Reduction of SO2 Emissions by Ammonia Gas During Staged Combustion

To reduce SO2 emissions, ammonia gas was injected into a coal-fired fluidized-bed combustor under staged commbustion condition. The combustor was 2 m high with a 30 cm static bed height and a freeboard height of 170 cm. The ammonia gas was injected at 52 cm and 65 cm above the distributor, which had a temperature of ca. 700 °C, by an uncooled stainless-steel tube injector. The experiments investigated the effects of ammonia gas injection on sulphur dioxide emissions at staged conditions, varying the: (i) excess air level, (ii) secondary air ratio, (iii) fluidizing velocity, (iv) ammonia injection position, and (v) the ammonia : sulphur dioxide molar ratio.A maximum reduction of 66% in SO2 emissions was found at 40% excess air, 65 : 35 staging, 1.5 m/s fluidizing velocity, 65 cm injection height, and an NH3 : SO2 molar ratio of 1.2. The onset of SO2 reduction occurred at an NH3 : SO2 ratio of 0.5. The fluidizing velocity, excess air, level of staging, and ammonia injection height all have a significant influence on SO2 reduction.It is difficult to determine how the SO2 reduction varies with the operating conditions when ammonia is injected in the high temperature zone of the combustor. As sulphur oxides-ammonia reactions are low temperature reactions, the findings confirm the occurrence of reactions above the freeboard or near the exit to the cyclone.     

Combined Non-Catalytic Reduction of NOx and SO2 by Ammonia Liquor during Staged Fluidized-Bed Combustion

Emissions of NOx and SO2 were monitored in the presence of ammonia liquor in a 0.09 m2 and 2 m high stainless-steel fluidized-bed combustor. Experiments were carried out at 2 m/s fluidizing velocity, 40% excess air, and 870 °C bed temperature. Ammonia liquor with 7% ammonia by weight was injected into the freeboard of the combustor 52 cm above the distributor through a water-cooled injector. A 65 : 34 primary/secondary air ratio was maintained throughout the investigation. Approximately 70% of NO and 20% of SO2 was reduced at an NH3/NO molar ratio of 2 : 1, respectively. However, a higher reduction in SO2 emissions (62%) was achieved at a very high NH3/NO molar ratio of 7 : 1. These experiments showed that ammonia addition did have a significant effect in SO2 reduction if injected in an excess amount. The injection of ammonia liquor combined with staged combustion was found to be very effective in reducing NOx emissions. A reduction of about 50% was achieved at an NH3/NO molar ratio of 0.6 : 1 which is also coupled with a very low level of ammonia in the flue.     

Emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants in a port and harbour region in India

Ports can generate large quantity of pollutants in the atmosphere due to various activities like loading and unloading,transportation, and construction operations. Determination of the character and quantity of emissions from individual sources is an essential step in any project to control and minimize the emissions.In this study a detailed emission inventory of total suspendedparticulate matter (TSP), particulate matter less than 10 m(PM₁₀), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) for a port and harbour project near Mumbai is compiled. Results show that the total annual average contributions of TSP and PM₁₀ from all the port activitieswere 872 and 221 t yr^-1, respectively. Annual average emissions of gaseous pollutants SO₂ and NO_xwere 56 and 397 t yr^-1, respectively, calculatedby using emission factors for different port activities. The maximum TSP emission (419 t yr ^-1) was from paved roads, while the least (0.4 t yr^-1) was from bulk handling activity. The maximum PM₁₀ emission (123 t yr^-1) was from unpaved roads and minimum (0.2 t yr^-1) from bulk handling operations. Similarly the ratio of TSP and PM₁₀ emission was highest (5.18) from paved roads and least (2.17) from bulk handling operations. Regression relation was derivedfrom existing emission data of TSP and PM₁₀ from variousport activities. Good correlation was observed between TSP andPM₁₀ having regression coefficient >0.8.     

