Performance and microbial community analysis of bioaugmented activated sludge for nitrogen-containing organic pollutants removal

Nitrogen-containing organic pollutants (quinoline, pyridine and indole) are widely distributed in coking wastewater, and bioaugmentation with specific microorganisms may enhance the removal of these recalcitrant pollutants. The bioaugmented system (group B) was constructed through inoculation of two aromatics-degrading bacteria, Comamonas sp. Z1 (quinoline degrader) and Acinetobacter sp. JW (indole degrader), into the activated sludge for treatment of quinoline, indole and pyridine, and the non-bioaugmented activated sludge was used as the control (group C). Both groups maintained high efficiencies (> 94%) for removal of nitrogen-containing organic pollutants and chemical oxygen demand (COD) during the long-term operation, and group B was highly effective at the starting period and the operation stage fed with raw wastewater. High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that nitrogen-containing organic pollutants could shape the microbial community structure, and communities of bioaugmented group B were clearly separated from those of non-bioaugmented group C as observed in non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot. Although the inoculants did not remain their dominance in group B, bioaugmentation could induce the formation of effective microbial community, and the indigenous microbes might play the key role in removal of nitrogen-containing organic pollutants, including Dokdonella, Comamonas and Pseudoxanthomonas. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis suggested that bioaugmentation could facilitate the enrichment of functional genes related to xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, probably leading to the improved performance in group B. This study indicated that bioaugmentation could promote the removal of nitrogen-containing organic pollutants, which should be an effective strategy for wastewater treatment.     

温度对活性污泥沉降性能与微生物种群结构的影响

为探究运行温度与活性污泥沉降性能之间的关系,采用5个带有自控设备的序批式反应器考察了不同的运行温度(15,20,25,30和35℃)对活性污泥沉降性能及微生物种群结构的影响.结果表明,采用短时进水,由于运行温度对污泥沉降性能的影响远远弱于底物浓度的影响,且系统中的优势丝状菌以Type 0041和Type 0092为主,所以5个系统均未发生污泥膨胀现象;采用长时进水,5个系统均发生了丝状膨胀现象,温度与低底物浓度的相互作用导致污泥的SVI值随运行温度(15~30℃)的增加而升高,而运行温度为35℃时污泥的SVI值要低于30℃的情况.同时不同的运行温度下污泥胞内胞外贮存特性及优势丝状菌的种类差异较大.     

环境浓度双氯芬酸对活性污泥处理性能和微生物群落的影响

双氯芬酸(Diclofenac,DCF)是水环境中高频检出的新兴污染物,随着DCF的广泛使用,城市污水中的DCF逐年增加,对污水生物处理系统可能产生不利影响.本研究在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中进行了连续120 d的DCF暴露实验,考察了环境浓度DCF(5和50μg·L~(-1))对SBR出水水质、微生物活性及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,DCF可降低COD的去除效果,但对氨氮和总氮的去除几乎没有影响.在微生物生理生化性能方面,5μg·L~(-1) DCF可促进超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性升高,但50μg·L~(-1) DCF导致SOD和SDH活性下降,DCF胁迫使胞外聚合物(EPS)含量增加.DCF会对微生物群落结构造成影响,其中,革兰氏阴性菌丰度增加,革兰氏阳性菌在5μg·L~(-1) DCF压力下丰度无明显变化,但在50μg·L~(-1) DCF压力下丰度显著降低(p0.05),微生物群落多样性在5μg·L~(-1) DCF下增加但在50μg·L~(-1) DCF下降低.16S rRNA基因焦磷酸测序结果表明,Proteobacteria是活性污泥群落中的优势门.随着DCF浓度的升高,Proteobacteria丰度不断增加,Chloroflexi、OD1和Firmicutes丰度则受到一定程度的抑制.高浓度DCF(50μg·L~(-1))刺激导致特定菌属如Nakamurella、Micropruina等丰度增加.研究结果揭示了环境浓度的DCF对活性污泥微生物处理能力和群落结构的影响特征,可为DCF的风险评估和污水处理工艺的优化提供借鉴.     

