发酵温度对青海农用沼气池微生物群落的影响

为了研究发酵温度对青海农用沼气池微生物群落结构的影响,以沼气池全年6个温度时期的24个泥样为研究对象,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳分析样品中细菌与古菌的群落结构及其变化差异.结果显示：发酵温度的波动变化对微生物群落结构、多样性及沼气池产气量影响显著.细菌在温度最高（九月中旬）和最低（三月中旬）的2个采样时期多样性最高,古菌仅在温度最高时期多样性最高.在细菌类群中,厚壁菌门Firmicutes、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes和变形菌门Proteobacteria是所有样品中丰度最高的类群（三者总和>72.43%）,是发酵系统中重要的功能细菌类群.细菌属分类水平上,理研菌科佩特里单胞菌属Petrimonas、梭菌属Clostridium、泰氏菌属Tissierella和假单胞菌属Pseudomona是所有样品的优势类群,总丰度比例较为恒定（约32.40%）.在古菌类群中,甲烷微菌目是最优势类群,丰度为40.62%~64.74%.产甲烷菌属Methanogenium是所有样品中主要的产气功能种群,丰度波动范围为32.62%~55.74%,随全年温度的变化而波动,此与沼气的产气规律相一致.     

海洋油气田沉积物产甲烷活性及微生物生态

海洋产甲烷古菌是与海洋中甲烷的产生、释放及天然气水合物的形成等密切相关的微生物类群.以产甲烷菌可能利用的底物为碳源,评价了海洋油气田沉积物的产甲烷活性.结果表明,海洋油气田沉积物对于H2/CO2、甲醇、一甲胺、三甲胺,在25℃和37℃两种温度条件下都具有较高的产甲烷活性,少数样品只在37℃对乙酸有产甲烷活性,说明在海洋油气田环境下,主要有氢营养型及甲基营养型发酵途径产生天然气甲烷.利用厌氧培养法对产甲烷菌进行了多样性解析,16S rRNA基因测序显示,优势产甲烷菌主要属于Methanosarcinales目的 Methanosarcinaceae科及Methanomicrobiales目的 Methanomicrobiaceae科,其中Methanococcoides、Methanogenium和Methanosarcina为油气田沉积物的主要菌属.     

城市污水管网中产甲烷菌的分布特性规律

实验通过一套1 200 m的PVC管式反应器来模拟城市污水管网,利用气相色谱法、液相色谱法和454高通量测序等手段,研究了城市污水管网中产甲烷过程中的物质变化和产甲烷菌分布特性规律.结果表明,管网中甲烷含量沿程升高,说明管网中存在产甲烷菌;产甲烷菌主要包含甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、广古菌门中的菌属(Euryarchaeota_unclassified)和甲烷杆菌科中的菌属(Methanobacteriaceae_unclassified)这3种优势菌属,且在管网800~1 000 m处有广古菌门中的菌属(Euryarchaeota_unclassified)取代甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)成为第一优势菌属的演替现象;管网中产甲烷可利用基质有甲酸、甲醇、甲胺、乙酸,其中乙酸为主要基质,这些基质在管网中先增加后降低的变化趋势导致了管网中产甲烷菌演替现象的发生.     

玉米秸秆厌氧降解复合菌系的微生物群落结构

以不同来源具有木质纤维素降解能力的环境样品为接种物,以玉米秸秆为唯一碳源,进行了秸秆厌氧降解微生物的驯化培养,构建了8组复合菌系.复合菌系的产气周期为30～50 d,玉米秸秆的总固体(TS)去除率在30%～40%之间.其中6组的甲烷产量(以TS计)为62.1～118.4 mL.g-1,发酵液中挥发性有机酸主要为乙酸、丙酸及丁酸(100～500 mg.L-1),发酵终产物pH为6.5～6.7;而另外2组的甲烷产量较低,在8.5～9.7 mL.g-1之间,但乙酸浓度较高(1 200 mg.L-1左右),发酵终产物pH为5.6～5.9.通过16S rRNA基因克隆文库方法对复合菌系中细菌及古菌的群落结构进行了多样性解析,结果表明细菌主要分为8个不同的类群,其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、互养菌门(Synergistetes)及热袍菌门(Thermotogae)为优势菌群,分别占细菌克隆总数的37.8%、34.3%、11.6%和6.4%;古菌属于甲烷微菌纲(Methanomicrobia)和甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria),分别占古菌克隆总数的61.1%和38.9%.对主要功能菌群在秸秆厌氧降解产甲烷过程中发挥的作用进行了探讨.     

