黄浦江水域抗生素及抗性基因污染初步研究

采用高效液相色谱-质谱法,调查了黄浦江江水及底泥中6种常见兽用抗生素的含量特征,并采用实时荧光定量PCR方法,分别研究了该水域相应的8种代表性抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotics Resistance Genes,ARGs)的存在及丰度水平。结果显示,调查的四环素类、磺胺类及氯霉素抗生素在江水中的质量浓度范围分别在0.44～2.69、0.97～1.96、0.03～0.26μg·L-1之间,在底泥中的质量分数则分别为22.10～72.74、25.98～117.29、nd～50.47μg·kg-1。所有样品中除tet(O)、tet(B/P)未检出外,其他6种抗性基因均有检出。与四环素类抗性基因相比,磺胺类抗性基因的绝对拷贝数及相对丰度较高,为黄浦江水域中的优势抗性基因。相关性分析表明:江水中sul(Ⅲ)、tet(W),以及底泥中的sul(Ⅱ)丰度与对应相中磺胺类抗生素含量显著正相关,江水中sul(A)则与水相中氯霉素、四环素含量显著相关,其他几种抗生素与抗性基因间未见相关性存在。除抗生素外,黄浦江水域ARGs的相对丰度还可能与抗性基因种类及其环境因素(如光照、温度、pH和重金属等)有关。     

污水处理厂空气介质抗生素抗性基因的分布

考察了污水处理厂空气介质中典型的抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)污染水平和浓度分布,并通过16S r RNA高通量技术对样品进行亲缘性及溯源研究。结果表明,在污水厂空气样品中8种抗生素抗性基因的检出率均超过50%,其中tet C、sul1、sul2和erm B检出率为100%。在曝气池和污泥脱水车间空气样品中8种抗性基因检出率均为100%。对其中的sul1、sul2、tet G和tet X共4种ARGs的定量分析结果表明,以上4种基因的相对浓度范围在102~105copies·ng~(-1)DNA之间,与邻近居民区空气样品抗性基因浓度处于同一水平;空气样品16S r RNA高通量测序聚类分析结果显示,居民区空气与污水厂园区内空气有较高的种群相似度,污水厂处理单元对其邻近区域的空气介质微生物组成影响较大。     

污泥堆肥过程中磺胺类和大环内酯类抗性基因的残留

抗生素抗性基因是一种新型环境污染物,污水处理厂特别是污泥中存在着高丰度的抗生素抗性基因.为研究污泥堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因的残留,对磺胺类和大环内酯类抗性基因(sulI、sulII、erm(B)和erm(F))以及I类整合子(intI1)的丰度变化进行了定量分析.结果显示,sulΙ、sulΙI、erm(B)和erm(F)的相对丰度在中温阶段降低(PsulII0.05,Perm(B)0.05,Perm(F)0.05),且sulΙ的相对丰度在高温阶段达到最小值(PsulI0.05),sulΙ、sulΙI和erm(F)的相对丰度在冷却和腐熟阶段增加(PsulI0.05,PsulII0.05,Perm(F)0.05).堆肥过程中sulΙ、sulII和erm(B)的丰度与温度呈负相关(P0.05),温度可能是影响磺胺类和大环内酯类抗性基因变化的重要因素.sulΙ和sulII的丰度与intI1的丰度呈正相关(P0.05),表明水平基因转移可能是该类抗性基因传播与扩散的重要途径.研究结果表明,尽管存在于污泥中的抗生素抗性基因的相对丰度在升温阶段呈下降趋势,但在随后的冷却和腐熟阶段却显著反弹.因此,经堆肥处理的污泥直接施用于农田可能造成抗生素抗性基因的二次扩散.     

