Characterization of bacterial community and iron corrosion in drinking water distribution systems with O3-biological activated carbon treatment

Bacterial community structure and iron corrosion were investigated for simulated drinking water distribution systems(DWDSs) composed of annular reactors incorporating three different treatments: ozone, biologically activated carbon and chlorination(O_3-BAC-Cl_2);ozone and chlorination(O3-Cl_2); or chlorination alone(Cl_2). The lowest corrosion rate and iron release, along with more Fe_3O_4 formation, occurred in DWDSs with O_3-BAC-Cl_2 compared to those without a BAC filter. It was verified that O_3-BAC influenced the bacterial community greatly to promote the relative advantage of nitrate-reducing bacteria(NRB)in DWDSs. Moreover, the advantaged NRB induced active Fe(III) reduction coupled to Fe(II) oxidation, enhancing Fe_3O_4 formation and inhibiting corrosion. In addition, O_3-BAC pretreatment could reduce high-molecular-weight fractions of dissolved organic carbon effectively to promote iron particle aggregation and inhibit further iron release. Our findings indicated that the O_3-BAC treatment, besides removing organic pollutants in water, was also a good approach for controlling cast iron corrosion and iron release in DWDSs.     

CuO-Ru/Al2O3 催化臭氧化降解苯乙酮的研究

采用浸渍法制备了以活性Al2O3为载体的双组分催化剂CuO-Ru/Al2O3,利用该催化剂催化臭氧化降解了苯乙酮.结果表明,贵金属钌掺杂能显著提高CuO/Al2O3催化臭氧化苯乙酮的降解效率,如在相同条件下处理30 min后,单独臭氧氧化、CuO/Al2O3/O3和CuO-Ru/Al2O3/O3对苯乙酮水溶液的COD去除率分别为6.3%、20.0%和54.0%.pH对CuO-Ru/Al2O3催化臭氧化降解苯乙酮的效率并没有影响,但与单独臭氧化相比,该催化臭氧化体系更适合在中性或酸性条件下应用.CuO-Ru/Al2O3对水中臭氧有较好的催化分解活性,臭氧分解的速率常数达2.58×10-3s-1,高于二次水中臭氧的分解速率常数1.19×10-3s-1.叔丁醇的试验结果表明,CuO-Ru/Al2O3/O3降解苯乙酮反应遵循羟基自由基(.OH)反应机制.     

供水管网中微/纳米塑料的赋存及污染特性

微/纳米塑料具有分布广泛、粒径小、难降解、可吸附有毒物质等特性,其去除效果及对环境污染的现状尚不明晰,是当前研究热点和难点.本文从供水管网中微/纳米塑料的来源、分布规律及水质安全危害等角度,概述了全球范围内供水管网中微/纳米塑料的研究现状.结果表明,给水处理厂出厂水携带残留的微/纳米塑料颗粒进入供水管网,而塑料材质管道在水力、水质作用下(流速、机械磨损、消毒剂等)同样存在微/纳米塑料释放可能.微/纳米塑料自身的密度、电荷等固有特性影响了它在供水管网中的空间分布规律,且在饮用水输配过程中,微/纳米塑料可同有机物、微生物等物质反应,从而影响供水管网的水质安全.本文旨在提出未来的研究重点和方向,从而为进一步了解微/纳米塑料对饮用水安全的影响及如何控制其污染提供理论基础.     

复合纳米Fe_3O_4的制备及其控磷效能的研究

采用氧化沉淀法在羧甲基纤维素(CMC)体系中制备了以纳米Fe3O4为核心,外包覆羧甲基纤维素的复合纳米Fe3O4.对比研究了复合纳米Fe3O4和微米Fe3O4对水中磷的吸附以及对土壤中磷的固化,并考察了添加纤维素酶在此过程中所起的作用.结果表明,在水中微米Fe3O4的平衡吸附量为3.2 mg/g,而复合纳米Fe3O4为2.1 mg/g.当将纤维素酶(用以降解包覆在氧化铁表面的羧甲基纤维素)添加到复合纳米Fe3O4吸附磷的溶液中,复合纳米Fe3O4的除磷效率(86%)接近于微米Fe3O4(90%),说明羧甲基纤维素的存在减弱了复合纳米Fe3O4的吸附能力.在土柱实验中,将2种Fe3O4悬浊液注入到10 cm高的土壤柱中,72%的复合纳米Fe3O4穿过土壤柱溢出,而微米Fe3O4完全滞留在土壤柱中没有溢出.原始土壤的固磷率为30%,注入复合纳米Fe3O4的土壤固磷率达到45%,而将纤维素酶和复合纳米Fe3O4一起注入土壤中固磷效率提高到74%.     