互花米草沼泽湿地产甲烷古菌的多样性及垂向分布

为了深入探究影响河口沼泽湿地甲烷排放空间变异的关键因素,采用PCR-RFLP技术及测序分析对闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地产甲烷古菌的多样性及垂向分布进行了研究.系统发育分析表明,闽江河口互花米草沼泽湿地产甲烷古菌的多样性划分为3大类群:甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)、甲烷微菌目(Methanomirobiales)和甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales).在不同的土壤深度,产甲烷古菌的群落结构呈现出空间变异的特征.0~10 cm土层占优势的产甲烷古菌菌属为Methanoregula和Methanobacterium,分别约占46%和43%;10~20 cm土层主要菌属为Methanoregula、Methanobacterium和Methanolobus,分别约占66%、13%和12%,Methanoregula为优势菌属;20~30 cm土层主要菌属为Methanoregula、Methanobacterium和Methanogenium,分别约占65%、11%和12%,Methanoregula为优势菌属.Shannon指数(H')和Simpson多样性指数(D)计算结果表明,10~20 cm土层(H'=2.69,D=0.073)和20~30 cm土层(H'=2.47,D=0.093)产甲烷古菌的多样性明显高于0~10 cm土层(H'=1.60,D=0.292).     

不同原料厌氧发酵及其微生物种群的研究

使用PCR-DGGE技术,对以鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、秸秆为发酵原料的发酵体系的微生物群落多样性进行了研究.在发酵不同时间取样,进行了日产甲烷量、日产甲烷浓度的变化分析和DGGE分析.结果表明,日产甲烷量整体趋势为猪粪>鸡粪>秸秆>牛粪,日平均产甲烷量分别为2.67、2.24、0.99、0.49L;猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆的日产甲烷浓度在整个发酵周期大多可维持在50%以上,牛粪的日产甲烷浓度大部分时间低于30%;细菌的优势菌群有拟杆菌属(Bacteroidetes)、密螺旋体属(Treponema)、厌氧绳菌科(Anaerolineaceae)等,新增优势菌群有梭菌属(Clostridium)、脱硫叶菌属(Desulfobulbus)、毛螺旋菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、醋弧菌属(Acetivibrio);古菌的优势菌群有甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales),新增优势菌群有斯氏甲烷球菌属(Methanosphaera stadtmanae).     

阿奇霉素和铜对活性污泥古菌群落和ARGs的胁迫影响及后效应

抗生素和重金属复合污染已成为环境领域的研究热点,而关于复合污染对活性污泥系统的生态效应研究聚焦于细菌群落,忽略了仍然发挥重要作用的古菌群落.通过选择阿奇霉素(azithromycin,AZM)和金属铜(Cu)为研究对象,ρ(铜)维持在环境浓度水平(1 mg·L-1),探究低温下不同ρ(AZM)(0.05～40 mg·L-1)对古菌群落、抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)及其交互作用的短期影响及其后效应.结果表明,随着AZM浓度增加,古菌多样性上升,丰富度下降,且在后效应期间有一定恢复;基于微生物全尺度分类发现不同浓度的AZM导致了微生物群落结构的改变,古菌群落结构分为3个组别,而后效应影响不明显;复合污染对丰富类群种群结构的影响大于稀有类群,其中条件稀有菌属(conditionally rare taxa,CRT)与整个古菌群落结构的变化一致;不同类型微生物中均存在抗性与恢复特性不同的特定菌属,对AZM和铜复合污染的响应不同,且丰富类群对复合污染的抗性明显高于稀有类群,其中甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta)、甲烷杆菌属(Methanaohacterium)和甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)是优势的抗性菌属;通过预测分析共得到29种ARGs,且复合污染会引起ARGs的增殖,尤其是高浓度下,但是其对各ARGs亚型的影响存在差异;在胁迫效应和后效应的交互网络中,微生物间、ARGs间及两者之间多为共现模式,其中,条件丰富菌属(conditionally abundant taxa,CAT)是微生物交互网络中的关键菌属;而稀有菌属(rare taxa,RT)在胁迫效应中处于重要生态位;ARGs间的共现与互斥模式均存在;多种古菌属与ARGs呈现正相关,是其潜在古菌宿主,且甲烷短芽孢杆菌(Methanobrevibacter)和甲烷叶菌属(Methanaolobius)可能携带多种ARGs.综上,本研究可为污水处理系统抗生素与重金属复合污染的风险评价及ARGs的削减提供新的思路与理论依据.     

