乳化植物油强化地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)的生物地球化学还原研究

设计天然细砂模拟实验,利用乳化植物油作为电子供体,研究生物地球化学作用对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原过程和机理.结果表明,乳化油可以使地下水呈弱酸性,反应体系p H值最终为6.59;并长期维持还原环境,Eh最终降低至-158.6m V.乳化油可显著促进土著微生物的异化铁还原作用,将细砂介质中的Fe(ⅡI)还原成Fe(Ⅱ)并耦合去除Cr(Ⅵ).当反应进行到14d时,Cr(Ⅵ)全部被去除,反应第28d总铬完全被去除.Fe(Ⅱ)的累积对反应体系中的氧化还原环境有重要影响.当实验结束时,Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为44.40mg/L,乳化油消耗了48.9%.XPS和XRD表征分析反应后的细砂,结果表明生成的Cr(ⅡI)最终以Fe-Cr无定型态沉淀存在.     

菌株Enterobacter sp. L6异化Fe(III)还原及Cr(VI)还原的性质分析

Cr（VI）是一种毒性极强的重金属,利用微生物还原Cr（VI）为Cr（III）是解决Cr（VI）污染的一条有效途径。菌株Enterobacter sp. L6是一株分离自海洋沉积物中的异化铁还原细菌。接种时细胞密度A₆₀₀为（0.25±0.03）,培养12 h,A₆₀₀达到（1.04±0.05）,累积产生Fe（II）浓度为（0.80±0.03）mmol/L;随着培养时间的延长,细胞密度A₆₀₀和累积产生Fe（II）浓度开始下降;培养36 h时,细胞密度A₆₀₀为（0.81±0.04）,累积Fe（II）浓度（0.63±0.01）mmol/L。在厌氧培养过程中,菌株L6细胞生长与异化还原Fe（III）性质存在明显的偶联关系。利用菌株L6的异化铁还原性质还原Cr（VI）的实验结果表明,在Cr（VI）浓度0～24 mg/L范围内,异化铁还原细菌L6都能进行细胞生长并还原Cr（VI）。Cr（VI）浓度为4、8和12 mg/L时,菌株L6对Cr（VI）还原率可达到100%,当Cr（VI）浓度为16 mg/L时,Cr（VI）还原率是参比[未添加Fe（III）]的2.11倍。Cr（VI）浓度为20、24 mg/L时,仍能够还原Cr（VI）。以Fe（III）为电子受体的异化铁还原细菌能明显提高Cr（VI）还原率,这为利用微生物修复Cr（VI）污染提供实验数据支持。     

Al(III)对糖浆溶液中有机还原物质还原六价铬的影响

通过批实验研究了Al(III)对糖浆溶液化学还原六价铬反应的影响,揭示了不同条件下Al(III)对六价铬还原反应动力学的影响.结果表明:Al(III)能够促进糖浆溶液还原六价铬反应进行;其作用机制是Al(III)与糖浆溶液中有机还原物质及Cr(VI)反应形成三者的络合物,降低糖浆中多酚等有机还原物质还原Cr(VI)的反应活化能,提高六价铬还原反应速率.Al(III)存在时,该六价铬还原反应符合准一级动力学反应; pH 2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5时,添加Al(III)的实验组中六价铬反应速率常数比对应的空白对照组中反应速率常数分别增加了0.0251,0.0139,0.0058, 0.0048h-1.添加Al(III)前后反应体系中六价铬还原的反应活化能(Eа)分别为66.38,62.80kJ/mol.当糖浆浓度不足时,Al(III)能够提高糖浆溶液还原六价铬的反应去除率.     

