正辛醇萃取苯酚稀溶液的特性研究

为探索工业含酚废水处理的适宜萃取剂，进行了正辛醇萃取苯酚稀溶液的实验研究，测定了不同pH值和苯酚初始浓度条件下的萃取平衡数据，萃残液CODCr值，分析了萃残液中CODCr值的来源。综合考虑萃取剂的萃取能力和产生的CODCr值，提出了酸性和中性溶液为正辛醇处理苯酚废水的适宜操作条件。以正辛醇为萃取剂对工业含酚废水进行了错流萃取实验，论证了其应用的可行性。     

酚类化合物抑制斜生栅藻生长的毒性效应

本文运用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准实验方法,得出苯酚,邻氯苯酚、２,４－二氯苯酚和五氯酚抑制斜生栅藻生长的９６ｈ－ＥＣ５０分别为３４１．８５,２５和１．５ｍｇ·１＾－１,实验结果表明,在３００,３５０和４００ｍｇ·ｌ＾－１三种本酚初始浓度下,斜生栅藻都不具备降解苯酚的能力,即使在培养基中基本没有无机碳源的情况下,斜生栅藻仍不具备降解苯酚的能力。     

电催化氧化阳极制备及其降酚特性

以自制Ti基SnO2/Sb2O3/IrO2镀层形稳电极(Dimensionless Stable Anode)为阳极,采用电催化氧化法处理模拟含酚废水.通过涂层分析和电化学性能测试表征了自制电极特性,考察了电解质类型和浓度、电流密度、苯酚初始浓度及体系初始pH值等因素对苯酚氧化过程的影响,并探讨其降解动力学规律.结果表明,自制电极是以SnO2为基础的纳米级固熔体氧化物电极且具有较好的表面结构,运行稳定性较好.苯酚的降解主要依赖于以NaCl为电解质时产生的氯系活性物质的间接氧化作用.随着电解质浓度及电流密度的增加,苯酚降解速率随之增大;而苯酚的初始浓度越大,降解速率越慢.体系初始pH对过程影响不明显.苯酚的降解过程符合一级反应动力学。     

有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中苯酚的研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵为改性剂制备有机膨润土,研究了有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中典型有机污染物苯酚的性能、条件及改性条件对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,有机膨润土对苯酚有很好的吸附效果,实验条件下对苯酚的去除率可达90％以上,pH值是影响有机膨润土吸附能力的主要因素,绘制了不同初始浓度的苯酚溶液在平衡浓度达国家工业废水的第二类污染物三级排放标准时,改性膨润土的用量曲线及吸附等温线,并得到投样量方程：y＝0．1959x－0．2458,R^2＝0．9751。     

响应面法优化O_3/H_2O_2/UV工艺降解1,2,4-三氯苯

研究了O3/H2O2/UV臭氧光催化工艺对水中TCB的降解效果,考察了TCB初始浓度、O3转化率、H2O2投加量及pH值对TCB降解效果的影响及其动力学分析,并通过响应面分析法对实验条件进行了优化组合.结果表明,O3/H2O2/UV对TCB的降解均遵循准一级反应动力学,其中条件优化组合后的反应动力学方程为y=0.0219x-0.0127,准一级反应速率常数为0.0219 min-1,所得线性相关系数为0.983.响应面分析结果表明,在TCB初始浓度0.3 mg.L-1、pH=10.1、H2O2投加量0.33 mmol.L-1、O3转化率99.75%的最优工艺组合条件下,TCB的3次平均去除率为94.2%,与预测值95.0%吻合度较高.     

O3／UV法降解水中对硝基酚

研究了臭氧，臭氧／紫外光法卫解对硝基酚过程中各种操作条件得，气相臭氧浓度，温度，初始ｐＨ值，初始ＴＯＣ值以及紫外光强度等的影响。臭氧与紫外光相结合对去除ＴＯＣ有协同效应。根据实验确定出这一过程的宏观动力学方程。     

腐殖质对二氧化锰引起的五氯酚转化反应的影响

研究了在二氧化锰催化引起的五氯酚的转化反应中,腐殖质前身化合物的加入对五氯酚去除率的影响,并以p-coumaricacid为代表研究了体系pH值、反应时间、二氧化锰的质量浓度以及腐殖质前生物的浓度和分子结构对去除率的影响。结果表明,反应的最佳pH值范围是4～4.70,去除率在80%左右。五氯酚在24h内去除速率较快,去除率达到75%左右;反应到168h,去除速率趋于0,去除率达到80%左右。相同条件下,无p-coumaricacid的对照体系中,对应的反应时间内去除率仅分别为20%和25%左右。五氯酚的去除率还随二氧化锰质量浓度和p-coumaricacid浓度的增加而增大。当二氧化锰的质量浓度由0增加到100g·L-1时,去除率由0增大为95%;而当p-coumaricacid的浓度由0增加到1mmol·L-1时,去除率由25%增大到100%左右。此外,不同腐殖质前身物的分子结构和浓度对去除率分别起到了提高、不明显改变和降低的作用。     

