率为78.6%,此时未检测到NH+4-N,而NO-2-N达到最大值,为60.1%,仅有18.5%的N2生成;在油酸包覆型纳米铁-反硝化细菌耦合体系中,6 d后NO-3-N去除率达到80.3%,其中NH+4-N占17.6%,NO-2-N为30.1%,N2为32.6%。因此,比较3种材料对NO-3-N降解效果及产物得出,在地下水环境中,油酸包覆型纳米铁-反硝化细菌组合方法对地下水NO-3-N的去除效果最好,产物主要是N2,减少了还原产物NH+4-N对地下水造成的二次污染。     

硝化抑制剂对农业废物好氧堆肥理化性质及反硝化功能基因的影响

以秸秆等农业废物为主要原料,添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺(dicyandiamide,DCD)进行静态好氧堆肥实验,设置相同堆肥条件不添加DCD作为空白对照,分析了堆肥过程中各个时期不同处理的p H值、NH+4-N浓度、NO-3-N浓度和水溶性有机碳(WSC)理化参数的变化趋势,并应用定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)技术对参与反硝化过程的功能基因(nir K、nir S和nos Z)丰度随时间的变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,添加DCD明显地改变了堆肥过程的氮素转化,两组堆肥样品的p H值、NH+4-N浓度、NO-3-N浓度有显著差异(p0.001),但是对WSC的下降过程没有明显影响。DCD对nir K基因的抑制效果最显著,同时nir S和nos Z基因因为理化参数的改变而受到了间接影响。     

铵盐的形态对ANAMMOX菌活性的影响及其抑制规律

采用具有实时监测和调控pH功能的连续流反应器,通过人工模拟废水研究了铵盐的形态及浓度对氧氨氧化(anoxic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌活性的影响及抑制规律。结果表明,在进水NH+4-N、NO-2-N浓度分别为990.4mg/L和121.9 mg/L的条件下,经过38 h运行反应器内NO-2-N浓度积累至85.60 mg/L,ANAMMOX菌活性被抑制了70.2%。通过pH的调控,使得铵盐的形态发生转化,出水NH+4-N和NO-2-N出现同步下降,ANAMMOX菌活性得到恢复,证实了游离氨(FA)才是ANAMMOX菌的真正抑制物。同时,随着进水NH+4-N浓度由1 000 mg/L增加到5 000 mg/L,厌氧氨氧化菌活性达到半抑抑所需的抑制时间由18 h缩短到了7 h,抑制时所对应的FA浓度不同。结果表明,FA对ANAMMOX菌的抑制水平与进水NH+4-N浓度、T、pH和t存在一定的函数关系。     

IC反应器厌氧氨氧化启动与运行特性研究

采用一套有效容积为20 L的IC反应器,接种啤酒废水厌氧处理池污泥,保持反应器进水NH+4-N浓度为120 mg/L,NO-2-N浓度为150 mg/L,在温度为30±1 ℃的条件下,对ANAMMOX反应过程的启动和运行特性进行了研究.结果表明反应器的启动经历了污泥低负荷驯化期、负荷提高期和高负荷运行期3个阶段;在反应器运行到第130 d,反应器启动成功;NH+4-N和NO-2-N的去除率分别约82.1%和94.5%;去除的NH+4-N和NO-2-N及生成的NO-3-N三者之间的比值为11.160.3;在反应器中形成了粒径为1～2 mm的颗粒污泥.     

组合骨料型百喜草植生混凝土去除氮磷

以6组90 d龄期的组合骨料型百喜草植生混凝土盆栽为研究对象,用配制溶液静态培养的方法,选择氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)为主要指标,考查沸石与钢渣、沸石与浮石两种组合骨料型的植生混凝土对污染物的去除效果。结果表明,各组NH3-N 1 d、7 d的去除率分别为13.0%~16.9%和45.7%~56.7%,1 d去除率约占7 d的30%。各组TN 1 d、7 d的去除率分别为9.0%~14.1%和25.6%~39.2%,1 d去除率约占7 d的30%。各组TP 1 d、7 d的去除率分别为22.0%~33.3%和57.3%~89.3%,1 d去除率约占7 d的40%。NO-3-N、NO-2-N含量很低,NO-3-N浓度基本在0.50 mg/L以下,NO-2-N浓度变化范围在0.10 mg/L以下。综合NH3-N、TN和TP去除效果,沸石与浮石按1∶1~1∶3混合的百喜草植生混凝土具有良好的脱氮除磷效果。     

硝化速率法用于活性污泥活性测试的研究

以城市污水厂回流污泥中的硝化细菌(氨氧化细菌和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌)为受试生物,HgCl2为标准毒性物质,通过对两组实验--氨氧化速率实验(NH 4-N→NO-2-N)和亚硝酸盐氧化速率实验(NO-2-N→NO-3-N)的研究表明,氨氧化细菌对HgCl2的灵敏度(IC50=0.034 mmol/L)明显高于亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(IC50=0.20 mmol/L).氨氧化速率法测试活性污泥活性时,使用NH 4-N或NO-X-N指标需要120 min或更长的时间,但使用NO-2-N指标仅需30 min就可完成测试,而且结果重现性要比NH 4-N和NO-X-N好,其变异系数CV为5.9 %.     

天然水与28种市售饮用水中"三氮"和磷的调查

2004年8月,测定了海水、黄河水、小清河水、雨水、地下水以及17种瓶装矿泉水、9种瓶装纯净水和北京市、青岛市自来水中的"三氮" (NH 4-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N) 、无机磷、pH、DO等,发现天然水中NO-3-N过高,水体氮负荷增加,N/P最高达697,雨水pH最低为3.98,部分矿泉水NO-3-N比青岛市自来水还高,北京市自来水的NO-3-N高达8.53 mg/L,为所测饮用水之首.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.