化学预处理与生化组合处理兰炭生产污水

通过现场中试实验对曝气微电解、强化混凝、催化电氧化作预处理提高兰炭污水的可生化性进行了探讨.并对通过预处理与生化处理的组合实现兰炭污水达到污水排放标准的可行性进行了研究.结果表明,原水首先调节pH值为3左右,在通过120min的曝气微电解处理后,可使有机物由25000mg/L下降到10000mg/L,氨氮由3000mg/L降到1200mg/L,COD和NH3-N的去除均可达到60%;然后调节曝气微电解出水的pH值为8~9,通过投加200mg/L PAC、4.5mg/L PAM强化混凝后,出水COD和NH3-N可去除50%;强化混凝后出水再通过120 min的催化电氧化反应器的高级氧化处理,废水中COD去除率可达65%,NH3-N去除率为60%;催化电氧化反应器出水最后通过厌氧/好氧生物接触处理,其出水COD<150mg/L,NH3-N<25 mg/L.     

铁炭曝气微电解对炸药废水的试验研究

采用铁炭曝气微电解对炸药废水进行预处理,处理结果表明:当炸药废水调节pH值为2,反应时间2h,物质A投加量2g/L,铁屑与活性炭体积比为1∶1时,进水TOC为2600mg/L,COD为2500mg/L,NH3-N为190mg/L,出水TOC为250mg/L,COD为400mg/L,NH3-N为20mg/L,去除率分别为90.5%、82%和89.6%,BOD5/COD由0.16提高到0.38。     

焦化废水处理工程实例

以某焦化厂焦化废水处理工程为例,介绍预处理-A2O-后处理工艺处理焦化废水的工程应用,总结并分析了工程设计及运行经验;设计处理流量1 920 m3/d,进水COD,SS,NH3-N质量浓度分别为6 000,300,300 mg/L;运行结果表明:经该组合工艺处理后,出水COD,SS,NH3-N等水质指标均满足最初设计标准:ρ(COD)≤100 mg/L,ρ(SS)≤30 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)≤10 mg/L,有利于企业的可持续发展.     

铁炭微电解-光催化氧化-生化处理有机磷废水

对高有机磷废水采用铁炭微电解-光催化氧化-生化工艺进行处理,经过8个月调试,污水处理系统运行稳定,处理效果好。进水平均ρ(COD)=12 890 mg/L、ρ(BOD5)=3 472 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)=118 mg/L、ρ(TP)=664 mg/L,出水平均ρ(COD)=96 mg/L、ρ(BOD5)=19 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)=13 mg/L、ρ(TP)=0.45 mg/L,达到了GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

物化与生化组合工艺处理化工废水的试验研究

试验采用预处理+水解酸化+SBR+活性炭吸附组合工艺处理化工废水,利用废H2SO4和废铁炭微电解,并以微电解-混凝沉淀+活性污泥为预处理,预处理控制工艺条件,S2-、色度、COD平均去除率分别为99.0%,98.9%,66.9%;试验的pH,VFA数据验证了水解酸化的稳定效果,稳定运行后,COD总去除率达96.0%,SBR出水经粉末活性炭吸附后COD出水300mg/L左右,达到三级排放标准(GB8978-1996)。     

乙酰磺胺酸钾废水的预处理工艺优化研究

在确定微电解、Fenton氧化、混凝沉淀各自最佳反应条件的基础上,进一步研究了单独混凝、H2O2强化微电解工艺对废水的处理效果。试验结果表明,单独混凝工艺在最佳条件下COD、NH3-N、TP的平均去除率分别为16.9%、20.1%、59.4%;强化微电解工艺在最佳反应条件下,COD、NH3-N、TP去除率分别为32%、-4.5%、69%。通过对比试验发现,微电解/Fenton氧化/混凝沉淀联合工艺效果最好,COD平均去除率能达到55%。对该化工厂的废水预处理工艺提出改造方案,初步预算了工程改造投资及药剂费用。     

驯化活性污泥SBR工艺处理乳制品废水研究

乳制品废水直接采用生物法处理在现有研究中较少,为验证处理效果,将4阶段驯化后的活性污泥投加到SBR中,进行了低浓度乳制品废水的直接生物降解试验,主要考察了对COD、NH4-N的去除效果,结果显示:活性污泥驯化期间,COD、NH4-N平均去除率分别为93%、90%;驯化后的活性污泥处理效果稳定,当进水COD为1654 mg/L、NH4-N为115 mg/L时,出水COD、NH4-N分别为66 mg/L、2 mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级排放标准,证明了用驯化活性污泥直接处理低浓度乳制品废水是可行的.     

强化铁炭微电解法预处理沥青废水

铁炭微电解工艺具有处理范围广、以废治废、成本低的优点,但对高浓度有机废水的处理效果有限。文章以沥青废水对象,采用不同方法对铁炭微电解进行强化处理,以期提高废水COD去除率。结果表明:单纯使用微电解技术,沥青废水的COD去除率为60%,使用超声、外加电场、Fe-Al-C微电解及催化剂MnO2进行强化后,废水的COD去除率分别为78.3%、83.3%、82%和76.5%,相比于单独微电解COD去除率均有较大提高,其中,Fe-Al-C是最为简单有效的微电解强化方法,经过处理后废水COD降为835 mg/L。     

pH过程控制对铁炭微电解-Fenton影响中试研究

采用铁炭微电解-Fenton联合工艺处理制药废水生化出水,探讨了初始pH对微电解过程COD降解速率、出水中Fe2+和Fe3+变化规律以及后续Fenton氧化效果的影响,为优化联合工艺提出了微电解反应pH过程控制的理论。采用pH过程控制时,微电解对COD降解速率大大提高,降解过程基本符合零级反应动力学,同时可大大提高Fe2+和Fe3+浓度及总铁析出量。试验结果表明:当初始pH=2.5,以3.0L/h连续性投加稀硫酸100 min,曝气微电解反应2 h,出水再投加1.0mL/L的H2O2进行Fenton氧化2 h,出水COD总去除率可达85.6%;采用pH过程控制可将微电解出水ρ(Fe2+)浓度从48.6 mg/L提高至149 mg/L,COD降解速率从10.9 mg/(L·h)提高至23.8 mg/(L·h)。     

羧甲基纤维素生产废水特性及处理方法研究

文章通过混凝试验、生化试验探讨了羧甲基纤维素生产废水的特性,并采用铁炭微电解进行预处理研究。研究结果表明,该种废水混凝效果较差,COD去除率仅为5%左右。COD超过845mg/L时,呈现生物抑制性,且随COD浓度增高生化处理效果严重下降;盐分对生化处理效果有反面影响。废水经过微电解预处理后COD降低35%左右,且生化性显著提高。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.