Changes in pest management practice in almond orchards during the rainy season in California,USA

In California, regulatory agencies are concerned about organophosphate (OP) contamination of surface water. OPs originate in part from applications on dormant almond and stone fruit orchards that are washed off during winter rainstorms. Programs conducted by the University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project, University of California Cooperative Extension, and the Biologically Integrated Orchard Systems (BIOS), a coalition of public and private groups, have promoted the replacement of OPs on almonds during the rainy season with alternative practices. Data from individual applicator records from the California Pesticide Use Reports demonstrated that during 1992–1997, almond growers in all nine major almond-producing counties significantly reduced use of OPs. The area of almond orchards treated with OPs during the dormant season was reduced by 40–55%, depending upon the region. Similarly, the percentage of growers who used OPs during the dormant season was reduced by 31–48%, and the mass of OPs applied to almond orchards during the dormant season was reduced by 22–57%. During the same period, there was a significant increase in the percentage of growers who used “reduced-risk” treatments: the microbial pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis at bloom-time, oil without an insecticide during the dormant season, and no treatment during the dormant or bloom season. In addition to the decrease in OPs during the dormant season, there was a significant decrease in the area treated with OPs during the growing season. However, there was also a significant increase in the use of pyrethroids during the dormant season, a practice that might result in some surface water and sediment contamination.     

Effect of crystalline structure on terbuthylazine degradation by H2O2-assisted TiO2 photocatalysis under visible irradiation

Various methods for shifting the optical response of TiO₂ into the visible (Vis) range have been reported. Herein, we reported the application of a TiO₂/H₂O₂/Vis process and the effects of TiO2 crystalline structure on the degradation of terbuthylazine. The results indicated that TiO₂ crystalline structure and H₂O₂ addition had significant effects on terbuthylazine degradation: its degradation rate could be increased from 7% to 70% with H₂O₂ addition after 180?min of reaction, the synergistic degradation of terbuthylazine by TiO₂-Fe^{3 +} was substantially accelerated, with the degradation rate reaching up to 100% after 20?min of reaction, and rutile TiO₂ showed better photocatalytic activity and a more obvious synergistic effect than anatase TiO₂. The addition of free-radical scavengers (tert-butyl alcohol or methanol) inhibited the degradation efficiency of rutile TiO₂, but had a relatively minor effect on anatase TiO₂. Fluorescence spectrophotometry analysis indicated that hydroxyl free radicals could be continuously produced when using rutile TiO₂ as the photocatalyst. Degradation of terbuthylazine catalyzed by rutile TiO₂ occurred mainly in solution, but occurred on the particle surface of the photocatalyst when catalyzed by anatase TiO₂. This study provides new insight into the role of TiO₂ crystalline structure on the degradation of terbuthylazine and its photocatalytic degradation mechanism.     

臭氧液相氧化同时脱硫脱硝实验研究

在自制的鼓泡反应器上对臭氧(O_3)液相氧化分别脱硫脱硝技术进行了实验研究.结果表明,液相中O_3对NO能够有效氧化,SO_2的存在对NO的脱除具有一定的负面影响,而pH值对NO的脱除率影响较小.[O_3]/[NO]=1.1时,NO脱除率可达到89.6%.pH在3～11范围内,NO脱除率达80%以上.温度在20～65℃范围内,NO脱除率不发生明显变化.结合尾部洗涤装置后,可有效脱除SO_2和NOx,脱硫效率几乎达到100%,在[O_3]/[NO]=1.1时,可获得84.2%的脱硝效率.     

