EGCG强化Fe~(2+)/过硫酸盐体系降解金橙G的研究

通过向亚铁-过硫酸盐(Fe~(2+)/PDS)体系中引入具有还原性及络合性的绿茶提取物EGCG,促进Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)循环,增强其对偶氮类染料金橙G(OG)的降解.实验考察了PDS投加量、OG初始浓度、溶液初始pH、Fe~(2+)投加量、EGCG投加量以及溶液中共存阴离子对该体系降解OG的影响.结果表明:单独投加Fe~(2+)、EGCG、PDS以及投加EGCG/PDS、Fe~(2+)/EGCG均不能有效地降解OG;EGCG的引入使得Fe~(2+)/PDS体系对OG的降解有了显著的提升,从30.89%上升到83.71%;OG的降解效率随着PDS及Fe~(2+)投加量的增大而增大、随着OG初始浓度的增大而减小;当EGGC投加量在10~40μmol/L时,降解效率随着其投加量的增大而增大,而当EGCG投加量大于40μmol/L时,降解效率随着其投加量的增大有一定程度的降低;与Fe~(2+)/PDS体系相比,EGCG的引入使得该体系在p H为2.0~7.0范围内均能取得较好的去除效果;体系中共存阴离子对OG的降解效率有着不同程度的抑制作用,其中PO_4~(3-)CO_3~(2-)Cl~-.另外,通过分别加入淬灭剂甲醇和叔丁醇,证明了体系中存在着硫酸根自由基以及羟基自由基,且硫酸根自由基占主导地位.     

羟胺强化亚铁活化过硫酸盐降解对乙酰氨基酚的研究

采用羟胺(HA)强化Fe~(2+)/过硫酸盐(PS)体系降解对乙酰氨基酚(ACT),考察了Fe~(2+)、PS、HA投加浓度以及反应初始pH值对ACT降解效果的影响.结果表明,在反应时间为30 min,亚铁浓度为0.05 mmol·L~(-1), PS浓度为0.8 mmol·L~(-1)和初始pH为3.0的条件下,0.5 mmol·L~(-1) HA可将ACT的去除率从13%提高到90%.适量增加Fe~(2+)或HA浓度可以提高ACT的降解率,但是过高的Fe~(2+)和HA浓度会抑制ACT的降解.ACT的降解率随着PS浓度升高而提升,当PS浓度达到1.2 mmol·L~(-1)时,30 min内ACT几乎可以完全降解.ACT的降解效果随着pH的升高而降低.EPR实验表明Fe~(2+)/PS/HA体系中主要的自由基是SO■和HO~·.Na_2SO_3、NaNO_2和Na_2S_2O_3等常见的还原剂均能够强化Fe~(2+)/PS体系对ACT的降解效果,但是其对Fe~(2+)/PS体系的强化效果均比HA低.     

Ce3+与Cu2+协同强化芬顿体系氧化苯酚的效能与机制研究

研究了Ce~(3+)与Cu~(2+)协同强化芬顿体系在不同初始条件下对水中苯酚的氧化效能与机制.结果表明,在p H适用范围的宽度和H_2O_2浓度变化方面,Ce~(3+)/Cu~(2+)/Fe~(2+)/H_2O_2体系比传统的芬顿体系更具有优势,该体系在p H=5.0、H_2O_2浓度为2.0mmol·L-1的条件下,仍可以对苯酚保持相对较高的氧化效能;Cu~(2+)可能会借助反应过程中的中间产物(醌类物质)生成Cu+,Cu+催化H_2O_2分解生成·OH,Ce~(3+)可能促进体系内醌类物质的形成,加快Fe~(3+)与Fe~(2+)的循环效能,在一定程度上提高了芬顿体系中H_2O_2分解生成·OH的速率,说明Cu~(2+)与Ce~(3+)对芬顿体系的强化作用具有协同性;自由基终止剂依然可以抑制Ce~(3+)、Cu~(2+)强化的芬顿体系对苯酚的降解,由此说明体系中起到氧化作用的活性物种仍然是羟基自由基(·OH).     

