脉冲放电等离子体降解废水中有机物的作用机理探索

借助对脉冲放电过程中产生的多种氧化性组分的定量测定并结合对工艺实验结果的对比分析,探索了脉冲放电等离子体降解4-氯酚的作用机理．放电过程中当从放电电极鼓入氧气时,脉冲放电降解有机物的作用机理过程为：氧气放电产生臭氧,臭氧然后传质到废水中,废水中的臭氧及其分解产物羟基自由基等氧化性物质与废水中的有机物的氧化反应．该作用机理是建立脉冲放电等离子体降解有机物过程数学模型的理论基础．     

高压脉冲电晕放电等离子体降解废水中苯酚

考察了多种因素对高压脉冲电晕放电低温等离子体法降解水中苯酚效果的影响 .提高脉冲电压峰值和放电频率、延长放电时间等均可大大提高降解效果 .自由基清除剂如正丁醇和缓冲剂如硼酸盐的存在均会显著降低降解效果 .1 0 0mg·L- 1苯酚废水溶液放电处理 1 80min ,最高降解率达 67 3 % .当放电处理 42 0min时 ,废水的TOC下降 83 8% .     

介质阻挡放电-微曝气降解苯酚影响因素的研究

以苯酚模拟有机废水,采用介质阻挡放电等离子体-微曝气对苯酚废水进行实验研究,并采用响应面分析法对苯酚降解影响因素:苯酚初始浓度、放电电压、气体流量及处理时间等进行优化。实验结果表明:苯酚初始浓度为40.41 mg/L,气体流量为150.38 m L/min,放电电压为34.71 k V,处理时间为29.71 min,苯酚降解率达到最高值74.21%。     

苯酚电降解过程中能量计算、火花放电及控制研究

观察了脉冲电晕放电等离子体降解水中有机污染物苯酚过程中的电压波形图及参数,并对其进行了分析研究,讨论了降解过程中的能量计算问题,分析了放电过程中产生火花放电的原因,并提出了控制火花放电的方法。在其它放电参数相同的情况下,比较了泄放电路对苯酚降解率的影响。     

高压脉冲放电降解废水中的盐酸四环素

为考察脉冲电压、脉冲频率、曝气量、溶液初始电导率等对盐酸四环素（TCH）去除率的影响,文章采用自制多针-板式放电反应器对难处理的TCH废水进行去除实验,并分析在放电过程中总有机碳的变化以及TCH分子的降解机理。实验结果显示：在脉冲电压24 kV、脉冲频率60 Hz、电极间距7 mm、空气流量2.5 L/min、初始浓度100 mg/L、溶液初始电导率200μS/cm情况下,对TCH抗生素废水放电处理60 min后,去除率可达87.9%,矿化率为47.3%。在放电过程中,TCH去除率随着其初始浓度的增大而降低,随着脉冲电压的增大而上升,当放电频率、针板间距、空气流量以及电导率增大时,TCH抗生素废水的去除率先增大后减小。在放电过程中,羟基自由基对TCH的降解有着关键作用。研究表明高压脉冲放电等离子体技术是处理废水中盐酸四环素潜在的有效途径。     

等离子体技术降解茜素红水溶液的机理研究

研究了等离子体在内电极通氧条件下降解水相中茜素红的机理。研究表明:茜素红溶液的降解率与电极位置有关,且在0和22.5mm处出现2个高值。在0和22.5mm 2种电极位置时,茜素红的降解率与等离子体电压、茜素红的浓度、溶液初始pH值、处理时间的变化规律不完全相同。在0处时,茜素红溶液经等离子体放电处理后产物主要是含氧和羟基的小分子物质;在22.5mm时,产物主要是含-CO和含-OH的芳香类物质。研究认为:在内电极位置为0处时主要是高能电子的作用,而在22.5mm处时则是O2被解离产生氧原子,氧原子和高能电子与O2和H2O溶液作用产生O3、OH·、O2-和eaq-等活性物种与茜素红作用而引起其降解。这些结果为等离子体降解有机废水的实际应用提供了信息。     

高压脉冲电晕放电处理水中酚类化合物的实验研究

考察了多种因素对高压脉冲电晕放电法降解水中苯酚效果的影响。调节成形电容、提高脉冲电压峰值和放电频率、延长放电时间、降低废水的电导率等均可大大提高降解效果。100mg／L的苯酚废水溶液成形电容为320pF,脉冲电压为29kV,脉冲频率为50Hz,电极间距为30mm,放电处理80min,最高降解率可达48．5％左右。     