O3/H2O2法灭活水中剑水蚤类浮游动物

为解决水源水中孳生的水蚤类浮游动物难以被常规的水处理工艺有效地去除,困扰水厂正常生产运行的问题,进行了O2氧化、H2O2氧化和O3／H2O2高级氧化对水体中剑水蚤类浮游动物灭活效果的试验研究．发现3种方法中,O3／H2O2联合时除蚤效果最佳,在蒸馏水中投量为031．0mg／L、H2O24mg／L时,接触30min达到100％的灭蚤率;单独O3氧化效果也较好,投加1．0mg／L的灭蚤率为80％;H2O2氧化效果不理想,投加4mg／L几乎无灭蚤效果。进而考察确定了03／H2O2灭活剑水蚤的最佳工艺条件为：先加O3后加H2O2,投加间隔时间30～60s为宜;并探讨了H2O2投量、水体pH值以及有机物含量对O3／H2O2系统灭活剑水蚤效果的影响。试验中发现H2O2投量在4～10mg／L之间效果无较大变化,有机物含量对灭蚤影响较大,pH值的影响则较小。最后对O3／H2O2预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同除蚤效能进行了考察。结果表明,O3／H2O2预氧化与水处理混凝沉淀工艺的协同作用将会进一步提高除蚤的效果。     

Elimination of formaldehyde over Cu-Al2O3 catalyst at room temperature

Catalytic elimination of formaldehyde (HCHO) was investigated over Cu-Al2O3 catalyst at room temperature. The results indicated that no oxidation of HCHO into CO2 occurs at room temperature, but the adsorption of HCHO occurs on the catalyst surface.With the increase of gas hourly space velocity(GHSV) and inlet HCHO concentration, the time to reach saturation was shortened proportionally. The results of the in situ DRIFTS, Density functional theory calculations and temperature programmed desorption(TPD) showed that HCHO was completely oxidized into HCOOH over Cu-Al2O3 at room temperature. With increasing the temperature in a flow of helium, HCOOH was completely decomposed into CO2 over the catalyst surface, and the deactivated Cu-Al2O3 is regenerated at the same time. In addition, although Cu had no obvious influence on the adsorption of HCHO on Al2O3, Cu dramatically lowered the decomposition temperature of HCOOH into CO2. It was shown that Cu-Al2O3 catalyst had a good ability for the removal of HCHO, and appeared to be promising for its application in destroying HCHO at room temperature.     

磷与水中细菌再生长的关系

利用细菌再生长潜力(Bacterial Regrowth Potential,BRP)的微生物分析方法,研究了水中的磷对其生物稳定性的限制因子作用.试验测试水样为经过净水工艺处理后的出水,净水工艺处理的原水取自我国北方某水库.结果表明,在测试水样中添加50pg/L的PO₄^3--P(NaH₂PO₄)后,水样的BRP增加了100%～235%.在水样中添加各种无机盐后得到的BRP同仅添加NaH₂PO₄得到的结果相差不大,而在水样中添加1mg/L的乙酸碳(NaAc)后BRP只增加了30%～40%,大大小于只添加磷的水样,这表明在该水样中磷是细菌生长的限制因子.本试验说明,有效地去除水中的磷可以作为限制饮用水中细菌再生长,提高饮用水生物稳定性的一个重要途径.     

电化学原位产生H2O2的影响因素分析及数学建模

以Pt为阳极,石墨碳棒为阴极,Na2SO4为支持电解质,实验探讨了电化学原位产生H2O2的规律.通过正交试验,确定阴极溶液初始pH值、电流密度CD、通氧流量Q和支持电解质浓度CNa2SO4等主要参数对H2O2产生量的影响,并提出最佳参数组合:pH=2.00,CD=1.02mA·cm-2,Q=0.4L·min-1,CNa2SO4=0.1 mol·L-1,极间距D=6cm.采用二次多项式逐步回归和BP神经元网络2种方法,建立了这些参数对于H2O2产生量的预测模型,并对模型进行检验.结果表明,2种方法在一定参数条件下都可预测阴极区溶液中H2O2浓度,BP神经元网络法预测的准确度好于二次多项式逐步回归方法,且更适合于在线控制.     

Phosphorus limitation on bacterial regrowth in drinking water

Assimilable organic carbon(AOC) test and bacterial regrowth potential(BRP) analysis were used to investigate the effect of phosphorus on bacterial regrowth in the drinking water that was made from some raw water taken from a reservoir located in northern China. It was shown that AOC of the drinking water samples increased by 43.9%—59.6% and BRP increased by 100%—235% when 50 μg/L PO4^3--P(as NaH2PO4 ) was added alone to the drinking water samples. This result was clear evidence of phosphorus limitation on bacteria regrowth in the drinking water. This investigation indicated the importance of phosphorus in ensuring biological stability of drinking water and offered a novel possible option to restrict microbial regrowth in drinking water distribution system by applying appropriate technologies to remove phosphorus efficiently from drinking water in China.     