三维电极体系中苯酚降解效率的影响因素研究

三维电极法用于处理含酚废水的影响因素研究报道较多,但并未充分在理论上阐述其影响方式及机理。采用自制的实验室小试电化学反应器对含酚自配废水进行了处理。试验结果表明:体系中苯酚降解遵循一级反应模式;通过电流效率的核算确定60min作为最佳反应时间,得到的苯酚去除率为64.3%,吨水处理能耗为14.29kW·h·t-1,实际电流效率与理论电流效率相等为0.68。对体系进水控制不同的苯酚起始质量浓度,当反应时间不变时,实际试验结果与法拉第定律一致,即电流密度与去除的污染物的量以及COD去除率与电量和进水质量浓度的比值均呈线性关系;体系中羟基自由基的产生量能够采用式[?OH]=0.1218×EC0进行计算。采用最佳反应时间t=60min、电流密度I=20A,在苯酚质量浓度为500mg·L-1时改变极板间距进行的试验结果表明电压随极板间距的增大而降低,最佳极板间距为0.21m时可获得最大去除率为78.5%,体系的启动电压为0.25V。     

ZnO-MgO/Al2O3吸附-臭氧催化氧化处理难降解有机废水

以活性氧化铝为载体,采用浸渍法制备催化剂,对甲基橙及草酸模拟废水进行处理.在中性条件下,臭氧催化氧化比单独臭氧氧化能提前30 min使得甲基橙溶液褪色,反应105 min时,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率高达96.53%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对甲基橙TOC去除率提高了47.19%,在处理草酸废水时臭氧催化氧化对TOC去除率高达80.59%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对草酸TOC去除率提高了59.14%.在处理甲基橙及草酸的小试实验中催化剂对有机污染物的吸附作用起到了加快反应进行的作用.在对垃圾渗滤液超滤出水时,O₃与COD质量比为1:1时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率为49.09%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高36.37%,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独使用臭氧氧化的2.54倍,在处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓水时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率高达88.72%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高37.60%,并且臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独臭氧氧化的1.6倍.臭氧催化氧化反应过程中产生的羟基自由基对有机物更快的反应速率.     

碱性条件下日光/FeEDTA/H2O2降解2,4-二氯苯酚的研究

采用日光/FeEDTA/H2O2体系降解2,4-二氯苯酚废水,探讨了pH值,H2O2,FeEDTA以及2,4-二氯苯酚初始浓度对2,4-二氯苯酚去除率以及CODCr去除率的影响,发现该体系可在较宽的pH范围(pH=2-11)降解2,4-二氯苯酚.碱性条件下(pH=9)对250mg·l-1的2,4-二氯苯酚废水,最佳处理条件为:[H2O2]=30mmol·l-1,[FeEDTA]=0.5mmol·l-1,此条件下,反应2h后,2,4-二氯苯酚的去除率高达99%,CODCr去除率达91%.另外,通过对传统Fenton,FeEDTA,草酸铁以及柠檬酸铁四种Fenton体系的对比研究,发现FeEDTA体系在碱性条件下处理2,4-二氯苯酚废水具有明显的优势.     

Submerged arc plasma system combined with ozone oxidation for the treatment of wastewater containing non-degradable organic compounds

• Submerged arc plasma was introduced in terms of wastewater treatment. • Ozone oxidation was coupled with submerged arc plasma system. • Ozone was converted into O and O₂ by submerged arc plasma. • Decomposition rate was accelerated by submerged arc plasma. • Introduction of ozone led to significant increase in mineralization. Submerged arc plasma technology was assessed for the removal of phenols from wastewater. The OH radicals generated from the boundary between the plasma and waste solution were considered as a significant factor on the degradation reaction. In this study, the effects of highly energetic electrons released from the submerged arc plasma were mainly studied. The highly energetic electrons directly broke the strong chemical bond and locally increased the reaction temperatures in solution. The effects of the submerged-arc plasma on the decomposition of phenol are discussed in terms of the input energy and initial concentration. The single use of submerged arc plasma easily decomposed the phenol but did not increase the mineralization efficiency. Therefore, the submerged arc plasma, coupled with the ozone injection, was investigated. The submerged arc plasma combined with ozone injection had a synergic effect, which led to significant improvements in mineralization with only a small increase in input energy. The decomposition mechanism of phenol by the submerged arc plasma with the ozone was analyzed.     