Fe2+催化过碳酸钠降解水体中的磺胺二甲嘧啶

研究了过碳酸钠(SPC)在Fe~(2+)催化作用下对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMT)的降解作用,探究了Fe~(2+)和SPC的初始浓度及溶液初始p H对Fe~(2+)/SPC体系降解磺胺二甲嘧啶的影响,分析了体系中起主要作用的活性物种,并采用HPLC-MS/MS技术鉴定其降解的主要产物并提出可能的降解途径.结果表明,适当提高Fe~(2+)与SPC初始浓度可以提高磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解率,但超过一定范围后反而会抑制其降解,实验中Fe~(2+)/SPC/SMT的最佳物质的量比为15∶10∶1,此时磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解率可以达到84%;溶液初始p H的提高会抑制磺胺二甲嘧啶的降解,但抑制幅度不大,即使在偏碱性条件下仍能达到75%的降解率;Fe~(2+)/SPC体系中主要活性物种是HO·;磺胺二甲嘧啶可能的降解途径有3种,主要包括苯环相连N原子的羟基化、磺酰胺键[S—N]的断裂及分子间重排脱SO2.     

我国南方桉树人工林区水库沉积物污染物的分布特征及迁移规律

桉树人工林区水库水体大面积泛黑引发的水质安全问题是目前关注的热点问题之一,我国南方地区尤其是广西南宁市90%以上的饮用水源水库周边都大量种植桉树,且很多都出现不同程度的水体泛黑现象.已有研究表明水库沉积物对上覆水Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、S~(2-)和DOC的迁移转化过程起着重要作用,探究水体污染物在沉积物-水界面附近的分布特征与迁移规律对揭示库区泛黑机制具有重要意义.本研究利用柱状泥样分层分析方法和高分辨率原位被动采样技术,于2018年7～12月在我国南方典型泛黑水库天雹水库开展3次实验,分析沉积物中铁、锰、硫化物和有机质的分布特征及季节性变化规律,并重点研究泛黑期沉积物间隙水Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、S~(2-)和DOC的剖面分布规律及迁移方向.结果表明:①桉树人工林区水库沉积物中铁和锰含量丰富,远超过全国土壤背景值.表层沉积物中铁、锰和TOC含量随季节同步增加,主要来源于水库周边桉树林区物质(残落物、腐解液和土壤颗粒)的输入与沉降;②桉树人工林区水库泛黑期沉积物间隙水中Fe~(2+)(16.99 mg·L~(-1))和DOC(36.80%)含量显著高于湖泛体系沉积物(12.15 mg·L~(-1)和10.78%),Fe~(2+)/S~(2-)与Mn~(2+)/S~(2-)比值均大于300,缺氧条件下沉积物中以铁锰氧化物的还原反应为主;③桉树人工林区水库沉积物中Fe~(2+)扩散通量[27.4～33.5 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)]分别是太湖、阿哈水库和红枫湖的32.6、 4.9和30.8倍,具有更强的Fe~(2+)内源释放能力,且间隙水中Fe~(2+)与DOC(r0.904,P0.01)显著正相关,沉积物中铁还原产物与有机质的络合反应是水库突发性泛黑的重要成因之一.     

用铅离子选择性电极测定污染土壤中铅量法的研究

本文研究以PbS-Ag_2S压片烧结制作的铅离子选择性电极用于测定污染土壤中铅的方法。在0.1M氯化钠介质中,铅离子浓度在5×10~(-6)—10~(-2)M范围内E—-logC_(Pb)~(2+)呈线性关系。 污染土壤中的铅用HCl—HNO_3溶解,在pH2用双硫腙-四氯化碳溶液萃取除去Cu~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Ag~+,用抗坏血酸消除Fe~(3+)的干扰,在pH3.5—5.5以标准加入法测定铅含量,结果与双硫腙比色法、极谱法和容量法一致。     

UV增强Fe2+活化过硫酸氢钾降解罗丹明B

文章研究了紫外光(UV)辐射对微量Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸氢钾(PMS)降解罗丹明B(RhB)的增强作用以及其反应机理。考察了初始pH值、Fe~(2+)投加量、PMS初始浓度和RhB初始浓度等参数对UV/Fe~(2+)/PMS体系降解RhB的影响。对反应体系中的活性自由基、水中常见离子和腐殖酸对反应体系的影响以及RhB的矿化情况进行了探究。结果表明,在溶液体系pH值为3、Fe~(2+)投加量为50μmol/L、PMS浓度为500μmol/L的最佳条件下,10 mg/L RhB在体系反应10 min时降解率达到99%。自由基猝灭实验表明了硫酸根自由基和羟基自由基是攻击RhB分子的活性自由基,硫酸根自由基起到主要作用。水体中常见的碳酸氢根离子和腐殖酸在低浓度会促进降解而高浓度则抑制降解,氯离子则抑制降解反应。对TOC进行分析,60 min时RhB的矿化度达到48%。通过评估UV/Fe~(2+)/PMS体系降解RhB,验证了UV辐射对降解反应的增强作用,表明了UV/Fe~(2+)/PMS体系降解RhB的有效性。     