焦化废水处理系统微生物群落结构动态的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析

ERIC-PCR群落指纹图谱监测与常规技术相结合,分析了焦化废水处理系统曝气池的微生物群落结构动态变化与污染负荷和主要污染物降解效果变化的关系,在每3d1次,连续8个时间点的监测中,待处理废水中苯酚负荷在35．53mg／L和132．82mg／L之间波动,氰化物负荷从0.96mg／L变化到34．75mg／L,CODcr最低为1044．10mg／L,最高时为7930．90mg／L,第4监测期间高浓度矿物油冲击使活性污泥的沉降能力和对CODcr的降解效率显著降低,但对苯酚和氰化物的降解能力造成的影响较小．监测期间2个曝气池微生物群落的ERIC-PCR指纹图谱的平均相似性系数(Cs)分别为94．1％和96．6％,多样性指数在177—2．34和1．60—2．16之间,表明用ERIC-PCR检测出的该系统中的活性污泥这部分微生物种群的结构比较稳定,可能构成了苯酚和氰化物去除效率在监测期间相对稳定的基础。     

短泥龄活性污泥系统碳磷污染物去除机制及微生物结构分析

在污泥停留时间（SRT）为3 d的条件下,探究了不同水力停留时间（HRT）条件下（4、6、8、12和16 h）的超短龄活性污泥系统碳、磷去除效果、机制,以及微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,在HRT=8 h及以上时短活性污泥系统才会有稳定的碳、磷去除效果,去除率分别能达到80%和90%以上;去除机理为吸附和生物作用,但COD和磷以吸附的方式去除比例随HRT的延长而减小,分别从47.2%和89.1%降低至35.9%和33.6%.微生物群落结构分析表明,短SRT系统中主要的优势微生物种类与传统活性污泥系统相似,除磷由传统聚磷菌（PAOs）和反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）共同完成,相对丰度随着HRT的延长而增加.     

溶解氧对活性污泥系统的脱氮效果和硝化细菌群落结构的影响

通过改变推流式活性污泥系统曝气池内的溶解氧(DO)浓度,考察了DO对脱氮效率的影响,以及硝化细菌的群落结构和多样性随DO浓度降低的变化规律.水质监测结果显示,系统曝气池中DO浓度从3 mg·L~(-1)降低到0.5 mg·L~(-1)运行时,曝气池中的硝化和脱氮效果并未受影响,且氨氮和总氮的去除效果可分别达到98%和85%以上.当DO浓度进一步降低到0.3 mg·L~(-1)和0.2 mg·L~(-1)时,系统的脱氮效果变差,而且难以达到稳定状态.PCR-DGGE和基因测序分析结果显示,氨氧化细菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)所属的Nitrospira的群落结构随DO的变化并不显著,群落结构的动态变化水平分别为20%~40%和10%~40%.Nitrobacter的群落结构随DO浓度的降低发生了明显的变化,不同DO工况下的Nitrobacter群落结构存在较大差异.测序结果显示,AOB中的Nitrosomonas oligotropha,NOB中的Group1 Nitrobacter和Group 1 Nitrospira均是低DO条件下贡献硝化作用的硝化细菌.因此,在低DO(0.5 mg·L~(-1))工况下,完全可以实现稳定的硝化作用,这为污水处理厂降低DO运行提供了可靠的理论依据.     

好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥细菌种群结构对五氯酚污染的响应研究

应用一种新的微生物分子生态学方法--末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)法研究了好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥在毒性化合物五氯酚(PCP)影响下的废水处理性能及其微生物种群结构的响应.结果表明,PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,颗粒污泥和活性污泥的COD去除率为38%、77%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了56%和15%.另外,PCP浓度为20 mg·L-1时,去除率为13%和58%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了86%和40%,说明PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,对颗粒污泥的影响大于对活性污泥的影响.PCP对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥的细菌种群结构都产生了明显的影响,而且好氧颗粒污泥的变化程度大于活性污泥;PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,好氧颗粒污泥中的细菌种群数量明显下降,TRFs片段数从26下降到14,但活性污泥中的细菌种群数量基本不变,污泥中细菌种群结构的变化趋势与污泥的水处理性能的变化趋势相一致.     