东江下游典型饮用水源地抗生素抗性基因分布研究

抗生素抗性基因(AntibioticsResistanceGenes,ARGs)是环境中的一类新型污染物。为了解东江下游地区水源地中ARGs的污染水平及其影响因素,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对东江下游地区9个河流型饮用水源地和5个湖泊型饮用水源地8种ARGs[sul1、sul2、sul3、tet(M)、tet(O)、tet(Q)、tet(G)、ermB]的绝对丰度进行检测分析。结果表明:东江下游饮用水源地总ARGs绝对丰度水平偏低,ARGs总丰度范围为2.37×10~7-4.80×10~8 copies?L~(-1),其中抗性基因sul1的丰度相对较高,这可能与磺胺类药品是常用药品有关。磺胺类ARGs(sul1、sul2)在所有饮用水源地中均有检出,而sul3的检出率为85.7%;四环素类ARGs[tet(M)、tet(O)、tet(Q)、tet(G)]的检出率较高,为64.3%-100%;大环内酯类ARGs检出率最低。河流型水源地上游点位ARGs绝对丰度为1.03×108 copies?L~(-1),下游点位绝对丰度为2.89×10~8 copies?L~(-1),因此河流型饮用水源地的ARGs绝对丰度水平随着河流方向呈现逐渐升高趋势。除了一处曾为水产养殖的备用湖泊型水源地外,河流型水源地除sul1外的抗性基因丰度(3.25×10~5 copies?L~(-1))明显高于湖泊型饮用水源地(1.14×10~5 copies?L~(-1))。通过对东江下游典型饮用水源地ARGs进行研究,为该地区ARGs污染现状提供了基础数据,也为水环境中ARGs污染整治提供依据。     

泸型酒中层酒醅真菌群落的发酵演替规律

考察泸型酒发酵过程中中层酒醅真菌群落的演替规律,探讨菌群演替与环境因子变化的相关性.采用高通量测序技术分析泸型酒中层酒醅真菌群落的演替规律,并运用Mantel test分析不同发酵阶段的真菌群落演替与环境因子变化的相关性.结果表明,中层酒醅发酵过程中存在155个属的真菌,以Kazachstania、Aspergillus、Thermoyces、Thermoascus和Eurotium为主(相对丰度 0.5%).通过聚类分析可将酒醅发酵过程划分为3个阶段:阶段I(0-4 d),阶段II(5-17 d)和阶段III(18-40 d),且3个阶段的酒醅真菌群落结构差异显著(P 0.05). Metastats分析发现,阶段II酒醅真菌群落中Kazachstania的相对丰度比阶段I显著升高(P 0.05),而Trichomonascus、Xeromyces、Thermomyces、Paecilomyces、Aspergillus和Thermoascus相对丰度显著降低(P0.05).与阶段II相比,阶段III酒醅真菌群落中Kazachstania相对丰度显著增长(P 0.05),Thermomyces、Thermoascus、Aspergillus、Wickerhamomyces和Paecilomyces相对丰度显著下降(P 0.05).Mantel test分析发现,阶段I的真菌菌群演替与酒醅水分含量呈显著线性相关(P 0.05),而阶段II和阶段III的真菌菌群演替与酒醅温度、水分、酸度、乙醇浓度变化均没有显著相关性(P 0.05).本研究表明,泸型酒中层酒醅中真菌群落在不同发酵阶段结构差异显著,且酒醅水分变化与发酵前期(0-4 d)真菌群落演替具有显著相关性,结果可为进一步阐明泸型酒发酵过程微生物酿造机理奠定研究基础.     