净水污泥负载零价纳米铁去除水中Cr(VI)

以净水污泥为原料,采用NaBH_4液相还原Fe(NO_3)_3·9H_2O的方法制备了净水污泥负载零价纳米铁(WS-nZVI)吸附剂,并用于去除含铬废水中的Cr(VI)。考察了Cr(VI)溶液的pH值、WS-nZVI投加量、Cr(VI)溶液初始浓度等因素对WS-nZVI去除Cr(VI)的效果影响,同时与还原铁粉、原泥进行了去除Cr(VI)的对比实验。采用SEM、BET、XRD和FTIR对WS-nZVI进行表征。实验结果表明:WS-nZVI去除Cr(VI)的效果要好于还原铁粉和原泥,当作用时间为3.5 h,WS-nZVI投加量为10 g/L时对Cr(VI)的去除效果最佳。利用净水污泥的吸附性能和零价纳米铁的还原性能协同作用,可将溶液中Cr(VI)还原为Cr(III)后吸附去除。     

乳化油碳源原位治理地下水中Cr(Ⅵ)静态批试验研究

通过投加碳源原位治理地下水中Cr(VI)的应用越来越广泛,碳源的选择是影响治理效果好坏的重要因素。实验中使用实际污染场地的土壤和含有Cr(VI)的溶液模拟地下水环境,加入自行配置的乳化油作为碳源促进土著微生物还原Cr(VI),分别探讨了乳化油碳源的作用,不同初始p H值和NO-3的存在对微生物还原Cr(VI)的影响。结果表明乳化油可以有效的促进土著微生物还原水中的Cr(VI),在2个周期内Cr(VI)的浓度分别从5.25 mg/L和5.1 mg/L降至0.05 mg/L和0 mg/L,还原率分别为99.05%与100%,与未加入乳化油碳源的组分相比还原率分别提高了33.33%和49.02%。实验中Cr(VI)的还原符合一级反应动力学,一级衰减速率常数保持在0.689 1~0.765 9 d-1,经过估算乳化油作为碳源促进微生物还原Cr(VI)的能力远大于0.986 mg/m L。NO-3能促进微生物利用乳化油还原Cr(VI),平均还原速率为0.138 2 mg/d,是未加入NO-3组分的2.1倍,这种促进作用在NO-3消耗殆尽之后依然能够继续发挥。乳化油的加入未引起p H值发生较大变化;p H值在8.8~9更有利于微生物还原Cr(VI)。     

苏州河底泥中重金属的烧结无害化研究

采用有氧烧结法和还原烧结法处理苏州河底泥,研究了底泥中重金属的无害化效果.结果表明,有氧烧结温度900℃以上时,对Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd去除率达40%～65%;烧结温度为500～900℃时,尽管对Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd去除效果不明显,但能有效抑制其溶出.有氧烧结法不仅不能实现Cr的去除,而且会增加Cr的溶出,这是由于有氧烧结过程中Cr(III)被转化为Cr(VI),而底泥对Cr(VI)的吸附能力很有限.还原烧结法则能有效防止底泥中Cr(III)向Cr(VI)的转化,从而抑制包括Cr在内的重金属的溶出.     

使用红色花生衣提取液绿色合成铁纳米颗粒（Fe NPs）去除水中的Cr(VI)：去除机制和废水处理初探

以花生（Arachis hypogaea）衣提取物为原料,合成粒径为（11.32±2.47） nm且表面富含有机质的铁基纳米颗粒（Fe NPs）.利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜能谱技术（SEM-EDS）对反应前后Fe NPs的主要成分及微观结构进行表征,发现反应后的Fe NPs表面均匀的分散着铬（Cr）及其配合物,表明六价铬（Cr(VI)）被Fe NPs去除.其次,Cr(VI)的去除实验表明Fe NPs表面的有机物对Cr(VI)的去除具有促进作用,且在反应条件为：T=25℃、pH=4.7、Cr(VI)初始浓度为40 mg·L-1、Fe NPs投加量为1.0 g·L-1,Cr(VI)的去除量最高为40 mg·g-1.Cr(VI)的去除过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温模型（R2≥0.9999）,表明此过程是单分子层吸附和以化学吸附为主.Fe NPs对电镀废水中Cr(VI)的去除率及总Cr的去除率分别为95.5%和83.6%.最后,提出Cr(VI)可能的去除机制包括还原、形成沉淀物（氢氧化铬及配合物）和化学吸附.     

