Degradation of dissolved organic matter in effluent of municipal wastewater plant by a combined tidal and subsurface flow constructed wetland

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important constituent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. A novel combined tidal and subsurface flow constructed wetland (TF-SSF-CW) of 90 L was constructed for a ten-month trial of advanced treatment of the WWTP effluent. Excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis and a two end-member mixing model were employed to characterize the composition and removal process of the effluent DOM (EfOM) from the WWTP. The results showed that the TF-SSF-CW performed an efficient EfOM removal with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal rate of 88% and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) removal rate of 91%. Further analysis demonstrated that the EfOM consisted mainly of two protein moieties and two humic-like groups; protein moieties (76%) constituted the main content of EfOM in raw water and humic-like groups (57%) became the dominating contributor after treatment. The EfOM from the WWTP was mainly of aquatic bacterial origin and evolved to a higher proportion of terrigenous origin with higher humification in the TF-SSF-CW effluent. A common controlling treatment-related factor for determining the concentrations of the same kind of substances (protein groups or humic-like groups) was revealed to exist, and the ratio of removal rates between the same substances in treatment was calculated. Our study demonstrates that the TF-SSF-CW can be a novel and effective treatment method for the EfOM from WWTPs, and is helpful for understanding of the character of EfOM in wetland treatment.     

Use of polymeric sub-micron ion-exchange resins for removal of lead, copper, zinc, and nickel from natural waters

This research investigated the removal capacity of polymeric sub-micron ion-exchange resins(SMR) for removal of lead, copper, zinc, and nickel from natural waters in competition with natural organic matter(NOM). Polymeric SMR particles were created and tested to ensure that they were adequately dispersed in the solution. They removed little NOM(10%or less) from river water and wastewater, indicating that competition from NOM was not a major concern. SMR were able to remove 82% ± 0.2% of lead, 46% ± 0.6% of copper, 55% ±20% of zinc, and 17% ± 2% of nickel from river water spiked with 500 μg/L of each. Similarly,in wastewater, they were able to remove 86% ± 0.1% of lead, 38% ± 0.8% of copper, 28% ± 1%of zinc, and 11% ± 1% of nickel.     

Molecular characterization of effluent organic matter in secondary effluent and reclaimed water: Comparison to natural organic matter in source water

Municipal wastewater reclamation is becoming of increasing importance in the world to solve the problem of water scarcity. A better understanding of the molecular composition of effluent organic matter(Ef OM) in the treated effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) is crucial for ensuring the safety of water reuse. In this study, the molecular composition of Ef OM in the secondary effluent of a WWTP in Beijing and the reclaimed water further treated with a coagulation–sedimentation–ozonation process were characterized using a non-target Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS) method and compared to that of natural organic matter(NOM) in the local source water from a reservoir. It was found that the molecular composition of Ef OM in the secondary effluent and reclaimed water was dominated by CHOS formulas, while NOM in the source water was dominated by CHO formulas. The CHO formulas of the three samples had similar origins. Anthropogenic surfactants were responsible for the CHOS formulas in Ef OM of the secondary effluent and were not well removed by the coagulation-sedimentation-ozonation treatment process adopted.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter in urban sewage using excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis

Wastewater dissolved organic matter (DOM) from different processing stages of a sewage treatment plant in Xiamen was characterized using fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. Parallel factor analysis modeling of excitation-emission matrix spectra revealed five fluorescent components occurring in sewage DOM: one protein-like (C1), three humic-like (C2, C4 and C5) and one xenobiotic-like (C3) components. During the aerated grit chamber and primary sedimentation tank stage, there was only a slight decrease in fluorescence intensity and the absorption coefficient at 350 nm (a350). During the second aeration stage, high concentration of protein-like and short-wavelength-excited humic-like components were significantly degraded accompanied by significant loss of DOC (80%) and a350 (30%), indicating that C1 and C2 were the dominant constituents of sewage DOM. As a result, long-wavelengthexcited C4 and C5 became the dominant humic-like components and the DOM molecular size inferred from the variation of spectral slope S (300–650 nm) and specific absorption (a280/DOC) increased. Combination use of Fmax of C1 and the ratio of C1/C5, or a350 may provide a quantitative indication for the relative amount of raw or treated sewage in aquatic environment.     