Utilization of nano/micro-size iron recovered from the fine fraction of automobile shredder residue for phenol degradation in water

Phenol removal by n/m Fe in the presence of H₂O₂ was highly effective. Increasing the amounts of n/m Fe and H₂O₂?increased the phenol removal rate. Phenol removal was decreased with an increase in the concentration of phenol. The natural pH (6.9) of the solution was highly effective for phenol removal. The pseudo-first-order kinetics was best fitted for the degradation of phenol. The study investigates the magnetic separation of Fe from automobile shredder residue (ASR) (<0.25 mm) and its application for phenol degradation in water. The magnetically separated Fe was subjected to an ultrasonically assisted acid treatment, and the degradation of phenol in an aqueous solution using nano/micro-size Fe (n/m Fe) was investigated in an effort to evaluate the possibility of utilizing n/m Fe to remove phenol from wastewater. The prepared n/m Fe was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of the dosages of n/mFe, pH, concentration of phenol and amount of H₂O₂ on phenol removal were evaluated. The results confirm that the phenol degradation rate was improved with an increase in the dosages of n/mFe and H₂O₂; however, the rate is reduced when the phenol concentration is higher. The degradation of phenol by n/mFe followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The value of the reaction rate constant (k) was increased as the amounts of n/m Fe and H₂O₂ increased. Conversely, the value of k was reduced when the concentration of phenol was increased. The probable mechanism behind the degradation of phenol by n/m Fe is the oxidation of phenol through hydroxyl radicals which are produced during the reaction between H₂O₂ and n/m Fe.     

炼焦污水零排放技术初探

本文介绍了炼焦污水零排小试结果,试验中采用新型大孔吸附树脂脱酚,蒸汽汽提脱氨,处理后的污水用作熄焦补充水.试验证明该零排放方案是可行的.     

Degradation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in drinking water by ozone oxidation

The ozone oxidation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A in drinking water was investigated. A stainless completely mixed reactor was employed to carry out the degradation experiments by means of a batch model. With an initial concentration of 11.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of BPA (bisphenol A) could be measured up to 70%, 82%, and 90% when the dosages of ozone were 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/L, respectively. The impacts on BPA degradation under the conditions of different ozone dosages, water background values, BPA initial concentrations, and ozone adding time were analyzed. The results showed that ozone dosage plays a dominant role during the process of BPA degradation, while the impact of the contact time could be ignored. UV wavelength scanning was used to confirm that the by-products were produced, which could be absorbed at UV254. The value of UV254 was observed to have changed during the ozonation process. Based on the change of UV254, it could be concluded that BPA is not completely degraded at low ozone dosage, while shorter adding time of total ozone dosage, high ozone dosage, and improvement of dissolved ozone concentration greatly contribute to the extent of BPA degradation. The effects of applied H₂O₂ dose in ozone oxidation of BPA were also examined in this study. The O₃-H₂O₂ processes proved to have similar effects on the degradation of BPA by ozone oxidation.     

水体生态系统对不同浓度水平苯酚污染的急性毒性响应

针对浙江某地苯酚泄漏事件,结合实地监测和实验室研究,探索苯酚的水体污染化学行为对水体生态系统的影响和急性毒性效应.本研究选取水生生态系统中明亮发光杆菌T3、优势藻四尾栅藻Scenedesmus quadricauda以及模式鱼斑马鱼Brachydanio rerio为研究对象,探索水体中生产者、消费者及分解者等整个生态系统对不同苯酚浓度胁迫下的生态响应.结果表明,水生生物对苯酚污染浓度的生态响应差异显著,虽然苯酚对发光细菌、四尾栅藻及鱼体都具有一定的毒性影响,但四尾栅藻抑制率与苯酚浓度之间并没有良好的线性关系.发光细菌的相对发光率与苯酚浓度的关系表明,0.2—25 mg.L-1苯酚浓度对水体会产生低毒作用,而30—100 mg.L-1苯酚浓度对水体会产生中毒作用.苯酚对四尾栅藻的影响主要表现为光合作用的暗反应破坏,高浓度苯酚处理组中四尾栅藻会将残余苯酚浓度作为自身碳源而短暂地促进其生长.斑马鱼在苯酚浓度高于15 mg.L-1时,会发生体重下降、死亡率上升、呼吸急促、游动迅速以及导致水质变坏等现象,并且在100 mg.L-1苯酚浓度处理下,鱼体内富集大量苯酚,通过食物链进而对人类健康产生影响.     