循环流化床燃煤电厂铅的迁移特性

选取2家燃煤电厂3台循环流化床机组进行现场监测,在不同负荷条件下,采集并分析燃煤、烟气、飞灰、炉渣等样品的Pb含量,通过物料平衡核算,对循环流化床机组各环节Pb的迁移特性进行研究。结果表明:机组负荷变化对烟气、飞灰、炉渣的Pb含量影响不大,烟气Pb排放质量浓度均在2μg/m~3以下。电袋复合除尘处理后,烟气中颗粒态Pb的浓度总体低于气(溶胶)态Pb的浓度。Pb在炉渣和飞灰中均有富集,平均富集因子分别为2.16和3.02。飞灰较炉渣对Pb具有更强的富集能力,布袋灰中Pb含量略高于电除尘灰。循环流化床锅炉燃烧后Pb分布在飞灰、炉渣和外排烟气中的比例分别为62.49%、37.49%和0.02%,Pb释放率低于煤粉炉,在Pb污染控制方面更具优势。除尘过程对烟气中Pb的影响主要表现为飞灰对Pb的吸附和除尘器对飞灰的分离脱除,尤以后者为主。由于烟气中气(溶胶)态Pb所占的比例很低,Pb基本吸附在飞灰上,除尘效率的高低直接决定了Pb的去除效果。     

平行双样对大气二氧化硫采样样品进行质量控制的应用研究

通过对大气二氧化硫采样平行双样相对偏差变化规律的分析,证明了用平行双样控制大气二氧化硫采样样品的质量是可行的,并确定了平行双样相对偏差的控制指标,为大气二氧化硫采样的质量控制提供了可靠的依据     

新疆准东经济技术开发区二氧化碳排放现状与降碳对策研究

通过分析新疆准东经济技术开发区各行业的二氧化碳排放量及排放特征,研究新疆准东经济技术开发区碳达峰碳中和的实现路径。分析结果显示,准东经济技术开发区最主要的二氧化碳排放源是化石燃料燃烧,其对二氧化碳排放量的贡献比例在95.2%以上。能源活动二氧化碳排放量占总排放量的98.5%以上;工业生产过程排放的二氧化碳较少,占比在1.5%以下。新疆准东经济技术开发区主要二氧化碳排放行业是煤电、电解铝、煤化工、硅基新材料。在此基础上,结合各行业特点,提出发展园区循环经济、制定低碳行业标准和培育低碳产业等详细对策。     

上海浦东国际机场飞机尾气排放对机场附近空气质量的影响

统计2012年10月和11月浦东机场飞机机型和航班架次,根据各类飞机起降的污染物排放设计工作参数,估算出2012年浦东机场飞机起降时排放的NO2、SO2、CO和HC的估算值。利用浦东新区13个空气监测子站二氧化氮和二氧化硫数据绘制等值线图。结果显示,机场所在的江镇点位和祝桥点位二氧化氮浓度变化受飞机影响很大,而飞机排放的二氧化硫对两个点位的影响可以忽略不计。建议采用改进飞机滑行路线、探讨征收飞机碳排放税等措施减少飞机尾气排放对空气质量的影响。     

WK－1A型二氧化硫自动测定仪测定烟气中SO_2的方法研究

本文研究了仪器电导法测定烟气中ＳＯ２的监测方法,并与碘量法进行了比较,提出了吸收液测定的影响及吸收液的配制方法。本方法简单快速,能够满足烟气中ＳＯ２监测工作的要求。     

新疆电力结构调整对SO2污染物排放总量的影响

应用数学模型与预案分析相结合的方法,分别对新疆2010年电源结构调整的3个方案及污染治理水平调整(提高)的3个方案的SO2总排放量进行估算,并将其结果与2010年新疆电力行业SO2污染物总量控制目标相比较,确定"十一五"期间新疆电源结构调整及污染治理水平调整(提高)均应以中、高方案为调整首选目标,即到2010年时,火电在新疆电源结构中比例应下降为70%～65%,而水风电比例提高到30%～35%;同时提高火电行业污染治理水平,使SO2污染物排放系数约为"十五"末的55%～50%.新疆电力结构调整对实现"十一五"新疆电力行业SO2排放总量的控制目标及促进新疆社会经济、环境及电力工业的可持续发展具有重要意义.