苦杏仁酸、苹果酸、乳酸对Cr(VI)还原作用的比较

不同温度和pH条件下,通过批式试验研究了苦杏仁酸、苹果酸、乳酸还原Cr(VI)的反应速率.结果表明,这3种α-OH酸还原Cr(VI)的能力表现为:苦杏仁酸>苹果酸>乳酸.苦杏仁酸对Cr(VI)的还原作用受pH变化的影响较大,而乳酸受温度变化的影响较大.同时研究了Mn(II)对3种α-OH酸还原Cr(VI)反应速率的影响.结果表明,Mn(II)对3种α-OH酸还原Cr(VI)均有催化作用,其中对苦杏仁酸表现更为明显.     

硫代硫酸钠、磷酸钠联合处理铬渣中的六价铬

以硫代硫酸钠为还原剂,将铬渣中的六价铬(Cr(VI))解毒转化为三价铬(Cr(III)),并加入磷酸盐作为稳定剂稳定解毒后的铬渣,考察不同反应时间和药剂用量对铬渣中Cr(VI)去除效果的影响.结果表明:硫代硫酸钠可以有效去除铬渣中的Cr(VI),当其与Cr(VI)的摩尔比为理论摩尔比的12倍、处理时间15d时铬渣中Cr(VI)的去除率达到最高(70%),继续增加还原剂用量或延长反应时间均不能有效提高Cr(VI)的去除率.随后加入磷酸钠作为稳定剂,当其物质的量为生成Cr(III)的4倍时,硫代硫酸钠与磷酸钠分步加入(两步法)比同时加入(一步法)处理铬渣的效果较好,处理效果最好时总铬浸出浓度为6.1mg/L,低于危险废物浸出鉴别的总铬标准(15mg/L),而且形成稳定的铬的化合物(CrPO4·6H2O).铬渣pH值变化、五态变化、XRD及XPS分析等结果表明,两步法的处理效果好于一步法.     

高指数晶面TiO_2对铬的吸附及光催化去除

由工业生产引起的铬污染是环境领域面临的一大挑战。二氧化钛(TiO2)材料因其吸附催化的双重作用在铬的去除方面具有潜在应用前景。利用水热法合成高指数晶面TiO2{201},对其进行SEM、TEM、XRD、及XPS表征,并用于Cr(III/VI)的吸附及Cr(VI)的光催化还原,以达到从水体中去除铬的目的。所合成的TiO2{201}为锐钛矿相,呈蒲公英状的层级结构。Langmuir吸附等温线结果表明,TiO2{201}对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的最大吸附量分别为22.7mg·g-1和13.2mg·g-1,Freundlich模型拟合结果表明TiO2{201}对Cr(III)和Cr(VI)的吸附均易于进行,其1/n均小于0.5。在紫外光照条件下,TiO2{201}作为光催化剂可将毒性较强且吸附去除效果较差的Cr(VI)还原成Cr(III),并以Cr(OH)3及Cr2O3的形式沉淀在TiO2表面,XPS表征结果进一步证实了表面沉淀的存在。为探明TiO2{201}光催化还原Cr(VI)的机制,分别研究光生空穴淬灭剂(EDTA-2Na)和光生电子淬灭剂(KBrO3)对Cr(VI)还原效率的影响,证明Cr(VI)的还原是由光生电子引起。     

六价铬还原细菌Bacillus cereus S5.4还原机理及酶学性质研究

从宝钢电镀污泥中分离得到1株六价铬还原细菌Bacillus cereus S5.4,在液体LB培养基中培养72　h完全还原2　mmol/L Cr⁶⁺.测定该菌株六价铬还原后细胞内外六价铬和总铬浓度,检测细胞各组分六价铬还原能力,并结合扫描电镜分析六价铬还原前后细胞形态的变化.结果表明,细菌的细胞壁膜能阻止六价铬进入细胞,是六价铬发生还原的主要场所,其通透性的改变将影响六价铬还原酶的作用;该菌株六价铬还原酶为非分泌型,在细菌细胞内侧发生作用.测定六价铬还原酶活性和稳定性：其最适温度范围25～37℃,最适pH 7,Cu2＋有增强六价铬还原酶活性的作用;在37℃,该菌株六价铬还原酶K_m为125.61 μmol/L,V_max为7.68 nmol/(min·mg).     