主次波长光度法测定水体铁(Ⅲ)

铁以各种形式存在于水体中,Fe~(3+)是环境水质控制指标之一。本文在Fe~(3+)—磺基水杨酸(SSA)显色反应基础上,研究主次双波长光度分析方法。Fe~(3+)回归模型稳定,不受环境条件影响分析灵敏度可提高1—2倍,精密度     

类芬顿调理污泥用于微生物电解池产氢与磷回收的研究

为提高微生物电解池(MEC)利用剩余污泥产氢气和磷回收的效率,采用Fe~(3+)、原儿茶酸(PCA)和H_2O_2体系预调理污泥,探究中性PCA/Fe~(3+)/H_2O_2体系的试剂投加量对污泥液相总磷含量和溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)的影响.在单因素试验的基础上,通过表面响应法(RSM)优化得到Fe~(3+)和H_2O_2投加量分别为12.96 mmol·L~(-1)和0.45 mol·L~(-1),液相总磷含量和SCOD含量实际值分别为(60.14±0.08) mg·L~(-1)和(3357.67±66.37) mg·L~(-1),模拟效果显著.与未处理的剩余污泥MEC反应器出水相比,经过调理后的剩余污泥MEC反应器出水中的总化学需氧量(TCOD)、多糖和蛋白质的去除率分别提高了30.03%、50.16%和97.31%,氢气转化率提升了1.31倍,有效提升了MEC产氢效率.通过鸟粪石结晶回收MEC污泥上清液中的磷,发现在初始pH值为10、Mg~(2+)浓度为0.056 mol·L~(-1)和NH~+_4浓度为0.08 mol·L~(-1)时效果最佳.鸟粪石晶体质量浓度最高可达7.6 g·L~(-1),晶体纯度最大为88.30%,上清液中77.55%的磷以鸟粪石的形式得到回收.在本研究最优化条件下进行中性PCA/Fe~(3+)/H_2O_2体系调理剩余污泥微生物电解池产氢与磷回收全过程中产出经济价值达到2.36元.实验研究最终表明,经过Fe~(3+)/PCA/H_2O_2体系调理污泥可促进污泥中磷的释放和MEC处理污泥的产氢效率,为探究污泥资源化提供了新的研究思路.     

金属离子诱导Aspergillus sp.WL-Au合成纳米金的特性

纳米金凭借其独特的光电特性、良好的稳定性及生物相容性被广泛应用于工业催化、污染控制及医学诊断等领域。近年来,微生物法合成纳米金具有绿色低毒、条件温和、成本低廉等优势而倍受关注。然而,如何对纳米金的形貌尺寸进行定向调控仍有待进一步探究。该研究选取Fe~(3+)、Zn~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Co~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Pb~(2+)及Sn~(2+)等多种金属离子,诱导曲霉菌(Aspergillus sp.) WL-Au合成纳米金,对其形貌进行定向调控。紫外-可见光谱分析结果表明,经Fe~(3+)、Sn~(2+)诱导的菌株合成的纳米金分散性较好,其余金属离子诱导菌株合成的纳米金单分散性较差、易沉聚。透射电子显微镜分析结果表明,大多数金属离子诱导菌株合成的纳米金为球形和伪球形,有少量的三角形;其中,经Fe~(3+)诱导后,菌株WL-Au胞外合成形貌均一、粒径较小的球形纳米金,而经Pb~(2+)诱导后,合成形貌均一的纳米棒。此外,Fe~(3+)诱导菌株合成的球形纳米金对4-硝基苯酚具有良好的催化还原性能,其催化速率常数k为13.3×10~(-3)s~(-1)。研究表明曲霉菌(Aspergillus sp.)WL-Au经Fe~(3+)诱导后可显著提高胞外合成纳米金的能力,且合成的纳米金具有形貌均一、分散性好、催化速率高的特点,在催化还原污染物方面具有较好的应用潜力。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.