Pathway of the ozonation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in aqueous solution

The reaction mechanism and pathway of the ozonation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) in aqueous solution were investigated. The removal efficiency and the variation of H₂O₂, Cl^? formic acid, and oxalic acid were studied during the semi-batch ozonation experiments (continuous for ozone gas supply, fixed volume of water sample). The results showed that when there was no scavenger, the removal efficiency of 0.1 mmol/L 2,4,6-TCP could reach 99% within 6 min by adding 24 mg/L ozone. The reaction of molecular ozone with 2,4,6-TCP resulted in the formation of H₂O₂. The maximal concentration of H₂O₂ detected during the ozonation could reach 22.5% of the original concentration of 2,4,6-TCP. The reaction of ozone with H₂O₂ resulted in the generation of a lot of OH? radicals. Therefore, 2,4,6-TCP was degraded to formic acid and oxalic acid by ozone and OH? radicals together. With the inhibition of OH? radicals, ozone molecule firstly degraded 2,4,6-TCP to form chlorinated quinone, which was subsequently oxidized to formic acid and oxalic acid. Two reaction pathways of the degradation of 2,4,6-TCP by ozone and O₃/OH? were proposed in this study.     

NaOH溶液对有机相苯酚反萃取的研究

本文系统进行了ＮａＯＨ溶液对负载苯酚的ＴＢＰ＋煤油溶剂的反萃取平衡实验。考虑苯酚的支萃取平衡和解离平衡,建立了反萃取的计算模式,并证明了模型的可行性。本文还讨论了ＮａＯＨ溶液浓度,油水相比,萃取平衡分配系数,溶剂中的负载苯酚浓度和ＮａＯＨ溶液中初始酚含量对反萃取率的影响。     

水稻灌浆期臭氧暴露对产量形成的影响

利用田间原位开顶式气室(Open-topchamber,OTC)研究了长江三角洲地区水稻灌浆期臭氧(O3)暴露对其产量形成的影响,从而确定灌浆期臭氧胁迫对水稻产量的影响.实验设计4种臭氧水平,即过滤空气(CF,O3浓度10nL·L-1);自然大气(NF,O3浓度40nL·L-1);臭氧动态1(O1,O3梯度为50、100、150nL·L-1,平均浓度70nL·L-1);臭氧动态2(O2,O3梯度为75、150、300nL·L-1,平均浓度170nL·L-1).结果表明,随着臭氧浓度的升高,水稻的株高、穗长、分支、穗粒数及水稻生物量和产量等指标均有下降的趋势,但4种处理间均无显著性差异(p>0.05).在试验浓度下,水稻灌浆期短期高浓度O3暴露对其产量没有显著影响,不会造成明显的产量损失,但与全生育期相比,水稻产量对灌浆期的高臭氧浓度更为敏感.     

天气条件对福州近地层臭氧分布的影响

利用2009—2010年福州市近地层臭氧连续观测资料,并结合气象资料分析不同天气型对臭氧浓度变化的影响,以及臭氧浓度与气象要素的相关性。结果表明：在高压后部、地面倒槽等6种天气型影响下,福州市臭氧浓度值较高;在低涡锋面、台风（热带辐合带）等4种天气型影响下,臭氧浓度值较低。导致福州市臭氧平均浓度值最高的天气型是台风（热带辐合带）外围,最低的是低涡锋面系统。高压后部、地面倒槽和锋前暖区等强暖性、且非常不利于污染物扩散的天气型易造成臭氧浓度超标。臭氧浓度与气象要素关系密切,与温度、日照、太阳辐射显著正相关,与云量、相对湿度、降水量显著负相关,受偏南和偏东风影响,平均风速较大时,臭氧浓度较高,在SSE方位上臭氧小时浓度超标率最高。     

天气条件对福州近地层臭氧分布的影响

利用2009—2010年福州市近地层臭氧连续观测资料,并结合气象资料分析不同天气型对臭氧浓度变化的影响,以及臭氧浓度与气象要素的相关性。结果表明:在高压后部、地面倒槽等6种天气型影响下,福州市臭氧浓度值较高;在低涡锋面、台风(热带辐合带)等4种天气型影响下,臭氧浓度值较低。导致福州市臭氧平均浓度值最高的天气型是台风(热带辐合带)外围,最低的是低涡锋面系统。高压后部、地面倒槽和锋前暖区等强暖性、且非常不利于污染物扩散的天气型易造成臭氧浓度超标。臭氧浓度与气象要素关系密切,与温度、日照、太阳辐射显著正相关,与云量、相对湿度、降水量显著负相关,受偏南和偏东风影响,平均风速较大时,臭氧浓度较高,在SSE方位上臭氧小时浓度超标率最高。