加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱法测定土壤中17种有机氯农药

建立了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-固相萃取净化(SPE)-气相色谱法测定土壤中17种有机氯农药(OCPs)的方法。采用ASE技术对土壤中OCPs进行提取,选用二氯甲烷∶丙酮=1∶1作为萃取溶剂,减少了组分的损失,17种OCPs的提取回收率达71.7%~113.4%。以弗罗里硅土小柱为净化载体,选择不同的淋洗溶剂形成4种方案进行净化试验,结果表明:方案1采用丙酮∶正己烷=1∶1为淋洗溶剂时的净化效果最好,17种OCPs的回收率为71.0%~97.6%,方法的检出限为0.16~0.28μg/kg。利用所建立的方法进行3个水平(0.01 mg/kg、0.02mg/kg、0.05mg/kg)的加标回收试验,结果表明:除了添加水平为0.01mg/kg时异狄氏剂和环氧七氯的回收率较差外,其余OCPs的回收率均达到72.3%~108.2%,相对标准偏差RSD小于15.6%,方法的回收率和相对标准偏差均满足土壤农药残留检测中准确度和精密度的要求。     

超声波提取-气相色谱法对土壤中有机氯农药残留的分析研究

利用混合溶剂超声波提取土壤中的有机氯农药,通过气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(μ-%CD)实现对土壤中残留的20种有机氯农药进行分离和测定。研究了使用气相色谱-毛细管柱测定土壤中有机氯农药的分离条件、萃取方法、净化方法以及用替代物回收率进行全程质量控制的方法。试验结果表明:该方法提取净化效果好、色谱峰分离效果好、灵敏度高、准确度高,适用于土壤有机氯农药残留量的分析。     

北京地区土壤中有机氯农药类POPs残留状况研究

2004年5—7月采集了北京地区115个土壤表层样品,利用ASE萃取技术,使用GC/MS方法测定了样品中的六氯苯、氯丹、滴滴涕(DDT,DDE和DDD)、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯和灭蚁灵的检出率及残留量.结果表明,北京土壤中六氯苯、滴滴涕的检出率很高,狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、灭蚁灵未检出.总有机氯农药类POPs物质质量分数平均值为77.7 μg/kg.其中滴滴涕占总有机氯农药类POPs物质的98.9%,是北京地区土壤中残留有机氯农药类POPs物质的主要成分,城市公园、园林土壤是城市滴滴涕的主要污染源.六氯苯是北京地区土壤中普遍存在的一类持久性有机污染物,但残留量很低.氯丹检出率和残留量均很低,六氯苯和氯丹没有对土壤质量造成危害.      

固相膜萃取-气相色谱法测定地表水中有机氯农药研究

研究了固相膜萃取对地表水中有机氯农药(OCPs)物质的提取效果,并与液液提取法(LLE)进行比较.建立了固相膜萃取/气相色谱法检测地表水中20种有机氯农药的方法.结果表明:当萃取膜为HLB膜,洗脱液溶剂为丙酮和正己烷,萃取效果最理想,20种OCPs的回收率稳定在74.1%~94.3%之间,固相膜萃取法与传统液液提取法相比,既提高了萃取效率同时又减少了有机萃取溶剂的用量.该法检测实际样品时,同时加入2种内标指示剂对方法的性能进行了验证,2种内标示踪剂的回收率分别为71.6%~94.8%和69.9%~109.5%,样品中20种OCPs均未检出.     