温度分化对APBR反应器性能及产甲烷菌群落的影响

为了研究温度分化对固定床厌氧反应器(anaerobic packed bed reactor,APBR)牛粪发酵处理效果及产甲烷菌群落的影响,反应器发酵温度从室温(22℃±1℃)阶梯式分化到低温(15℃±1℃)、中温(37℃±1℃)和高温(55℃±1℃).温度变化的过程中,温度越高COD(chemical oxygen demand)去除率和日总产气量越高,分化后COD去除率分别为25%、45%、60%,相应的日产气量为2.3、4.0、8.5 L·d-1,但是甲烷含量基本保持不变(~60%);温度突然变化造成挥发性脂肪酸含量骤然增加,并处于波动状态.16S r RNA基因克隆文库法分析表明,室温时包含广古菌门中的常见重要产甲烷菌MBT(甲烷杆菌目)、Mst(甲烷鬃菌科)、Msc(甲烷八叠球菌科)和MMB(甲烷微菌目),以及嗜热菌,也有少部分泉古生菌门,发酵温度分化后,产甲烷菌多样性减少,中温条件下产甲烷菌种类相对较少.定量PCR表明Mst、MMB和Msc总基因浓度都有所减少,并且温度越高减少越多,各菌数量相对比例变化较大,但Mst仍为优势产甲烷菌.     

驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响

为研究驯化对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响,在单相完全搅拌式(CSTR)反应器内,以农村户用沼气池污泥为接种污泥,进行了餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化.反应器在3 g·L-1·d-1(以VS计)的负荷下成功启动,并连续45 d维持性能稳定,表明驯化成功.期间采用454焦磷酸测序技术分析了驯化前后系统内的微生物群落结构.结果表明,微生物群落结构与底物密切相关,驯化后细菌及古菌群落都发生明显变化.从细菌群落看,与复杂有机物降解相关的菌类显著下降(如梭菌纲(Clostridia)和(vadin HA17),而易降解碳水化合物发酵菌(如Petrimonas)和脂肪降解菌(如Erysipelotrichia)显著增加.这与餐厨垃圾易降解有机物含量高,且富含淀粉和脂肪相关.丰富的易降解有机物还使得反应器内总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度((2203±174)mg·L-1)远高于种泥水平((222.0±0.3)mg·L-1),这导致了产甲烷菌由乙酸型的甲烷鬃菌属(Methanosaeta,占85.01%)绝对主导转向氢营养型的甲烷螺菌属(Methanospirillum,占35.35%)、甲烷囊菌属(Methanoculleus,占9.89%)与之(46.97%)共同主导的局面.然而,驯化后Methanosaeta在非最优条件下依然保持主导地位,可见接种污泥的群落组成对厌氧消化系统群落结构的塑造也具有重大影响.     

乙酸驯化对厌氧污泥微生物群落结构及发酵特性的影响

采用乙酸对厌氧污泥进行逐步驯化,以富集乙酸营养型产甲烷菌群,解决厌氧发酵过程中的酸抑制问题.对驯化前后污泥中的微生物群落结构及其在高酸浓度和低p H值条件下的发酵特性进行了研究.结果表明:驯化后污泥中乙酸营养型产甲烷菌中的甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)得到了明显富集,其相对丰度由原始的4.2%提高到58.1%,成为耐酸污泥中的主导优势古菌群;氢营养型产甲烷菌属的丰度则都有不同程度的下降.污泥中产甲烷菌群由氢营养型为主导转为乙酸营养型和氢营养型共同主导.驯化前后污泥中细菌的优势菌门均为主要降解纤维素和半纤维素的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和降解蛋白质的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),其中驯化后Firmicutes的丰度由48.8%提高到61.7%,而Bacteroidetes的丰度则由30.1%降低至16.9%.驯化后的污泥对高VFA浓度和低pH值的耐受性均有较大程度的提高,其在VFA浓度为7500 mg·L~(-1)及pH 6.0条件下仍可以快速产气.     