辉光放电电解等离子体降解水体中的罗丹明B

用辉光放电电解等离子体(GDEP)对模拟染料废水罗丹明B(RhB)的降解过程进行了研究.通过发射光谱法测定了GDEP产生的活性粒子,采用紫外光谱分析了放电电压、溶液浓度、pH、Fe~(2+)等对RhB脱色率的影响,并用电导率仪和酸度计测定了降解过程中溶液的电导率和pH的变化,同时结合红外光谱粗略探讨了降解机理.结果表明,在最佳电压为600 V和放电60 min时,200 m L 20 mg·L~(-1)RhB的脱色率可达95.4%,降解过程符合动力学准一级反应;降解过程中溶液的电导率先增大后减小,溶液的pH呈现先减小后增大的趋势,说明在放电过程中产生了大量带电离子及酸性中间产物;加入0.03 mmol的Fe~(2+)对RhB的降解有催化作用,在pH=3.19条件下,放电5 min可使RhB的脱色率达到98.3%;羟基自由基(·OH)对RhB的降解起关键作用.     

高压脉冲放电臭氧协同降解K-2BP模拟废水

采用10kV的高压脉冲放电与臭氧的联用装置,探讨了高压脉冲放电、臭氧和高压脉冲放电与臭氧协同处理200mg/L的活性艳红K-2BP模拟废水的脱色和COD的降解,以及加入自由基捕获剂对处理的影响。研究表明,三者氧化降解能力由大到小为:协同>臭氧>放电,加入自由基捕获剂对COD的去除率较不加自由基捕获剂时明显降低,但未对活性艳红K-2BP脱色产生明显的影响。     

低温等离子体技术降解有机废水研究进展

简述了低温等离子体技术降解有机废水的原理,主要包括自由基氧化、紫外光解、高温热解、超临界水氧化等作用;着重论述了国内电晕放电、介质阻挡放电、滑动弧放电、辉光放电4种低温等离子体技术降解有机废水的研究现状;阐述了与光催化、Fenton反应、生化法、活性炭等方法联用的研究情况;指出了低温等离子体技术降解有机废水有待解决的问题。     

超声波/零价铁体系降解五氯酚的机理

在超声波/零价铁体系中,以五氯酚为目标污染物,分别对各种形态铁离子浓度和羟基自由基表观生成率进行了定量测定,探讨了超声波与零价铁的协同作用机理.结果表明,在超声波/零价铁体系降解五氯酚过程中,同时存在超声波的羟基自由基氧化作用和零价铁的还原作用,其中超声波的羟基自由基氧化作用占主导,零价铁大大地促进了该体系羟基自由基的生成.同时,采用气相色谱.质谱联用仪测定中间产物,并结合相关研究推测,超声波/零价铁降解五氯酚主要是通过羟基自由基的氧化脱氯、五氯酚氧自由基的自身耦合,以及零价铁的还原脱氯3种降解途径完成的.     

商丘市包河沉积物中正构烷烃的分析

采集了商丘市包河6个位点的表层沉积物,用色谱-质谱对正构烷烃进行了分析,利用正构烷烃碳数分布特征和CPI指标等,对该市区的正构烷烃来源进行初步探讨。结果表明,正构烷烃碳数分布范围多数在nC13-nC31之间,分布类型只有一种,即高分子碳范围,碳优势指数为nC29,1相似文献   

Potential particulate pollution derived from UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide

UV-induced degradation of odorous dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was carried out in a static White cell chamber with UV irradiation. The combination of in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), wide-range particle spectrometer (WPS) technique, filter sampling and ion chromatographic (IC) analysis was used to monitor the gaseous and potential particulate products. During 240 min of UV irradiation, the degradation e ciency of DMS attained 20.9%, and partially oxidized sulfur-containing gaseous products, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) were identified by in situ FT-IR and GC-MS analysis, respectively. Accompanying with the oxidation of DMS, suspended particles were directly detected to be formed by WPS techniques. These particles were measured mainly in the size range of accumulation mode, and increased their count median diameter throughout the whole removal process. IC analysis of the filter samples revealed that methanesulfonic acid (MSA), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and other unidentified chemicals accounted for the major non-refractory compositions of these particles. Based on products analysis and possible intermediates formed, the degradation pathways of DMS were proposed as the combination of the O(1D)- and the OH- initiated oxidation mechanisms. A plausible formation mechanism of the suspended particles was also analyzed. It is concluded that UV-induced degradation of odorous DMS is potentially a source of particulate pollutants in the atmosphere.     

重庆金佛山土壤中PAHs含量的海拔梯度分布及来源解析

高海拔山区的冷凝效应使其成为了持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)的储存库.利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC/MS)测定了重庆金佛山南坡不同海拔高度10个表层土壤样品中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的含量和组成,运用比值法和主成分分析法解析其污染来源,采用Ba P毒性当量浓度(TEQBa P)评价其生态风险.结果表明,土壤中16种优控PAHs的含量范围是240~2 121 ng·g-1,平均值为849 ng·g-1,并以2~3环为主,7种致癌性PAHs的含量平均占到了总PAHs的17.8%.研究区土壤中不同环PAHs和PAHs的总量都随着海拔的升高有增加的趋势,其中低环的增加趋势最显著,而高环的波动性较大,但不同环PAHs占总PAHs的比例并未随着海拔的升高表现出一定的规律性.研究区土壤中PAHs主要来自于石油源,石油产品以及煤炭和生物质的燃烧源.研究区土壤已受到一定程度的污染,但毒性风险较小.     