Laboratory scale studies on removal of chromium from industrial wastes

Chromium being one of the major toxic pollutants is discharged from electroplating and chrome tanning processes and is also found in the effluents of dyes,paint pigments,manufacturing units etc.Chromium exists in aqueous systems in both trivalent(Cr^3 )and hexavalent (Cr^6 )forms.The hexavalent form is carcinogenic and toxic to aquatic life,whereas Cr^3 is however comparatively less toxic.This study was undertaken to investigate the total chromium removal from industial effluents by chemical means in order to achieve the Pakistan NEQS level of 1 mg/L by the methods of reduction and precipitation.The study was conducted in four phase Ⅰ,the optimum pH and cost effective reducing agent among the four popular commercial chemicals was selected.As a result,pH of 2 was found to be most suitable and sodium meta bisulfate was found to be the most cost effective reducing agent respectively.Phase Ⅱ showed that lower dose of sodium meta hisulfate was sufficient to obtain 100% efficiency in reducing Cr^6 to Cr^3 ,and it was noted that reaction time had no significance in the whole process.A design curve for reduction process was established which can act as a tool for treatment of industrial effluents.Phase Ⅲ studies indicated the best pH was 8.5 for precipitation of Cr^3 to chromium hydroxide by using lime.An efficiency of 100% was achievable and a settling time of 30 minutes produced clear effluent.Finally in Phase Ⅳ actual waste samples from chrome tanning and electroplating industries,when precipitated at pH of 12 gave 100% efficiency at a settling time of 30 minutes and confirmed that chemical means of reduction and precipitation is a feasible and viable solution for treating chromium wastes from industries.     

硫铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的长效还原稳定化研究

针对酸溶态占比高的Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤还原解毒不彻底、后期易返黄的问题,确定了水溶态Cr(Ⅵ)快速还原、酸溶态Cr(Ⅵ)长效缓释还原的修复思路。试验考察了单独添加硫铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)处理的效果,并采用FeSO₄·7H₂O、硫铁矿分步还原法探究处理后污染土壤的长效稳定性,进行了540 d的长期监测。结果表明:FeSO₄·7H₂O还原药剂长效性较差,在自然环境中容易发生氧化,失去还原效能,无法完全还原缓慢释放的酸溶态Cr(Ⅵ),有必要加入长效还原缓释药剂对酸溶态Cr(Ⅵ)进行持续还原。硫铁矿单独修复水溶态Cr(Ⅵ)为主的污染土壤,在添加20%的硫铁矿,反应14 d的条件下,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度降至30.4 mg/L。采用FeSO₄·7H₂O和硫铁矿分步还原酸溶态Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤,先加入2%的FeSO₄·7H₂O,养护3 d后再加入3%的硫铁矿反应27 d,Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度即降至0.29 mg/L,加入5%的硫铁矿,反应4 d后Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度即可降至0.43 mg/L,之后Cr(Ⅵ)浸出浓度保持稳定。经过540 d的长期监测未发现浸出浓度有上升情况。     

Isolation of Cr(VI) reducing bacteria from industrial e uents and their potential use in bioremediation of chromium containing wastewater

The present study is aimed at assessing the ability of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and Staphylococcus capitis to reduce hexavalent chromium into its trivalent form.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (4800 μg/mL) and S.capitis could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (2800 μg/mL).Both organisms were able to resist Cd2+ (50 μg/mL),Cu2+ (200 μg/mL),Pb2+ (800 μg/mL),Hg2+ (50 μg/mL) and Ni2+ (4000 μg/mL).S.capitis resisted Zn2+ at 700 μg/mL while Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 only showed resistance up to 50 μg/mL.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed optimum growth at pH 6 and 7,respectively,while both bacteria showed optimum growth at 37℃.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis could reduce 85% and 81% of hexavalent chromium from the medium after 96 h and were also capable of reducing hexavalent chromium 86% and 89%,respectively,from the industrial effluents after 144 h.Cell free extracts of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed reduction of 83% and 70% at concentration of 10 μg Cr(Ⅵ)/mL,respectively.The presence of an induced protein having molecular weight around 25 kDa in the presence of chromium points out a possible role of this protein in chromium reduction.The bacterial isolates can be exploited for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium containing wastes,since they seem to have the potential to reduce the toxic hexavalent form to its nontoxic trivalent form.     