Structure and activity of thermophilic methanogenic microbial communities exposed to quaternary ammonium sanitizer

Food processing facilities often use antimicrobial quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers to maintain cleanliness. These QACs can end up in wastewaters used as feedstock for anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of QAC contamination on biogas production and structure of microbial communities in thermophilic digester sludge. Methane production and biogas quality data were analyzed in batch anaerobic digesters containing QAC at 0, 15, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L. Increasing sanitizer concentration in the bioreactors negatively impacted methane production rate and biogas quality. Microbial community composition data was obtained through 16S rRNA gene sequencing from the QAC-contaminated sludges. Sequencing data showed no significant restructuring of the bacterial communities. However, significant restructuring was observed within the archaeal communities as QAC concentration increased. Further studies to confirm these effects on a larger scale and with a longer retention time are necessary.     

Absolute dominance of hydrogenotrophic methanogens in full-scale anaerobic sewage sludge digesters

Anaerobic digestion （AD） is gaining increasing attention due to the ability to covert organic pollutants into energy-rich biogas and, accordingly, growing interest is paid to the microbial ecology of AD systems. Despite extensive efforts, AD microbial ecology is still limitedly understood, especially due to the lack of quantitative information on the structures and dynamics of AD microbial communities. Such knowledge gap is particularly pronounced in sewage sludge AD processes although treating sewage sludge is among the major practical applications of AD. Therefore, we examined the microbial communities in three full-scale sewage sludge digesters using qualitative and quantitative molecular techniques in combination： denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Eight out of eleven bacterial sequences retrieved from the DGGE analysis were not affiliated to any known species while all eleven archaeal sequences were assigned to known methanogen species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that, based on the 16S rRNA gene abundance, the hydrogenotrophic order Methanomicrobiales is the most dominant methanogen group （〉 94% of the total methanogen population） in all digesters. This corresponds well to the prevailing occurrence of the DGGE bands related to Methanolinea and Methanospirillum, both belonging to the order Methanomicrobiales, in all sludge samples. It is therefore suggested that hydrogenotrophic methanogens, especially Methanomicrobiales strains, are likely the major players responsible for biogas production in the digesters studied. Our observation is contrary to the conventional understanding that aceticlastic methanogens generally dominate methanogen communities in stable AD environments, suggesting the need for further studies on the dominance relationship in various AD systems.     

Temporal and spatial changes of microbial community in an industrial effluent receiving area in Hangzhou Bay

Anthropogenic activities usually contaminate water environments, and have led to the eutrophication of many estuaries and shifts in microbial communities. In this study, the temporal and spatial changes of the microbial community in an industrial effluent receiving area in Hangzhou Bay were investigated by 454 pyrosequencing. The bacterial community showed higher richness and biodiversity than the archaeal community in all sediments. Proteobacteria dominated in the bacterial communities of all the samples; Marine_Group_Ⅰ and Methanomicrobia were the two dominant archaeal classes in the effluent receiving area. PCoA and AMOVA revealed strong seasonal but minor spatial changes in both bacterial and archaeal communities in the sediments. The seasonal changes of the bacterial community were less significant than those of the archaeal community, which mainly consisted of fluctuations in abundance of a large proportion of longstanding species rather than the appearance and disappearance of major archaeal species. Temperature was found to positively correlate with the dominant bacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and negatively correlate with the dominant archaea,Marine_Group_Ⅰ; and might be the primary driving force for the seasonal variation of the microbial community.     

不同好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落结构特点

为了探讨活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程对微生物种群的影响、不同底物及不同颗粒化方法培养的好氧颗粒污泥中微生物群落结构的差异,以接种污泥、模拟废水好氧颗粒污泥和分别投加粉末活性炭和硅藻土的实际生活污水好氧颗粒污泥为研究对象,利用PCR-DGGE对比分析了接种污泥和好氧颗粒污泥中的微生物群落结构.结果表明:活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程会减少微生物种群多样性,影响颗粒污泥稳定性的细菌被淘汰,而聚磷菌、反硝化菌、难降解有机物降解菌等污水处理功能微生物都在颗粒化过程中得到保留.活性污泥好氧颗粒化过程中能够实现亚硝化细菌(AOB)一定程度的富集.与接种活性污泥相比,好氧颗粒污泥中AOB的多样性指数与均匀性指数均有提高.好氧颗粒污泥中的优势菌群主要分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和未培养菌(uncultured bacterium).其中AOB均属于β-Proteobacteria的亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas).     