海南东寨港海水和沉积物中抗生素抗性基因污染特征研究

抗生素滥用及其诱导产生的抗生素抗性基因(Antibioticresistancegenes,ARGs)污染已经引起各界的广泛关注。东寨港是海南省重要的滩涂养殖基地,其ARGs的产生、传播和富集都可能对人类及生态健康产生危害。采集该区域海水和沉积物样本各10个,利用LC-MS/MS对海水和沉积物中磺胺类、四环素类、氯霉素类和喹诺酮类等4类15种抗生素进行测定,同时采用RT-PCR阐明了相应的12种ARGs(sul1、sul2、dfr A1;tet A、tet C、tet G、tet M;cata1、cata2、cmle1、cmle3;qnr S)及16S rRNA的分布特征,并对抗生素和ARGs的相关性进行分析。结果显示,所测ARGs在各沉积物样品中的检出率均为100%,海水样品中ARGs的检出率在80%-100%之间。其中,qnr S的检出率最高,存在于所有海水和沉积物样品中,而sul2的检出丰度最高。比较海水和沉积物中ARGs的相对丰度,发现沉积物中ARGs的污染程度高于海水。样品中抗生素总体检出率较低,其中沉积物仅有喹诺酮及磺胺类抗生素被检出,海水中除磺胺类抗生素外其他均未检出。与其他研究相比,该区域ARGs检出水平较高,而抗生素检出水平较低,ARGs含量与抗生素浓度相关性较弱(P0.05),这说明由历史背景诱导产生的ARGs可进行自我扩增而持续存在于环境中。该研究结果可为当地抗生素的安全使用和ARGs的环境风险评价提供重要依据。     

畜牧场中磺胺类抗生素及其抗性基因的空间分布规律

为了解畜牧场内磺胺类抗生素及抗性基因的污染物空间分布情况、分布规律及相关性,选取某畜牧场的10 cm和50 cm深度的土壤样品共20个及5个粪便样品,分别对样品中13种磺胺类抗生素的浓度和3种磺胺类抗性基因( sul1、 sul2和sul3)的丰度进行定量分析,并用地理信息系统优化采样并对污染物空间分布进行可视化分析....     

施用畜禽粪便有机肥土壤抗生素抗性基因污染状况

为研究施用畜禽粪便有机肥农田土壤中抗生素抗性基因的分布状况,采集北京地区9个长期施用有机肥蔬菜基地的温室和大田土壤,对土壤中的抗生素耐药菌和18种抗性基因进行检测分析。结果表明,温室土壤中四环素耐药菌占总菌数的比例显著高于大田土壤(P0.05),但温室土壤中氨苄西林、磺胺甲恶唑和环丙沙星耐药菌占总菌数的比例均与大田土壤无显著性差异(P0.05)。大田土壤和温室土壤中磺胺类抗性基因sulⅠ、sul2和四环素类抗性基因tet L的检出率均为100%。其他抗性基因,如四环素抗性基因tet A、tet A/P、tet C,红霉素抗性基因erm B,以及Ⅰ类整合子(intⅠ1),温室土壤的检出率均高于大田土壤,这可能与温室土壤有机肥施用量较大有关。     

磷细菌肥对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤放线菌群落的影响

为了解磷细菌肥对采煤塌陷区复垦土壤放线菌群落的影响,采用Illumina高通量测序的方法,对土壤复垦5年后的放线菌群落结构及多样性进行分析,并结合冗余分析(RDA)研究放线菌群落与土壤化学性质的相关关系.结果表明:有机肥+磷细菌肥处理可以提高复垦土壤放线菌的数量.采煤塌陷复垦土壤中放线菌的优势菌群是链霉菌属(Streptomyces)和假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia),其丰度范围分别为12.28%-15.21%、8.93%-11.49%.配施磷细菌肥处理可以降低链霉菌属的相对丰度,提高假诺卡氏菌属的相对丰度.有机肥+磷细菌肥处理能够提高放线菌的Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数,对Pielou均匀度指数影响较小.RDA结果显示,土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮是造成复垦土壤放线菌群落丰度和多样性差异的主要原因.综上认为,有机肥+磷细菌肥处理对复垦土壤放线菌群落的提高作用明显,可以在一定程度上加快土壤的熟化进程.     