Degradation kinetics and products of triazophos in intertidal sediment

This work presents taboratory studies on the degradation of triazophos in intertidat sediment. The overall degradations were found to follow the first-order decay model. After being incubated for 6 d, the percentage of degradations of triazophos in unsterilized and sterilized sediments were 94.5% and 20.5%, respectively. Between the temperatures of 15℃ and 35℃, the observed degradation rate constant（kob,d） enhanced as the incubation temperature increased. Triazophos in sediment degraded faster under aerobic condition than under anaerobic one. The water content of sediment had little influence on the degradation when it was in the range of 50%-100%. The values of kobsd decreased with increasing initial concentration of triazophos in sediment, which could result from the microorganism inhibition by triazophos. Four major degradation products, o, o-diethyl phosphorothioic acid, monoethyl phosphorothioic acid, phosphorothioic acid, and 1-phenyl-3-hydroxy-1, 2,4-triazole, were tentatively identified as their corresponding trimethylsilyl derivatives with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The possible degradation pathway of triazophos in intertidal sediment was proposed. The results revealed that triazophos in intertidal sediment was relatively unstable and coutd be easily degraded.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

废旧塑料处置地沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及其生态风险

为了解废旧塑料处置活动对区域水体的影响,采用气相质谱联用仪(GC-MS),对河北省某废旧塑料处置地沉积物中16种PAEs(phthalate esters,邻苯二甲酸酯)的污染特征和生态风险进行了研究. 结果表明:研究样地的w(∑₁₆PAEs)为0.527~102 μg/g, 平均值为18.9 μg/g,其中,DEHP〔邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯〕是PAEs最主要的污染单体,平均占w(∑PAEs)的66.6%. 对该处置地的污染物源分析表明,沉积物中PAEs主要来源于废旧塑料回收利用过程中的环境排放. 沉积物中w(DEHP)(14.2 μg/g)和w(DBP)(1.41 μg/g)(DBP为邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯)均超过各自环境风险限值(ERLs),w(DIBP)(DIBP为邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯)超过了美国华盛顿州颁布的沉积物质量警戒限值(0.610 μg/g). 研究显示,沉积物中DBP对鱼类的生态风险及DEHP对藻类和鱼类的生态风险水平不可接受,应引起足够重视.      

Experimental study of photooxidation products of ethylbenzene

Smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the composition of products formed from photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbon ethylbenzene. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer and aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer were used to measure the products in the gas and particle phases in real-time. Experimental results demonstrated that ethylphenol, methylglyoxal, phenol, benzaldehyde, and 2-ethylfurane were the predominant photooxidation products in both the gas and particle phases. However, there were some di erences between detected gas phase products and those of particle phase, for example, 2-ethylfurane, ethylglyoxylic acid, nitroethylbenzene, 3,4-dioxopentanal and ethyl-nitrophenol were only existing in the particle-phase. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed and proposed.     

Eperimental study of photooxidation products of ethylbenzene

Smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate the composition of products formed from photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbon ethylbenzene.Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer and aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer were used to measure the products in the gas and particle phases in real-time.Experimental results demonstrated that ethylphenol,methylglyoxal,phenol,benzaldehyde,and 2-ethylfurane were the predominant photooxidation products in both the gas and particle phases.However,there were some differences between detected gas phase products and those of particle phase,for example,2-ethylfurane,ethylglyoxylie acid,nitroethylbenzene,3,4-dioxopentanal and ethyl-nitrophenol were only existing in the particle-phase.The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed and proposed.     

多食鞘氨醇杆菌共代谢降解五氯酚

研究了一株从活性污泥中分离得到的多食鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacteriummultivorum)对五氯酚(PCP)的共代谢降解.比较了细菌分别以苯酚和葡萄糖为生长底物时对PCP的降解效果.结果表明,苯酚对细菌的生长有一定的抑制作用;葡萄糖支持细菌共代谢降解PCP,葡萄糖和非生长底物PCP之间不存在底物竞争抑制现象.蛋白质电泳结果表明,葡萄糖为生长底物时,PCP的降解酶是由PCP自身所诱导;GC-MS分析PCP共代谢降解中间产物时检测到苯酚的存在,说明在好氧降解情况下,PCP的共代谢降解可能也存在渐次脱氯生成苯酚并最终被矿化的过程.