V2O5/AC在含SO2气氛中对气态Hg0的吸附脱除研究

利用固定床反应器研究了模拟烟气(N_2、SO_2、O_2)气氛下,气态Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC催化剂上的吸附脱除行为.考察了V_2O_5担载量、SO_2浓度和吸附温度等对V_2O_5/AC吸附脱除Hg~0的影响,并对V_2O_5/AC上吸附汞的形态进行了XPS分析表征.研究发现,V_2O_5/AC对Hg~0的吸附能力远大于载体AC.汞的吸附量与V_2O_5/AC中V_2O_5的质量分数有关,随着V_2O_5质量分数从0.5%增加到1.0%,汞的吸附量从75.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到89.6 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和115.9 μg·g~(-1)增加到185.5 μg·g~(-1) (有氧),远高于相同吸附条件下的AC上的汞吸附量 (9.6 μg·g~(-1)和23.3 μg·g~(-1)).SO_2对Hg~0的吸附有促进作用,主要是由于SO_2和Hg~0在V_2O_5/AC上发生了化学反应.但是当SO_2体积分数从500×10~(-6)增加到2 000×10~(-6)时,V_2O_5/AC对汞的吸附量只增加了5%.不同温度下的实验结果表明,V_2O_5/AC催化剂在150℃左右的吸附脱除Hg~0的能力最高,汞的吸附量达到98.5 μg·g~(-1) (无氧) 和187.7 μg·g~(-1) (有氧).XPS 分析结果表明,在V_2O_5/AC催化剂表面有HgO和HgSO_4生成,证实了V_2O_5和SO_2的作用.     

O3、UV、H2O2及其组合工艺处理有机污染物的效果对比研究

采用O3、UV(紫外光)、H2O2及其多种组合工艺处理乙酸有机污水,在不同的操作条件下进行比较和探讨,结果表明:组合工艺较之单独氧化剂具有优势,其对乙酸的去除能力为O3/H2O2相似文献   

Impact of disinfection on drinking water biofilm bacterial community

Disinfectants are commonly applied to control the growth of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. However, the effect of disinfection on drinking water microbial community remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the impacts of different disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine) and dosages on biofilm bacterial community in bench-scale pipe section reactors. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated that disinfection strategy could affect both bacterial diversity and community structure of drinking water biofilm. Proteobacteria tended to predominate in chloraminated drinking water biofilms, while Firmicutes in chlorinated and unchlorinated biofilms. The major proteobacterial groups were influenced by both disinfectant type and dosage. In addition, chloramination had a more profound impact on bacterial community than chlorination.     

CO_2和O_3浓度升高及其复合作用对华山松生长及光合日变化的影响

以生长在沈阳市区内的5年生华山松幼树为实验材料,采用开顶箱法,研究高浓度CO2和高浓度O3下华山松生长变化、光合速率的日变化动态以及日光合总量季节变化,进而了解大气CO2浓度升高、O3浓度升高及其复合作用对华山松光合作用及生长的影响.结果表明,①高浓度O3处理后,华山松20～90 d针叶鲜重、干重增长量以及90 d针叶叶长较对照分别降低45.8%、38.9%和15.3%.主侧枝生长与对照相比无显著差异.高浓度O3降低了华山松日光合总量,处理30 d后,针叶净光合速率均显著低于对照,光合速率日变化曲线表现为双峰型,光合"午休"程度强于对照.②高浓度CO2处理后,华山松针叶鲜重、干重20～90 d增长量分别高于对照41.7%和22.2%,而针叶叶长以及主侧枝长未受显著影响.华山松日光合总量高于对照处理,处理30 d、60 d时,净光合速率普遍高于对照.CO2处理90 d时,日变化曲线由双峰变为单峰曲线,极大缓解了光合"午休"现象.③高浓度O3和CO2复合处理后,针叶干重、鲜重增量均低于对照,表明了复合处理后O3伤害的发生,但针叶干重高于O3单因子处理,这表明高浓度CO2可以一定程度上缓解高浓度O3对华山松针叶生长的抑制作用.针叶叶长,主侧枝生长未见明显效应.复合处理后,针叶净光合速率普遍低于对照,华山松日光合总量低于对照而高于O3单独处理,说明高浓度CO2可以通过减缓O3对植物光合的抑制而减少O3伤害.光合速率日变化曲线表现为双峰型.     