Comparison of three-dimensional fluorescence analysis methods for predicting formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids

This work investigated the application of several fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis methods as natural organic matter (NOM) indicators for use in predicting the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Waters from four different sources (two rivers and two lakes) were subjected to jar testing followed by 24 hr disinfection by-product formation tests using chlorine. NOM was quantified using three common measures: dissolved organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, and specific ultraviolet absorbance as well as by principal component analysis, peak picking, and parallel factor analysis of fluorescence spectra. Based on multi-linear modeling of THMs and HAAs, principle component (PC) scores resulted in the lowest mean squared prediction error of cross-folded test sets (THMs: 43.7 (μg/L)², HAAs: 233.3 (μg/L)²). Inclusion of principle components representative of protein-like material significantly decreased prediction error for both THMs and HAAs. Parallel factor analysis did not identify a protein-like component and resulted in prediction errors similar to traditional NOM surrogates as well as fluorescence peak picking. These results support the value of fluorescence excitation-emission matrix-principal component analysis as a suitable NOM indicator in predicting the formation of THMs and HAAs for the water sources studied.     

长江溶解有机质三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)研究了2009年9月长江上游至河口近4000km主流区域溶解有机质(DOM)的荧光组分特征及分布变化,结合紫外可见吸收光谱a350,旨在认识长江DOM的组成、来源和迁移转化过程.通过平行因子法(PARAFAC)解谱,得到3个类腐殖质组分H1、H2、H3及2个类蛋白质组分P1、P2.溶解有机碳(DOC)在上游浓度最低,在三峡库区万州附近明显增加,而后趋于稳定.荧光组分峰值之和(∑Fluo)呈类似趋势,和DOC相关性分析(R2=0.92)说明EEMs-PARAFAC可有效示踪溶解有机质的分布.其中蛋白质信号∑P约占∑Fluo的1/4,叶绿素a与∑P、DOC的弱相关性说明自生源不能主导DOM荧光组分分布;不同类腐殖质组分变化趋势不同,H3(Ex/Em:250/450~485nm)在库区后的水体有明显富集,而H1、H2占∑Fluo百分比则有所下降,a350也呈优先降解的趋势,反映了长江DOM迁移转化过程的选择性.     

辽东湾浅水区水环境质量现状评价

根据1999年8月调查资料，对辽东湾浅水区的水质进行评价。结果表明：该海域大部分涨水指标达到一类水质标准。但无机氮、重金属Pb超标比较严重。河口附近海域水质较差，远岸水质相对较好。     

废水生化处理中有机物的分析和转化

有机物的种类、含量、物化特性、分子量等性质直接影响废水处理工艺的处理效果。本文综述了近年来废水生化处理中有机物的分析方法及废水生化处理过程中有机物的转化规律。     

基于自组织映射与哈斯图方法的地表水水质评价研究

地表水水质评价是水资源管理与保护中的非常重要的问题.本研究主要目的是应用自组织映射(Self-Organizing Map,SOM)与哈斯图方法(Hasse Diagram Technique,HDT)对地表水水质监测数据集进行分类、建模、解释与评估.以西苕溪流域为例,对其50个断面于2010年6月-2011年5月进行月频率的水质监测.应用SOM分析发现,水质参数可分成10个聚类组,反映了西苕溪流域水质丰、平与枯水期特征,pH、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)在各个水期变化不大;溶解氧(DO)在枯水期与平水期相对较高,水质具有一定的自净能力;丰水期的氨氮(NH4+-N)、总氮(TN)与总磷(TP)值相对较小;西苕溪流域TN:TP(氮磷质量比)平均为46,监测期间变幅较大为2～482,监测期内有66.7％的水质样本处于磷限制状态,仅有3.2％处于氮限制状态,存在氮限制与磷限制交替出现的状态,表明流域总体处于磷限制状态.选取CODMn、NH4+-N、TN 与TP指标进行HDT综合分析,反映流域上游水质较好,中、下游水质相对较差;敏感性分析结果表明,CODMn敏感性数值最大为235,其次是TN为156,、NH4+-N与TP分别是61与34,表明西苕溪流域的CODMn、TN存在较大的环境风险.建议在西苕溪流域即将开展的环境整治与规划时应考虑开发相关的削减技术与制定相关措施政策以减少CODMn、TN污染.     

