柠檬酸改性木薯秸秆阳离子吸附剂的制备及其对Cu~(2+)的吸附

以柠檬酸为改性剂对木薯秸秆进行改性制备阳离子吸附剂。以铜离子去除率作为评价吸附剂吸附性能指标,对制备最佳条件进行了优化,利用FT-IR、SEM、Zeta电位和X衍射技术对制备的吸附剂进行了结构表征,考察了对铜离子吸附过程动力学和等温吸附规律。实验结果表明:最佳的改性反应物(木薯秸秆∶柠檬酸)剂量比为1 g∶7.2×10~(-3)mol,反应温度为120℃,反应时间30 min;表征结果证明了改性吸附剂中羧基的存在;柠檬酸改性木薯秸秆吸附剂能够快速吸附重金属铜离子,吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型;吸附等温线符合Langmuir模式,饱和吸附量达到2.19 mmol/g。证明柠檬酸改性木薯秸秆吸附剂是一种潜在的重金属废水处理剂。     

膨润土材料对落地浮油吸附回收性能的研究

选择膨润土作为吸附回收落地浮油的原材料，制备了原土吸附剂和颗粒吸附剂。通过试验。研究了提取温度和提取时间对吸附剂的油回收率和重复使用性的影响，对比性评价了不同吸附剂的落地油吸附回收性能。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、比表面积测试仪（BET）和红外光谱分析（FTIR），研究了不同材料吸附回收落地油前后的形貌和组成变化，探讨了材料的吸附机制。SEM结果表明，颗粒吸附剂的脱附能力优于原土吸附剂。BET结果表明，原土吸附剂比颗粒吸附剂具有大的比表面积．经过3次吸附一脱附循环后，原土吸附剂的比表面积明显下降，而颗粒吸附剂的比表面积则基本保持不变。FTIR测试结果表明，2种吸附剂的吸附回收落地浮油过程对油的性能不存在影响，原土吸附剂中的油含量，随吸附一脱附次数的增加，明显比颗粒吸附剂增大。原土吸附剂对落地浮油的吸附，主要是以层间吸附机制进行，而颗粒吸附剂则以表面吸附进行，颗粒吸附剂综合吸附回收性能优于原土吸附剂。     

煤矿矿井水中SO4^2-的去除方法研究

制备了高效SO4^2-吸附剂,用其对某煤矿矿井水进行了试验,对影响吸附剂吸附效率的各因素进行了研究,结果表明：吸附剂用量1.0 g/L时,去除率达到最高,为93.5%。溶液在酸性范围内吸附剂对SO42-去除率明显大于碱性范围。随着SO4^2-浓度的增加,吸附剂的去除率逐渐降低。试验水温选择为25℃,最佳吸附时间为40 m in,最佳pH为7.0。     

煤矿矿井水中SO2-4的去除方法研究

制备了高效SO2-4吸附剂,用其对某煤矿矿井水进行了试验,对影响吸附剂吸附效率的各因素进行了研究,结果表明:吸附剂用量1.0 g/L时,去除率达到最高,为93.5%.溶液在酸性范围内吸附剂对SO2-4去除率明显大于碱性范围.随着SO2-4浓度的增加,吸附剂的去除率逐渐降低.试验水温选择为25℃,最佳吸附时间为40 min,最佳pH为7.0.     

桑枝基吸附剂的制备及其对阴离子染料的吸附

为了废弃桑枝的资源化,利用3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)对桑枝进行醚化改性制备桑枝基吸附剂,通过正交实验优化了吸附剂的制备条件。采用制备的吸附剂吸附水中阴离子染料日落黄,研究了pH值、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和吸附温度对吸附效果的影响,测定了日落黄在吸附剂上的吸附等温线。结果表明,制备吸附剂的最佳工艺条件为CTA与桑枝粉的质量比为0.5,NaOH与桑枝粉的质量比为1.0,微波功率为300 W,反应时间为3 min。制备的吸附剂对质量浓度为50 mg/L的日落黄的最大吸附去除率达92.0%。日落黄在吸附剂上的等温吸附线可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来描述,饱和吸附容量为18.21 mg/g,吸附易于进行。吸附速率数据可以用准二级吸附动力学方程拟合,说明日落黄在吸附剂上的吸附以化学吸附为主。     

SO2对掺杂KMnO4的K2CO3/Al2O3吸附剂脱碳性能影响

针对SO₂对吸附剂CO₂吸附性能的影响，该文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备氧化铝气凝胶载体，浸渍法制备吸附剂，通过固定床实验系统进行N₂低温吸附-脱附实验，研究了掺杂KMnO₄的K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸附剂CO₂吸附性能以及SO₂对吸附剂吸附性能的影响。利用Avrami模型计算吸附动力学，并结合吸附剂的孔隙和晶相结构变化分析吸附机理。结果表明：吸附实验最佳反应温度60℃，掺杂KMnO₄提高了K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃的CO₂吸附性能，吸附量提高0.13 mmol/g。在CO₂吸附实验中加入微量SO₂，掺杂KMnO₄后会减小烟气中SO₂对CO₂吸附...     