MBBR泥膜复合系统泥膜竞争关系的影响因素

为探究MBBR泥膜复合硝化系统内泥膜竞争关系，通过小试试验研究了水处理过程中常规因素（污泥浓度、DO、温度、C/N）对MBBR泥膜复合系统硝化效果的影响，分析了系统内污泥容积负荷和移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR，Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor）生物膜容积负荷变化趋势，进而得出泥膜竞争规律.结果表明，MBBR泥膜复合系统容积负荷均大于单一污泥或MBBR生物膜系统的容积负荷.在一定范围内，污泥浓度、DO、温度与MBBR泥膜复合系统容积负荷呈现正相关，且系统内活性污泥在与MBBR生物膜在竞争DO和基质时优势明显，而MBBR生物膜则具有更强的耐低温能力.进水C/N与MBBR泥膜复合系统硝化负荷呈负相关，且活性污泥在应对进水C/N过高时较MBBR生物膜更具优势，MBBR的“镶嵌”则强化了系统SND效果.微生物群落变化显示MBBR泥膜复合系统内的硝化细菌优势菌属为Nitrospira，且悬浮载体生物膜对其富集能力明显高于活性污泥.     

MBBR泥膜复合系统泥膜竞争关系的影响因素

为探究MBBR泥膜复合硝化系统内泥膜竞争关系，通过小试试验研究了水处理过程中常规因素（污泥浓度、DO、温度、C/N）对MBBR泥膜复合系统硝化效果的影响，分析了系统内污泥容积负荷和移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR，Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor）生物膜容积负荷变化趋势，进而得出泥膜竞争规律.结果表明，MBBR泥膜复合系统容积负荷均大于单一污泥或MBBR生物膜系统的容积负荷.在一定范围内，污泥浓度、DO、温度与MBBR泥膜复合系统容积负荷呈现正相关，且系统内活性污泥在与MBBR生物膜在竞争DO和基质时优势明显，而MBBR生物膜则具有更强的耐低温能力.进水C/N与MBBR泥膜复合系统硝化负荷呈负相关，且活性污泥在应对进水C/N过高时较MBBR生物膜更具优势，MBBR的“镶嵌”则强化了系统SND效果.微生物群落变化显示MBBR泥膜复合系统内的硝化细菌优势菌属为Nitrospira，且悬浮载体生物膜对其富集能力明显高于活性污泥.     

Dynamic membrane bioreactor performance enhancement by powdered activated carbon addition: Evaluation of sludge morphological, aggregative and microbial properties

The effects of powdered activated carbon(PAC) addition on sludge morphological, aggregative and microbial properties in a dynamic membrane bioreactor(DMBR) were investigated to explore the enhancement mechanism of pollutants removal and filtration performance. Sludge properties were analyzed through various analytical measurements. The results showed that the improved sludge aggregation ability and the evolution of microbial communities affected sludge morphology in PAC-DMBR, as evidenced by the formation of large, regularly shaped and strengthened sludge flocs. The modifications of sludge characteristics promoted the formation process and filtration flux of the dynamic membrane(DM) layer. Additionally, PAC addition did not exert very significant influence on the propagation of eukaryotes(protists and metazoans)and microbial metabolic activity. High-throughput pyrosequencing results indicated that adding PAC improved the bacterial diversity in activated sludge, as PAC addition brought about additional microenvironment in the form of biological PAC(BPAC), which promoted the enrichment of Acinetobacter(13.9%), Comamonas(2.9%), Flavobacterium(0.31%) and Pseudomonas(0.62%), all contributing to sludge flocs formation and several(such as Acinetobacter) capable of biodegrading relatively complex organics. Therefore, PAC addition could favorably modify sludge properties from various aspects and thus enhance the DMBR performance.     

Effect of phosphate releasing in activated sludge on phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater

Aluminum and ferric salts are commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWPTs) for phosphorus(P) removal. In this study, on-site jar tests were conducted to determine the removal of different P species from the fresh samples in the presence and absence of activated sludge(AS) with different doses of alum, poly-aluminum chloride,and ferric chloride at different p H. The soluble P(SP) concentration in the samples was about 0.63 mg/L. When the mixed liquor containing AS was treated with 8 mg/L of Al, SP could be reduced to 0.13 mg/L, while it was reduced to 0.16 mg/L with only 1 mg/L of Al after sedimentation removal of AS from sample. Chemical analysis determined that AS contained 59.8 mg-P/g-TSS and 43.8 mg-Al/g-TSS and most of the P was associated with the aluminum hydroxide. We discovered that the phosphate in the AS could readily be released from it, which was mainly responsible for ineffective removal of P to low levels in mixed liquor even with very high alum dose. This study provides new insight into the behavior and fate of P in the wastewater treatment plants that use alum to enhance P removal in the final effluent.     