纳米氧化锌对堆肥过程中细菌群落演替的影响

纳米氧化锌(纳米Zn O)的广泛应用使其进入农业生产领域的可能性增加.鉴于堆肥是处理农业废弃物的主要方式,采用实验室模拟堆置,以鸡粪、秸秆粉为主要原料进行堆肥实验,研究3种浓度的纳米Zn O(0.1,1,10 mg/kg)对堆肥过程中理化指标的影响,并采用高通量测序技术研究堆体中细菌群落结构及组成的变化.结果显示,纳米Zn O不会影响堆肥过程中的温度及腐熟程度,但降低了堆肥过程中的p H;对堆体中细菌Alpha多样性影响不显著,但改变了细菌群落结构及组成.其中,堆肥高温期(5 d)厚壁菌门及拟杆菌门的一些属对纳米Zn O处理响应最明显,0.1 mg/kg浓度纳米Zn O提高了Cohnella的相对丰度,而1、10 mg/kg浓度纳米Zn O增加了魏斯氏菌属、芽孢杆菌属、肠球菌属的相对丰度,降低了一些拟杆菌属的丰度.本研究表明纳米Zn O不仅影响堆肥理化性质,也影响堆肥中一些功能微生物,结果可为评价纳米Zn O的环境效应提供重要依据.     

初始pH对厌氧环境下污泥中抗生素抗性基因行为特征的影响

污水处理厂产生大量的剩余污泥中含有丰富的抗性基因,给环境带来了潜在风险。以城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为研究对象,在不同初始p H(对照组、初始p H=3、5、7、9、11)下观察厌氧条件下,8种抗生素浓度以及四环素类抗性基因(tet A、tet G、tet L、tet M、tet O、tet Q、tet W、tet X)、磺胺类抗性基因(sul I、sul II)和Ⅰ类整合子(int I 1)的行为特征。研究结果显示,初始p H对抗生素的降解影响较小,污泥中总抗生素的平均去除率为42%。对照组及初始p H为3、5、7、9、11下的总四环素类抗性基因分别削减0.65 log、0.96 log、0.75 log、0.62 log、0.86 log和0.98 log。不同四环素类抗性基因表现相似,在初始p H=3和初始p H=11下部分抗性基因削减较多,特别是tet A、tet G、tet L、tet O和tet X。2种磺胺类抗性基因均无削减,浓度平均上升0.18log。相关性分析显示,总抗性基因与TN、NH3-N、TP、SCOD(溶解性COD)均存在显著相关性(P0.05)。上述研究结果为污泥厌氧消化中抗生素抗性基因减量条件提供参考依据。     

城市社区农贸市场空气微生物及抗生素抗性基因研究

社区农贸市场活禽交易区是城市重要的人畜交叉感染区域,区内高存量的微生物和抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)可通过粪便、冲洗水、空气等介质传播扩散。而空气介质中通过微生物气溶胶形式的传播途径,因其隐秘性、持久性的特点而对社区居民健康构成严重威胁。本文研究了深圳市某典型社区农贸市场内空气微生物及抗生素抗性基因。结果表明,活禽交易区可培养细菌浓度高达105CFU·m-3,远高于一般室内区域(103CFU·m-3),其中PM2.5精细颗粒物(0.65~3.3μm)中所含菌量占总菌量42%以上;活禽交易区空气介质中,抗生素抗性基因tet G、tet W、sul1和sul2检出率达70%以上,其绝对浓度在10~4~10~9copies·m-3之间;周边环境空气样品中,随着与活禽交易区距离的增加,空气微生物及抗生素抗性基因含量呈显著下降趋势。结果表明,农贸市场活禽交易区是微生物和抗生素抗性基因的一个重要储存库,活禽交易区空气会严重影响农贸市场及其外周边空气质量。     

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs. • The succession of microbial community is an important factor affecting ARGs. • Horizontal transfer mechanism of ARGs during composting should be further studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food waste, thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling, has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction. However, the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years. ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media, including soil and the atmosphere, which could widen environmental risks. However, the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste. Improved composting processes, such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting, could effectively remove ARGs, and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors. Currently, during the composting process, ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs. In response pathway III, mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs. Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future. It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.     