Resolving the influence of nitrogen abundances on sediment organic matter in macrophyte-dominated lakes, using fluorescence spectroscopy

A controlled experiment was designed to resolve the influence of nitrogen abundance on sediment organic matters in macrophyte-dominated lakes using fluorescence analysis. Macrophyte biomass showed coincident growth trends with time, but different variation rates with nitrogen treatment. All plant growth indexes with nitrogen addition (N, NH₄Cl 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than those of the control group. Four humiclike components, two autochthonous tryptophan-like components, and one autochthonous tyrosine-like component were identified using the parallel factor analysis model. The results suggested that the relative component changes of fluorescence in the colonized sediments were in direct relation to the change of root biomass with time. In the experiment, the root formation parameters of the plants studied were significantly affected by adding N in sediments, whichmay be related to the reason that the root growthwas affected byNaddition. Adding a low concentration of N to sediments can play a part in supplying nutrients to the plants. However, the intensive uptake of NH₄⁺ may result in an increase in the intracellular concentration of ammonia, which is highly toxic to the plant cells. Hence, our experiment results manifested that organic matter cycling in the macrophyte-dominated sediment was influenced by nitrogen enrichment through influencing vegetation and relevant microbial activity.     

洞庭湖水质因子的多元分析

年1—12月在洞庭湖湖区采集360个水样,测定pH、ρ(DO)、ρ(BOD₅)、ρ(TP)、ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(TN)、粪大肠菌群及ρ(Chla). 采用主成分分析法对采样断面水质因子进行分析. 结果表明:虞公庙、鹿角断面水质主要影响因子为ρ(DO)、ρ(BOD₅)、ρ(TP)、ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₃-N)及ρ(Chla);南嘴、目平湖、横岭湖和万子湖断面水质主要影响因子为ρ(TP);小河嘴断面水质主要影响因子为ρ(TP)、ρ(BOD₅)和ρ(Chla);东洞庭湖断面水质主要影响因子为ρ(BOD₅)和ρ(Chla);岳阳楼和洞庭湖出口断面水质主要影响因子为ρ(DO)、ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(TN). 主成分综合得分对各断面水体受污染程度排序为虞公庙>鹿角>东洞庭湖>岳阳楼>洞庭湖出口>南嘴>横岭湖>目平湖>小河嘴>万子湖.      

有色可溶性有机物在线荧光技术在水质监测中的应用

FDOM（荧光有机物）在线荧光探头是采用激发波长370 nm和发射波长460 nm下荧光强度来计算水体CDOM（有色可溶性有机物）丰度的传感器,为探究该传感器在内陆水体水质监测中的应用和适用性,以水源供给水库千岛湖为案例,通过FDOM荧光探头监测该湖泊不同季节CDOM丰度,结合CDOM光谱吸收、ρ（DOC）（DOC表示溶解性有机碳）、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（COD_Mn）、ρ（DTN）（DTN表示溶解性总氮）、ρ（DTP）（DTP表示溶解性总磷）和ρ（Chla）等水质参数数据,揭示FDOM荧光强度与其他水质参数的耦合关系,检验FDOM荧光探头对有机物的监测能力.结果表明:①2014年5月千岛湖TLI平均值（38.4±4.4）显著高于2018年10月TLI平均值34.9±3.0（t-test,P < 0.001）,根据TLI及各水质参数平均值判定该湖处于中贫营养状态.②大部分水质参数呈现出由西北入湖河口向下游大坝出水口方向递减的趋势,表明上游新安江对该湖有机物具有较大的贡献.③FDOM荧光强度与CDOM吸收系数a（254）（R2=0.91,P < 0.01）、a（350）（R2=0.90,P < 0.01）均呈极显著正相关且具有较高的线性拟合优度,这意味着FDOM荧光强度可以很好地表征CDOM丰度.④FDOM荧光强度与ρ（DOC）（R2=0.49,P < 0.01）、ρ（TN）（R2=0.61,P < 0.01）、ρ（TP）（R2=0.75,P < 0.01）、ρ（COD_Mn）（R2=0.35,P < 0.01）、ρ（DTN）（R2=0.59,P < 0.01）、ρ（DTP）（R2=0.56,P < 0.01）、ρ（Chla）（R2=0.68,P < 0.01）均呈极显著正相关且与大多数水质参数具有相似的分布特征,并且能很好地识别潜在污染物高值区.研究显示,荧光探头在可见波长下所得陆源类腐殖酸FDOM荧光强度能很好地成为潜在污染物替代指标,并能有效呈现有机物分布特征,因而该技术在饮用水湖泊水质监测中具有潜在广阔的应用前景.      