Effects of O3/Cl2 disinfection on corrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth in drinking water distribution systems

The effects of O_3/Cl_2 disinfection on corrosion and the growth of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water distribution systems were studied using annular reactors(ARs).The corrosion process and most probable number(MPN) analysis indicated that the higher content of iron-oxidizing bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria in biofilms of the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2 induced higher Fe_3O_4 formation in corrosion scales.These corrosion scales became more stable than the ones that formed in the AR treated with Cl_2 alone.O_3/Cl_2 disinfection inhibited corrosion and iron release efficiently by changing the content of corrosion-related bacteria.Moreover,ozone disinfection inactivated or damaged the opportunistic pathogens due to its strong oxidizing properties.The damaged bacteria resulting from initial ozone treatment were inactivated by the subsequent chlorine disinfection.Compared with the AR treated with Cl_2 alone,the opportunistic pathogens M.avium and L.pneumophila were not detectable in effluents of the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2,and decreased to(4.60 ± 0.14) and(3.09 ± 0.12) log10(gene copies/g corrosion scales) in biofilms,respectively.The amoeba counts were also lower in the AR treated with O_3/Cl_2.Therefore,O_3/C_l2 disinfection can effectively control opportunistic pathogens in effluents and biofilms of an AR used as a model for a drinking water distribution system.     

Modification on the conventional procedure to measure AOC in drinking water

Additional phosphorus will be introduced to water sample if the conventional procedure is used to measure assimilable organic carbon(AOC) in drinking water. It has been shown that there are the cases that phosphorus is the limiting nutrient for microbial growth in drinking water. The measured value of AOC would not be able to indicate appropriately the regrowth potential of bacteria in this case. The conventional procedure used to measure AOC was modified to avoid the introduction of additional phosphorus to water sample in this study. It was shown that it was feasible to measure AOC in water using the modified procedure. Furthermore, the measured value of AOC determined by the modified procedure could indicate appropriately the regrowth potential of bacteria in drinking water despite either organics or phosphorus was the limiting nutrient for bacterial regrowth.     

治理催化超临界水氧化处理1,5-萘二磺酸

采用Mn2O3γAl2O3和V2O5γAl2O3为催化剂,在一连续流固定床反应器中进行了超临界水氧化1,5萘二磺酸实验。实验结果表明,在380～440℃,24MPa条件下,Mn2O3γAl2O3和V2O5γAl2O3催化剂对1,5萘二磺酸的氧化降解具有显著的促进作用,TOC去除率达到90%以上;催化剂的催化效果随反应温度的升高而增强,随pH值的降低而增强,随停留时间的延长先增强后趋于平缓。     

VUV/TiO_2/O_3去除水中微量硝基苯的研究

采用负载在钛片上的二氧化钛(TiO2)薄膜光催化剂,以能发射185 nm真空紫外线(VUV)的紫外灯为光源,研究臭氧强化的真空紫外光催化方法(VUV/TiO2/O3)对水中微量硝基苯的去除效果.结果表明,VUV/TiO2/O3是一种有效地去除水中微量硝基苯的方法,VUV/TiO2/O3的表观一级反应速率常数比UV/TiO2/O3和VUV/O3分别高102.8%和30.8%,去离子水中50 μg/L的硝基苯反应60 s后就降低到检测限以下.VUV/TiO2/O3对硝基苯的降解速率随臭氧投加量的增加而显著增大,臭氧投加量1.52 mg/L时的反应速率比不加臭氧时提高了134.4%;虽然表观一级反应速率常数随初始浓度增加而稍有下降,但初始浓度170 μg/L的硝基苯反应2 min后也无法检出.水中常见的重碳酸盐和腐殖酸对硝基苯降解有显著的抑制作用,两者浓度分别为2 mmol/L和3.2 mg/L时,VUV/TiO2/O3对硝基苯的表观反应速率常数分别下降82.9%和71.6%,反应速率常数的倒数与重碳酸氢根浓度线性相关.VUV/TiO2/O3能快速有效地去除地表水(含碳酸盐和天然有机物)中的微量硝基苯,4 min内初始浓度为90 μg/L的硝基苯去除率达到96%,UV254降低了80%.