Antibiotic resistance genes in manure-amended paddy soils across eastern China: Occurrence and influencing factors

• Manure fertilization resulted in antibiotic residues and increased metal contents. • The tet and sul genes were significantly enhanced with manure fertilization. • Soil physicochemical properties contributed to 12% of the variations in ARGs. • Soil metals and antibiotics co-select for ARGs. Pig manure, rich in antibiotics and metals, is widely applied in paddy fields as a soil conditioner, triggering the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil. However, comprehensive studies on the effects of manure fertilization on the abundance of ARGs and their influencing factors are still insufficient. Here, pig manure and manure-amended and inorganic-amended soils were collected from 11 rice-cropping regions in eastern China, and the accumulation of antibiotics, metals, and ARGs was assessed simultaneously. The results showed that manure fertilization led to antibiotic residues and increased the metal content (i.e., Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cr). Tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes (tetM, tetO, sul1, and sul2) were also significantly enhanced with manure fertilization. According to variance partitioning analysis, the most important factors that individually influenced ARGs were soil physicochemical properties, accounting for 12% of the variation. Significant correlations between soil nutrients and ARGs indicated that manure application enhanced the growth of resistant microorganisms by supplying more nutrients. Metals and antibiotics contributed 9% and 5% to the variations in ARGs, respectively. Their co-occurrence also increased the enrichment of ARGs, as their interactions accounted for 2% of the variation in ARGs. Interestingly, Cu was significantly related to most ARGs in the soil (r = 0.26–0.52, p<0.05). Sulfapyridine was significantly related to sul2, and tetracycline resistance genes were positively related to doxycycline. This study highlighted the risks of antibiotic and ARG accumulation with manure fertilization and shed light on the essential influencing factors of ARGs in paddy soils.     

Distribution of quinolone and macrolide resistance genes and their co-occurrence with heavy metal resistance genes in vegetable soils with long-term application of manure

The spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has become an increasingly serious global public health issue. This study investigated the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of ARB and ARGs in greenhouse vegetable soils with long-term application of manure. Five typical ARGs, four heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs), and two mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The amount of ARB in manure-improved soil greatly exceeded that in control soil, and the bacterial resistance rate decreased significantly with increases in antibiotic concentrations. In addition, the resistance rate of ARB to enrofloxacin (ENR) was lower than that of tylosin (TYL). Real-time qPCR results showed that long-term application of manure enhanced the relative abundance of ARGs in vegetable soils, and the content and proportion of quinolone resistance genes were higher than those of macrolide resistance genes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that qepA and qnrS significantly correlated with total and available amounts of Cu and Zn, highlighting that certain heavy metals can influence persistence of ARGs. Integrase gene intI1 correlated significantly with the relative abundance of qepA, qnrS, and ermF, suggesting that intI1 played an important role in the horizontal transfer of ARGs. Furthermore, there was a weakly but not significantly positive correlation between specific detected MRGs and ARGs and MGEs. The results of this study enhance understanding the potential for increasing ARGs in manure-applied soil, assessing ecological risk and reducing the spread of ARGs.

Graphic abstract

     

Abundance and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale anaerobic–aerobic system alternately treating ribostamycin,spiramycin and paromomycin production wastewater

The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been intensively investigated for wastewater treatment systems treating single class of antibiotic in recent years. However, the impacts of alternately occurring antibiotics in antibiotic production wastewater on the behavior of ARGs in biological treatment systems were not well understood yet. Herein, techniques including high-capacity quantitative PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to investigate the behavior of ARGs in an anaerobic–aerobic full-scale system. The system alternately treated three kinds of antibiotic production wastewater including ribostamycin, spiramycin and paromomycin, which referred to stages 1, 2 and 3. The aminoglycoside ARGs (52.1–79.3%) determined using high-capacity quantitative PCR were the most abundant species in all sludge samples of the three stages. The total relative abundances of macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin (MLS) resistance genes and aminoglycoside resistance genes measured using qPCR were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in aerobic sludge than in sewage sludge. However, the comparison of ARGs acquired from three alternate stages revealed that MLS genes and the aminoglycoside ARGs did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) in both aerobic and anaerobic sludge samples. In aerobic sludge, one acetyltransferase gene (aacA4) and the other three nucleotidyltransferase genes (aadB, aadA and aadE) exhibited positive correlations with intI1 (r ² = 0.83–0.94; P < 0.05), implying the significance of horizontal transfer in their proliferation. These results and facts will be helpful to understand the abundance and distribution of ARGs from antibiotic production wastewater treatment systems.