磺化改性胶乳污泥对阳离子染料的吸附性能

以胶乳生产废水脱水污泥为原料,利用硫酸对其进行磺化改性,制备吸附剂用于阳离子蓝X-GRRL染料溶液吸附脱色。文章考察了吸附剂投加量、pH值和时间对吸附效果的影响,并对其吸附热力学进行了探讨。结果表明:污泥中成功接枝了磺酸基团;当阳离子蓝初始浓度为200 mg/L,吸附剂投加量为200 mg/L,吸附温度25℃,pH=5.5,150 r/min振荡吸附600 min时吸附容量达817 mg/g。热力学吸附过程符合Langmuir模型,表明吸附剂对阳离子蓝的吸附符合单分子层吸附理论,通过该模型计算在20℃理论饱和吸附容量为840.3 mg/g。热力学分析表明,吸附剂对阳离子蓝的吸附是吸热和熵增的过程。     

生物吸附剂对重金属Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的研究

利用锯末和花生壳制备出对重金属离子具有较好吸附性能的生物吸附剂。研究了此种生物吸附剂对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,并深入分析了吸附时间、pH、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、吸附剂粒径、搅拌速度、共存阴离子对吸附的影响,并通过再生试验检验了吸附剂性质的稳定性和重复利用性。最佳吸附条件组合为:生物吸附剂Ⅰ初始浓度7 mg/L,吸附时间120 min,pH=2.0,温度30.2℃,投加量0.8 g,此时去除率达到85.01%;生物吸附剂Ⅱ初始浓度100 mg/L,吸附时间360 min,pH=2.0,温度30.1℃,投加量1.0 g,此时去除率达到87.96%。     

净水污泥柠檬酸钠改性焙烧制备陶粒吸附剂及其对废水中氨氮吸附性能的研究

以净水污泥为原料,选用盐酸、氢氧化钾、柠檬酸钠为改性剂,通过研磨-改性-造粒-焙烧等工艺制备改性净水污泥陶粒吸附剂(以下简称改性陶粒吸附剂),测定其对水中氨氮的吸附量,筛选出最佳改性陶粒吸附剂和最佳改性陶粒吸附剂浓度,并在相同条件下制备原净水污泥陶粒吸附剂(简称原泥陶粒吸附剂)作为对比;采用XRD、BET、FTIR、SEM/EDX分析手段对改性陶粒吸附剂和原泥陶粒吸附剂两种吸附剂进行了表征,并通过静态吸附对比实验,探讨了两种吸附剂对废水中氨氮吸附效果的影响因素;对试验数据进行了吸附等温线和吸附动力学模型拟合研究,并探讨了饱和改性陶粒吸附剂对氨氮的解吸和重复再生效果。结果表明:(1)净水污泥的最佳改性条件为采用0.5 mol/L的柠檬酸钠搅拌混合并在65℃水浴温度下浸泡5 h;(2)改性陶粒吸附剂对氨氮的去除效果与原泥陶粒吸附剂相比有显著提高,当溶液最佳pH为7、饱和吸附时间为6 h、吸附剂投加量为20 g/L、氨氮初始浓度为50 mg/L时,改性陶粒吸附剂的最大吸附量为1.938 mg/g,为原泥陶粒吸附剂的2.46倍;(3)吸附等温线和吸附动力学的拟合结果表明,改性陶粒吸附剂和原泥陶粒吸附剂对氨氮的吸附过程均符合Langmuir模型和准二级动力学模型;(4)饱和改性陶粒吸附剂的最佳再生液为0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液,经过5次解吸再生后,对氨氮的解吸率仅下降6.53%。     

松果去除水体中左氧氟沙星的研究

以松果为原料制备生物吸附剂,通过等温吸附模型和吸附动力学模型对吸附过程进行拟合,分析松果对左氧氟沙星的吸附特征,并考察了左氧氟沙星的最佳吸附条件.结果表明,最佳的吸附条件为pH为8,温度为40℃,吸附剂用量为0.8 g/L,最大吸附量为104.17 mg/g.吸附过程能较好被准二级动力学方程(R2＞0.99)和Langmuir等温吸附模型(R2 ＞0.99)拟合.以农业废弃物松果制备出价廉、高效的新型生物吸附剂,为水体中抗生素的处理提供了一种新的方法.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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