Effect of nitrite on hydrolysis-acidification, biogas production and microbial community in semi-continuous two-phase anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Previous study found that the pre-treatment of sewage sludge with nitrite improves the biogas production during the mono/two-phase anaerobic digestion (AD) using batch biochemical methane potential tests. In this study, the effects of nitrite on hydrolysis-acidification, biogas production, volatile solids destruction and microbial composition in semi-continuous two-phase AD of sewage sludge were investigated. The addition of nitrite promotes sludge organic matter solubilization (+484%) and VFAs production (+98.9%), and causes an increase in the VS degradation rate during the AD process (+8.7%). The comparison of biogas production from the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors with or without the addition of nitrite implies that the nitrite has no significant effect on the overall biogas production of two-phase sludge AD process. High-throughput sequencing analysis shows that the microbial communities of bacteria and archaea in two-phase AD reactors significantly changes after the addition of nitrite. Vulcanibacillus (bacteria) and Candidatus Methanofastidiosum (archaea) become the dominant genera in the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors with the nitrite respectively. These findings provide new insights about using nitrite to promote the organic matter degradation of sewage sludge in a semi-continuous two-phase AD system.     

实际重力流排水管道中微生物群落对管道的腐蚀影响

通过在实际重力流排水管道中选取10个典型的腐蚀区域作为研究对象,通过对排水管道对应腐蚀区域的生物膜和水体进行采样,探究实际排水管道不同空间位置上微生物群落分布的差异性以及水质因素对微生物群落多样性分布影响.采用高通量测序方法反映腐蚀区域微生物群落的多样性.结果表明,在排水管道中10个典型腐蚀区域中的微生物群落分布结构基本相似,在门水平上主要是变形菌占绝对优势,其次是放线菌门,在纲水平上主要是a-变形菌纲,其次是β-变形菌纲两者相对含量之和占到43.56%,在属水平上的硫酸盐还原菌对管道具有严重的局部腐蚀,包含有Desulforhabdus,Desulfuromonas,Desulfobacter.RDA环境影响因子研究发现,在门水平上硫化氢、溶解氧与微生物群落存在一定的相关性,在纲水平上与微生物群落存在相关性的主要是铵根离子、pH值和COD.     

Microbial characteristics in anaerobic membrane bioreactor treating domestic sewage: Effects of HRT and process performance

Two anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) equipped with different membrane pore size (0.4 or 0.05μm) were operated at 25℃ and fed with domestic wastewater.The hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the reactors was shortened.The microbial communities of the two AnMBRs were investigated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to see the effects of HRT.The predominant Archaea was an aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta.The composition of hydrogenotrophic methanogens changed with the HRTs:the population ...     

西藏尼洋河沉积物中微生物群落结构特征分析

尼洋河是雅鲁藏布江的重要支流,是西藏工布和林芝地区的重要水源地.本研究分析了尼洋河水体理化指标、 12种金属含量和沉积物微生物群落结构特征.结果表明, 2017年和2018年沉积物微生物群落在门水平的结构基本相同,属水平结构相似.变形菌门是尼洋河沉积物的第一优势菌门,其他优势菌门有拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门和放线菌门等;属水平上黄杆菌属丰度较高,气单胞菌属等条件致病菌菌属可被检出;聚类分析发现尼洋河沉积物微生物群落在空间上存在一定的差异性,上游、中游和下游不同河段微生物群落之间差异显著,电站库区沉积物微生物群落具有特异性.相关性分析表明,温度、溶解氧、电导率和铬、锌、锶和钡等金属含量与尼洋河沉积物门水平特定微生物丰度存在显著相关关系.冗余分析表明,总氮、总磷、溶解氧、铬、锶、钡和锰等是尼洋河沉积物中微生物群落结构的主要影响因子.本研究结果可为认识尼洋河沉积物中微生物群落的时空变化特征,识别环境影响因子提供了数据支撑.