     

Effect of the ultraviolet/chlorine process on microbial community structure,typical pathogens,and antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water

• UV/chlorine can effectively remove VBNC pathogens, ARGs and MGEs in reclaimed water. • Microbial community was changed with reduced diversity during UV/chlorine process. • CRBs-carried MGEswere the predominant groups during UV/chlorine process. • No direct co-selection strategy was shared between UV/chlorine and resistome. Urban wastewater contains a wide range of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which are a serious concern if reusing treated wastewater. However, few studies have explored the microbial communities in reclaimed water using ultraviolet (UV)/chlorine treatment and assessed the changes of the resistome. This study investigated the occurrence of typical pathogens, ARGs, and bacterial communities in UV/chlorine-treated reclaimed water samples. The numbers of culturable and viable but non-culturable pathogens were effectively reduced to 0 CFU/mL within 1–10 and 10–30 min after UV/chlorine treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, the physicochemical indices of water quality were not affected. UV/chlorine treatment could significantly change the bacterial community structure of reclaimed water, showing a decrease in bacterial abundance and diversity. Chlorine-resistant Acinetobacter and Mycobacterium were the dominant bacterial genera (>50%) after UV/chlorine treatment. Moreover, the number of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) decreased with an increase in UV/chlorine exposure. However, eight ARGs and three MGEs were consistently detected in more than three seasons, making these major concerns because of their potential role in the persistence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. Overall, the results of this study suggest that UV/chlorine treatment can potentially improve the microbiological safety of reclaimed water. And more attention should be paid to the pathogens that are both chlorine-resistant and carry MGEs because of their potential for resistance transmission.     

Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes and their association with bacteria and viruses in decentralized sewage treatment facilities

• Distribution of ARGs in decentralized sewage facilities were investigated. • Bacitracin-ARGs were most predominant ARGs in rural wastewater. • ARGs were identified in bacterial and viral community. • ARGs of rpoB, drfE, gyrA and parC were both correlated with bacteria and phages. • More attention should be paid to the risk of spreading ARG by phages. The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been intensively studied in large-scale wastewater treatment plants and livestock sources. However, small-scale decentralized sewage treatment facilities must also be explored due to their possible direct exposure to residents. In this study, six wastewater treatment facilities in developed rural areas in eastern China were investigated to understand their risks of spreading ARGs. Using metagenomics and network analysis tools, ARGs and bacterial and viral communities were identified in the influent (INF) and effluent (EFF) samples. The dominant ARGs belonged to the bacitracin class, which are different from most of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The dominant hosts of ARGs are Acidovorax in bacterial communities and Prymnesiovirus in viral communities. Furthermore, a positive relationship was found between ARGs and phages. The ARGs significantly correlated with phages were all hosted by specific genera of bacteria, indicating that phages had contributed to the ARG’s proliferation in sewage treatment facilities. Paying significant concern on the possible enhanced risks caused by bacteria, viruses and their related ARGs in decentralized sewage treatment facilities is necessary.     

MBR工艺处理螺旋霉素制药废水过程中抗生素耐药菌与抗性基因的研究

抗生素废水含有大量的抗生素耐药菌(antibiotic resistant bacteria,ARB)与抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs),处理排放后可能增强受纳环境的微生物抗性,因此有必要深入研究抗生素废水处理过程中ARB与ARGs的削减效果及其影响因素。本研究采用膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)工艺处理螺旋霉素制药废水,考察了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)对ARB与ARGs削减效果的影响。结果表明,虽然在HRT=30 h时MBR对COD与氨氮的去除率略高于HRT=40 h,但HRT=40 h时,不仅总异养菌与肠球菌的去除效果更佳,出水肠球菌耐药率及携带的抗性基因检出率也更低,而且MBR对废水中erm B、erm F、erm X、mef A、ere A、mph B和转移元件ISCR 1、Tn 916/1545相对丰度的削减效果更好。这表明长HRT更有利于MBR工艺削减螺旋霉素废水的耐药菌与抗性基因。