微生物净化回收核工业废水中钚-239的研究

从核工业含钚废水中分离、筛选了１３株菌,观测了它们对钚－２３９的富集能力,从中获得了１株高效富集＾２３９Ｐｕ的ＯＲ菌,将ＯＲ菌与酿酒酵母、脱硫弧菌、放线菌和从美国购进的少根霉比较,ＯＲ菌对＾２３９Ｐｕ富集力最高。ＯＲ菌富集＾２３９Ｐｕ的最佳条件是：ｐＨ６,３０℃,每ｍｌ溶液加入０．０５ｇ湿菌,作用３ｍｉｎ,可去除９９％的＾２３９Ｐｕ。用０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮａＨＣＯ３解吸２次,可回收９７％的＾２３９     

植物油精炼废水处理工艺研究

采用ＰＦＣ物化混凝破乳及ＰＡＣ生物处理技术，对炼油、皂脚混合废水处理工艺进行了研究。结果表明，该废水在ＰＨ为９－１３．ＣＯＤＣＲ为１万－１０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，采用ＰＦＳ混凝破乳，ＰＡＣ生物处理后，ＣＯＤＣＲ和ＢＯＤ５总去除率分别为９９．６％和９９．４％。废水经过处理，含渍量，ＣＯＤＣＲ、ＢＯＤ５、色度，ＰＨ等指标中达标排放。     

SR4菌株处理电镀废水中Ni^2＋的研究

用厌氧技术从电镀淤泥中分离获得高效富集重金属的ＳＲ４菌株，通过对其形态、生理生化、遗传特征的研究，确定为脱硫弧菌属的一个新种。用Ｘ－衍射能谱仪检测和透射电镜分析方法，研究了ＳＲ４菌株对电镀废水中Ｎｉ＾２＋的富集作用和最佳去除条件。结果表明：ＳＲ４菌富集Ｎｉ＾２＋的机理主要是静电吸附和生化作用。当水温为２０￣４０℃、ｐＨ９、Ｎｉ＾２＋浓度为４０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，废水中Ｎｉ＾２＋的去除率达９９％以上；在相同     

大孔树脂吸附法处理甲苯硝化废水的研究

介绍了大孔树脂吸附法处理甲苯硝化废水的研究。通过试验确定了最佳吸附条件。在此条件下ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率达８０．７％，总酚的去除率高达９９．５％。大孔树脂吸附法可以作为甲苯硝化废水处理工艺中的一个重要组成部分。     

用高效染料脱色菌和PVA降解菌混合培养液处理印染废水

在厌气－好气－活性碳三级串联工艺系统中，用７株高效染料脱色降解菌在厌气池中接种，在好气池中用聚乙烯醇降解菌富集培养液接种挂膜处理含ＰＶＡ和ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤｃｒ＜０．２的印染废水，经日处理１７ｔ废水的中试表明，当进水ＣＯＤｃｒ，ＢＯＤ５，ＰＶＡ，洗涤剂和色度含量分别为６８０ｐｐｍ，１１０ｐｐｍ，１３４ｐｐｍ，２．９４ｐｐｍ和６５倍时，在厌气池，好气池和活性碳池中的水力负荷分别为３．１７，３．０，１４     

药厂扑热息痛废水治理的研究

本文采用臭氧氧化－铁屑／烟道灰过滤－混凝吸附组合沉淀法处理药厂扑热息痛废水，ＣＯＤ去除率可达９４％以上，脱色率达９９．６％，可使处理后废水的ＣＯＤ低于５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度低于２倍，水质清澈透明，各项水质指标均符合国家排放标准。     

米菲司酮废水处理的试验探索

对米菲司酮生产中产生的高浓度有机废水（ＣＯＤｃｒ８．８×１０＾４ｍｇ／Ｌ），采用常压蒸馏－活性炭吸附方法进行试验性处理，ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率可达９５％以上，ＣＮ－去除率达９９．９％，并可回收乙醇等低沸点有机溶剂。     

气相色谱法测定环境空气及工业废气中的乙醛

用气相色谱法测定环境空气和工业废气中的乙醛，以１％ＮａＨＳＯ３溶液富集吸收，以ＰＥＧ－２０Ｍ的固定液，ＧＣＳ－８８０－ＡＷ－ＤＭＣＳ为载体，用氢焰离子化检测器进行色谱测定，研究了采样方法，样品保存和最佳色谱条件等，方法的采样效率不小于９９．０％，精密度和准确度较高；方法的最低检出浓度为０．０４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。     

生化污泥改性制含碳吸附剂及应用研究

以生化污为原料，用化学活化法制以含碳吸附剂处理电泳漆废水，并对活化产物吸附性能的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明，，其最佳工艺条件为：活化温度为５５０℃，活化剂浓度为６０ｍｉｎ，固液比１：０．８。制得的含碳吸附剂含碳量３３．３７％，碘吸附量平均为４４７．２ｎｇ／ｇ。采用含碳吸附剂来处理该废水，其ＣＯＤ去除率为７０－８０％，与投加ＰＦＳ处理比较，ＣＯＤ去除率可提高８－１０％。     

利用硝酸盐还原菌处理甲醇废水的研究

主要探讨了硝酸盐还原菌在缺氧条件下利用硝酸盐作为电子受体处理甲醇废水的可行性。结果表明，采用该法处理甲醇废水是可行的，最佳Ｎ／Ｃ比为１．４，ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率及ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ利用率均可达到８０％以上。每消耗１ｍｇ的ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ可以除２．９９２ｍｇ ＣＯＤＣｒ该值与进水浓度，Ｎ／Ｃ比及停留时间关系不大。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.