Isolation of Cr(Ⅵ) reducing bacteria from industrial effluents and their potential use in bioremediation of chromium containing wastewater

The present study is aimed at assessing the ability of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and Staphylococcus capitis to reduce hexavalent chromium into its trivalent form.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (4800 μg/mL) and S.capitis could tolerate Cr(Ⅵ) (2800 μg/mL).Both organisms were able to resist Cd2+ (50 μg/mL),Cu2+ (200 μg/mL),Pb2+ (800 μg/mL),Hg2+ (50 μg/mL) and Ni2+ (4000 μg/mL).S.capitis resisted Zn2+ at 700 μg/mL while Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 only showed resistance up to 50 μg/mL.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed optimum growth at pH 6 and 7,respectively,while both bacteria showed optimum growth at 37℃.Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis could reduce 85% and 81% of hexavalent chromium from the medium after 96 h and were also capable of reducing hexavalent chromium 86% and 89%,respectively,from the industrial effluents after 144 h.Cell free extracts of Bacillus sp.JDM-2-1 and S.capitis showed reduction of 83% and 70% at concentration of 10 μg Cr(Ⅵ)/mL,respectively.The presence of an induced protein having molecular weight around 25 kDa in the presence of chromium points out a possible role of this protein in chromium reduction.The bacterial isolates can be exploited for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium containing wastes,since they seem to have the potential to reduce the toxic hexavalent form to its nontoxic trivalent form.     

CaO2促进MFC同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水的效能

为了提高剩余污泥降解效能和废水中六价铬还原效能,研究了CaO₂对微生物燃料电池同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水的影响,考察了不同CaO₂投加量下微生物燃料电池阳极剩余污泥的降解效能、阴极六价铬的还原效能及产电效能.结果表明,当阳极室CaO₂投加量分别为0,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8gCaO₂/gVSS时,运行120h后,阴极六价铬还原率分别为73.38%,78.91%,99.47%,97.70%,97.04%,96.37%,运行30d后,阳极剩余污泥TCOD降解率分别为72.4%,76.9%,81.0%,78.2%,75.7%,74.2%.证明投加CaO₂后,六价铬还原率和TCOD降解率都有提高.当投加量为0.2gCaO₂/gVSS时处理效能最好,输出电压最大为1.15V.六价铬还原率提高了36.08%,TCOD降解率提高了11.88%.此外,投加CaO₂后微生物燃料电池电化学活性有所提高,表明CaO₂投加对电池电子传递过程有促进作用.结果说明CaO₂有利于提高对微生物燃料电池同步处理剩余污泥和六价铬废水效能.     

地下水化学成分对植物油改性纳米铁还原硝基苯影响

研究了不同地下水化学成分(pH值、Ca2+、Fe2+、Cl-、SO42-)对VOMNI降解硝基苯(NB)的影响.结果表明,经乳化油改性后,纳米铁团聚现象得到改善,分散性提高;VOMNI对硝基苯的还原过程符合一级反应动力学方程,反应速率常数为0.0783min-1;酸性条件下更有利于硝基苯的降解和苯胺的生成;钙硬度对VOMNI还原硝基苯有抑制作用;Fe2+、SO42-、Cl-对硝基苯的降解和苯胺的生成有一定的促进作用.     