上海市城区土壤中有机氯农药残留研究

2007年3月采用网格布点法采集55个上海市城区表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱法对土壤中的有机氯农药(OCPs)残留进行了分析,揭示了上海城区土壤中有机氯农药的残留水平、分布及来源.结果表明,试区土壤中六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和六氯苯均有较高的检出率,在95%~100%之间,残留含量范围分别为nd~38.58μg.kg-1、1.81~79.61μg.kg-1和0.16~40.25μg.kg-1.研究区域内土壤有机氯农药总残留范围在3.12~91.07μg.kg-1,平均值为22.33μg.kg-1.OCPs主要残留物为p,p′-DDE,占残留总量的60%以上.有机氯农药残留相对较高的采样点分布在公园及绿化带.有机氯农药组成特征表明土壤中有机氯农药残留主要来源于历史使用.与国内同类研究相比较,试区土壤中有机氯农药的残留较低;与国外比较,试区土壤中有机氯农药残留量明显低于德国、阿根廷和波兰土壤中有机氯农药的残留水平。     

ASE提取Florisil柱净化GC-ECD法测定土壤中有机氯

建立了加速溶剂萃取(ASE)-Florisil柱净化-气相色谱(GC/ECD)法测定土壤中有机氯农药的分析方法。该方法对加速溶剂萃取条件、Florisil柱净化的洗脱剂种类和体积、气相色谱分离条件等进行了优化。选用优化后的实验条件能够对20种有机氯农药实现有效分离、排除基质干扰,方法检出限在0.1~10.5μg/kg范围内。对2种土壤样品中的20种有机氯农药进行测定,平行分析(n=3)的RSD均在20%以内,且加标回收实验中除异狄氏剂偏高和异狄氏剂醛偏低以外,其他18种有机氯农药的回收率均在64.5%~123.4%之间。能够满足土壤环境质量评价标准的分析要求。     

南宁城市内河水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药分布特征

采用改进的固相萃取、加速溶剂萃取和气相色谱-电子捕获检测器,对广西壮族自治区南宁5条城市内河的水体和表层沉积物样品中7种痕量有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留状况进行了分析测定. 结果表明,南宁城市内河水体有机氯农药以HCHs为主,ρ(OCPs)为nd～0.141 μg/L. 5个点位沉积物中w(总OCPs)为2.13～2.80 μg/kg,均检出4,4′-DDE和4,4′-DDD,w(DDD)/w(DDE)<1,且DDTs在沉积物中的含量普遍高于HCHs. 各点位沉积物中有机氯农药各组分含量均低于美国环境保护署采用的无毒害风险浓度.      

有机氯农药的固相萃取实验条件研究

固相萃取技术是一种最常使用的样品制备方法,被广泛用于水样的预处理、空气中痕量有机化合物和生物样品中被测定组分的富集过程。实验使用全自动固相萃取仪萃取水中的有机氯农药类化合物,以空白加标回收率来评价固相萃取的富集效率,讨论了固相萃取实验条件的不同对样品萃取效率的影响。     

土壤及固体废弃物中有机磷农药残留分析方法研究

有机磷农药是继有机氯农药以后被广泛应用的一类农药,它对生物体具有一定毒性,因此对有机磷农药的充分提取及检测就密切关系到人们的饮食安全。传统提取底质中有机磷的方法为索式提取或者采用有机溶剂对土壤直接萃取,而本文采用亲水溶剂对土壤进行萃取,并通过固相萃取技术对其进一步纯化,气相色谱-质谱法检测,对多种有机磷农药的分离度较好。     

淮河沉积物中有机氯农药的残留与风险评价

采用GC-ECD对淮河江苏段表层沉积物中16种有机氯农药(OCPs)残留进行测定. 结果表明,有机氯农药在所有样品中均有检出,w(OCPs)为8.88～16.22 ng/g;组分分布特征分析表明,六六六类(Hexachlorocyclohexanes,HCHs)农药的来源可能与早期土壤的残留或大气远距离输送有关,滴滴涕类(DDTs)污染除了来自早期土壤残留外,近期可能有新的含DDTs农药成分的物质输入;相关性分析揭示总有机碳(TOC)是影响沉积物中有机氯农药分布的重要原因;与国内不同地区沉积物中有机氯农药残留相比,淮河江苏段有机氯农药污染水平中等;与淡水水域沉积物质量标准对照发现,其对水生底栖生物危害风险较低.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.