Effect of seed sludge on characteristics and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated by using different kinds of seed sludge in sequencing batch airlift reactor.The influence of seed sludge on physical and chemical properties of granular sludge was studied;the microbial community structure was probed by using scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that seed sludge played an important role on the formation of aerobic granules.Seed sludge taken from beer wastewater treatment plant(inoculum A) was more suitable for cultivating aerobic granules than that of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant(inoculum B).Cultivated with inoculum A, large amount of mature granules formed after 35 days operation, its SVI reached 32.75 mL/g, and SOUR of granular sludge was beyond 1.10 mg/(g·min).By contrast, it needed 56 days obtaining mature granules using inoculum B.DGGE profiles indicated that the dominant microbial species in mature granules were 18 and 11 OTU when inoculum A and B were respectively employed as seed sludge.The sequencing results suggested that dominant species in mature granules cultivated by inoculum A were Paracoccus sp., Devosia hwasunensi, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., while the dominant species were Lactococcus raffinolactis and Pseudomonas sp.in granules developed from inoculum B.     

PFOA与PFOS对厌氧氨氧化污泥特性和微生物群落的影响

通过序批实验研究了不同浓度(0.5,1mg/L)与不同类型的全氟化合物(PFCs)对厌氧氨氧化(anammox)污泥脱氮性能及微生物群落的影响.结果表明,0.5与1mg/L全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)对anammox污泥的脱氮性能无明显抑制作用;1mg/L PFOA(OA1)与PFOS(OS1)添加...     

鞍山市污水处理厂污泥处置现状及利用途径分析

针对鞍山市污水处理厂污泥处置现状,分析论述鞍山市现有污泥处置方法对环境的污染及危害,并提出污泥处置的合理化建议。     

基于流体分离污泥的异质性:微生物活性和群落结构

生物流化床处理系统中的剩余污泥如果能够被识别为老化的污泥和高活性的污泥,并通过某一种物理方法加以原位分离,则有可能提高生物处理的效率.本文以构造流体力场实现基于比重分布不同污泥组分的分离,得到聚结型污泥与离散型污泥,考察了两种污泥在胞外聚合物、微生物活性和微生物群落结构方面的差异,并与降解活性相关联,以证明异质性的存在.研究发现:活性污泥这种异质性的存在归因于离散型污泥中的胞外聚合物含量高,亲水性更强,比重更小;聚结型污泥在基质利用效率、比耗氧速率方面优于离散型污泥;在废水生物处理系统的污泥中,聚结型污泥较离散型污泥具有微生物群落结构分布上的优势,种群丰度更高.研究结果证明了聚结型污泥和离散型污泥内部菌胶团存在着功能上的差异,前者是应该被保留的活性组分,后者应该作为剩余污泥加以分离排出.     

强污泥流失对anammox工艺脱氮性能及菌群的影响

为探究强污泥流失对厌氧氨氧化(anammox)反应器系统脱氮性能、颗粒污泥特性及功能菌群的影响,试验以模拟废水为处理对象构建了上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器.试验结果表明,损失近一半反应器有效体积的污泥未明显破坏anammox工艺脱氮性能.反应器在4d后总氮(TN)的去除率(RE)达到89.18%污泥EPS含量较高且其PN/PS值(0.12)较低有利于anammox颗粒污泥的形成和集聚.Anammox颗粒污泥粒径>2mm的污泥占到系统总污泥的44.9%,粒径大于0.5mm的污泥占总污泥的84.3%,能够有效持留污泥.厌氧氨氧化菌的优势门为变形菌门(28.03%)、浮霉菌门(15.57%)和绿弯菌门(8.63%),优势属为anammox菌属Candidatus Jettenia(9.63%)和Candidatus Brocadia(3.54%),参与anammox反应的功能基因包括nirS (1.27%)、hzs(1.28%)、hzo(1.29%)、hao(7.04%)和hdh(0.81%),但反硝化菌及其功能基因的存在使得化学计量比Rs (ΔNO₂^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N)和Rp (ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N)低于理论值.     