Simultaneous removal of chromium and arsenate from contaminated groundwater by ferrous sulfate: Batch uptake behavior

Chromium and/or arsenate removal by Fe(II) as a function of pH, Fe(II) dosage and initial Cr(VI)/As(V) ratio were examined in batch tests. The presence of arsenate reduced the removal e ciency of chromium by Fe(II), while the presence of chromate significantly increased the removal e ciency of arsenate by Fe(II) at pH 6–8. In the absence of arsenate, chromium removal by Fe(II) increased to a maximum with increasing pH from 4 to 7 and then decreased with a further increase in pH. The increment in Fe(II) dosage resulted in an improvement in chromium removal and the improvement was more remarkable under alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions. Chromium removal by Fe(II) was reduced to a larger extent under neutral and alkaline conditions than that under acidic conditions due to the presence of 10 mol/L arsenate. The presence of 20 mol/L arsenate slightly improved chromium removal by Fe(II) at pH 3.9–5.8, but had detrimental e ects at pH 6.7–9.8. Arsenate removal was improved significantly at pH 4–9 due to the presence of 10 mol/L chromate at Fe(II) dosages of 20–60 mol/L. Elevating the chromate concentration from 10 to 20 mol/L resulted in a further improvement in arsenate removal at pH 4.0–4.6 when Fe(II) was dosed at 30–60 mol/L.     

Effect of Fe（Ⅲ） on the bromate reduction by humic substances in aqueous solution

Humic substances are ubiquitous redox-active organic compounds of environment. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the reduction capacity of humic acid in the man-ix of bromate and Fe（Ⅲ） solutions and the role of Fe（Ⅲ） in this redox process. The results showed that the humic acid regenerated Fe（Ⅱ） and reduced bromate abiotically. The addition of Fe（Ⅲ） could accelerate the bromate reduction rate by forming humic acid-Fe（Ⅲ） complexes. Iron species acts as electron mediator and catalyst for the bromate reduction by humic acid, in which humic acid transfers electrons to the complexed Fe（Ⅲ） to form Fe（Ⅱ）, and the regenerated Fe（Ⅱ） donate the electrons to bromate. The kinetics study on bromate reduction further indicated that bromate reduction by humic acid-Fe（Ⅲ） complexes is pH dependent. The rate decreased by 2-fold with the increase in solution pH by one unit. The reduction capacity of Aldrich humic acid was observed to be lower than that of humic acid or natural organic matter of Suwanne River, indicating that such redox process is expected to occur in the environment.     

纳米乳化油修复硝酸盐污染地下水过程中的微生物特征模拟实验研究

为探寻纳米乳化油原位修复地下水硝酸盐氮污染过程中微生物堵塞的形成原因,本研究采用市售的反硝化细菌接种微生物,以纳米乳化油为碳源,中砂为介质,分别建立2组反应器进行模拟实验,分析不同反应器中硝氮的降解情况,同时采用MiSeq高通量测序技术表征不同反应器的微生物菌落结构和多样性.结果表明,纳米乳化油作为碳源具有良好的降解效果,添加纳米乳化油的反应器,反应周期内硝酸盐氮的总降解效率为91.76%,而对照反应器的降解效率仅为38.11%.在硝酸盐氮降解过程中,均存在以蛋白质和多糖为主的代谢产物胞外聚合物增加的趋势,且蛋白质的含量均显著高于多糖.反应结束时,实验组和对照组的胞外聚合物累积量分别为384.49 mg和279.45 mg,单位质量硝氮降解产生的胞外聚合物分别为1.79 mg·mg^-1和39.43 mg·mg^-1.高通量测序结果显示,添加纳米乳化油会引起细菌浓度的升高及细菌群落多样性的降低,但具有反硝化作用的微生物相对丰度增加.实验组和对照组反应器中共同的优势菌门为Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes和Actinobacteria,相对丰度分别为73.35%、6.77%、8.49%及33.46%、47.15%、7.15%,纳米乳化油的添加会刺激Proteobacteria等具有较高反硝化作用的微生物增多,因此,以纳米乳化油作为碳源能够有效提高硝酸盐氮的降解效率,但与此同时纳米乳化油也会刺激微生物的生长及影响微生物群落演变.Sphingamonas、Rhodopseudomonas和Microbacterium菌属相对丰度增加,会引起粘性代谢产物增多,造成多孔介质渗透性下降和生物堵塞.