青藏高原湖泊水环境特征及水质评价

湖泊是青藏高原地区重要的水资源和生物栖息地,由于气候和地形等自然因素及人为因素的双重影响,湖泊水环境面临着愈加严峻的问题与挑战.为明确青藏高原湖泊水质现状、分布规律、水质主要特征因子和影响水质的重要因素,于2020年夏季（7~8月）和秋季（10~11月）对青藏高原12个典型湖泊水环境进行调查研究,根据野外采样实测和室内实验检测数据综合分析显示：①青藏高原典型湖泊两个季节的多项理化参数在时空分布上均有差异,基本呈现出夏季高于秋季,西藏地区湖泊高于青海地区湖泊的规律;②盐度（salinity）为青藏高原典型湖泊水质的主要特征因子;③湖泊富营养化指数时空分布差异较小,基本分布在贫营养到中营养等级之间.湖泊水质综合指数时空分布差异较大,湖泊水质等级随盐度分区的升高由"中等"下降至"极差",秋季湖泊水质优于夏季;④青藏高原湖泊水质的时空差异主要受控于降雨、蒸发浓缩和人类活动等因素影响.本研究可为青藏高原水环境保护和改善高原水生态系统的相关研究提供科学依据.     

基于主成分分析法的黄河口及其邻近水域水质评价

于2013年6、7、10月在黄河口及邻近水域进行了3个航次的环境调查,获取了盐度、营养盐、COD及重金属等指标数据,利用主成分分析法(PCA)研究该海域的水质状况,并分析影响该海域水质的主要驱动因子.结果表明:应用主成分分析将14项调查指标转换提取为4种主成分,共解释了67.31%的结果.相关分析表明,影响该水域水质的主要驱动因子为氮营养盐、盐度、SiO32--Si和砷.主成分综合得分分析表明,黄河口及邻近水域2013年10月、7月、6月水质污染状况依次降低;空间上总体呈现出以黄河入海口为中心,向邻近海域递减,河口附近及南部水域污染较严重的格局.黄河径流污染物是主要污染源,应加强黄河口及其上游的水环境保护,从而改善黄河口及邻近水域水质状况.     

城镇化河流DOM组成结构及与水质相关性研究

应用三维荧光技术和多元统计方法,分析城镇化河流水溶性有机物(DOM)组成结构特征,研究其与河水水质的相关性.根据人类活动对沈阳市白塔堡河影响程度的不同,分别在农村、城镇与城市河段设置3个采样点,采集水样.结果发现,河水营养水平由高到低的顺序为城市河段城镇河段农村河段,而水质由好变差的顺序为农村河段城镇河段城市河段.河水DOM由类酪氨酸、类色氨酸、类糖化蛋白、微生物代谢产物、类富里酸和类胡敏酸组成,主要成分为类蛋白,类蛋白含量由高到低的顺序为城市河段城镇河段农村河段.从源头到入浑河口,类蛋白丰度增长最大,类胡敏酸丰度增长最小,类富里酸介于两者之间.DOM的腐殖化程度由强到弱的顺序为城市河段城镇河段农村河段.影响河水营养状态的潜在因子包括COD、NH3-N、BOD5、DO和类蛋白,农村河段主要污染物来源于农村生活污水及养殖废水,城镇河段污染物来源于生活废水与工业园排水,城市河段污染物来源于处理和未处理的生活污水及工业废水.河水受人类活动影响由大到小的顺序为城市河段城镇河段农村河段.     

南水北调东线工程底泥污染物对水质的影响评价

在南水北调东线工程黄河以南区域,对河流、湖泊的底泥进行了监测,并对不牢河的底泥进行了冲刷试验,根据获得的实测资料和试验数据,对底泥污染物对水质的影响进行分析评价.结果显示,底泥中的重金属类汞和砷,有机类污染指标中的总磷,总氮,CODCr和CODMn的最大溶出浓度均较高,它们有可能成为影响水体质量的潜在污染源.从接近于实际调水情况的冲刷试验结果看,底泥中的污染物对水体水质的影响较小.      

A new technique helps to uncover unknown peptides and disinfection by-products in water

正Environmental water samples can be extremely complex,with potentially thousands of molecules that can derive from natural organic matter(NOM)and thousands that derive from anthropogenic contaminants.As complex as these samples are,drinking water can be even more complex.Due to disinfectants that are used to treat drinking water(e.g.,chlorine,chloramines,     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fluorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

Relationships of nitrous oxide fluxes with water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands

The effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the influent on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, together with the relationships between N₂O and water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands, were investigated with laboratoryscale systems. N₂O emission and purification performance of wastewater were very strongly dependent on COD concentration in the influent, and the total N₂O emission in the system with middle COD influent concentration was the least. The relationships between N₂O and the chemical and physical water quality variables were studied by using principal component scores in multiple linear regression analysis to predict N₂O flux. The multiple linear regression model against principal components indicated that different water parameters affected N₂O flux with different COD concentrations in the influent, but nitrate nitrogen affected N₂O flux in all systems.