Impacts of produced water origin on bacterial community structures of activated sludge

The purpose of this study was to reveal how activated sludge communities respond to influent quality and indigenous communities by treating two produced waters from different origins in a batch reactor in succession. The community shift and compositions were investigated using Polymerase Chain Reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR–DGGE) and further16 S ribosomal DNA(r DNA) clone library analysis. The abundance of targeted genes for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) degradation, nah Ac/phn Ac and C12O/C23 O, was tracked to define the metabolic ability of the in situ microbial community by Most Probable Number(MPN) PCR. The biosystem performed almost the same for treatment of both produced waters in terms of removals of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and PAHs. Sludge communities were closely associated with the respective influent bacterial communities(similarity 60%), while one sludge clone library was dominated by the Betaproteobacteria(38%) and Bacteriodetes(30%)and the other was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria(52%). This suggested that different influent and water quality have an effect on sludge community compositions. In addition, the existence of catabolic genes in sludge was consistent with the potential for degradation of PAHs in the treatment of both produced waters.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), which is more economical compared with the traditional method for nitrogen removal, is studied in this paper. In order to find the suitable conditions of this process, a mixed flow activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration is investigated, and some key control parameters are examined for nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater. The results show that SND is accessible when oxygen concentration is 0.3–0.8 mg/L. The nitrogen removal rate can be obtained up to 66.7% with solids retention time (SRT) of 45 d, C/N value of 10, and F/M ratio of 0.1 g COD/(g MLSS·d). Theoretical analysis indicates that SND is a physical phenomenon and governed by oxygen diffusion in flocs. Translated from Environmental Pollution and Control, 2004, 26(1): 11–13 [译自: 环境污染与防治]     

Bamboo charcoal addition enhanced the nitrogen removal of anammox granular sludge with COD: Performance, physicochemical characteristics and microbial community

The effects of different chemical oxygen demand(COD) concentrations on the anammox granular sludge with Bamboo Charcoal(BC) addition were evaluated in UASB reactor. The results showed that the average total nitrogen(TN) removal efficiency was reduced from85.9% to 81.4% when COD concentration was increased from 50 to 150 mg/L. However, the TN removal efficiency of BC addition reactors was dramatically 3.1%–6.4% higher than that without BC under different COD concentrations. The average diameter o...     

活性污泥萃取液施用对水稻根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

通过根箱试验,从土壤根际微生物角度揭示活性污泥萃取液（简称萃取液）调控水稻苗期生长和改良土壤理化性质的机理。试验设计不同萃取液配施减氮处理（T1,空白对照;T2,常规施肥对照;T3,减氮30%配施0.2 g/kg萃取液;T4,减氮30%配施0.4 g/kg萃取液;T5,施用8 g/kg萃取液全量替代化肥氮,即减氮75%）,研究萃取液配合氮肥减施对水稻根际土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明：配施萃取液可显著增加水稻幼苗的叶面积、生物量和叶绿素含量;与常规施肥相比,配施萃取液可以显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤电导率,增加可溶性有机碳含量,降低硝态氮和铵态氮含量。β多样性结果显示,萃取液对土壤微生物性质的影响主要作用在根际及近根际土壤中,不同萃取液处理组与空白及常规施肥对照组间细菌群落结构及多样性存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;萃取液的施用可增加有机污染物降解和碳水化合物代谢相关微生物的相对丰度,如黄色土源菌、Candidatus_Udaeobacter、鞘氨醇单胞菌属,相对丰度分别增加151%~541%、26%~320%和55%~364%。采用FAPROTAX土壤功能预测分析发现,施用萃取液后土壤菌群主要增加的功能为化能异养、有氧化能异养、硝酸盐还原、固氮作用、硝化作用和芳香化合物降解等,这类功能与土壤碳源物质代谢、氮循环及有机污染物降解等行为相关。萃取液施用可通过改善土壤根际及近根际微生物群落结构,增加相关菌群丰度,调控土壤根际及近根际碳、氮循环,进而达到促进水稻幼苗生长和土壤改良的效果。研究结果可为活性污泥的资源化提供新路径。