我国“十二五”环保产业的展望与发展研究

分析了我国＂十一五＂期间环保产业发展的驱动因素,以及环保产业发展的现状和特点,对＂十二五＂期间环保产业的发展进行了展望,并提出了相关的政策建议。     

播撒环保理念，谱写绿色篇章——“十一五”时期全国环境宣传教育先进工作者专题：陈军红弘扬碑林环境文化

在她的亲历倡导下,碑林区环境教育普及工作,立足绿色创建工作,以中小学环境教育为重点,不断探索新的途径,并取得了积极进展。     

认真落实新常态下的环保工作新举措 努力完成“十二五”收官之年各项目标任务——在全省环境保护暨家园美化行动工作会议上的讲话

<正>(2015年1月20日)同志们:今天的会议,主要是贯彻落实省委十二届七次、八次全会和全国环境保护工作会议精神,在总结去年工作的基础上,按照省政府要求,对今年全省环境保护和家园美化行动工作进行全面部署。省委省政府对这次会议十分重视,张建民副省长     

最大化“无废城市”次第推进的绩效：基于“地方—中央”演化博弈模型的推进策略研究

为最大化“无废城市”次第推进过程中的绩效产出,本研究结合地方和中央的成本—收益,构建了演化博弈模型。通过分析双方在不同时期的稳定策略得出,地方是否积极主动开展“无废城市”建设主要取决于治污成本是否大于建设成本,而中央需要分阶段采取不同的鼓励措施以实现绩效产出最大化。据此,本研究提出平衡地方成本—收益、选取恰当城市优先开展、分阶段采取不同的推进措施、推行多样化的开展模式等建议,以期为我国制定“无废城市”次第推进相关政策提供参考。     

理念与体制的全面进化——对环境宣传教育“十二五行动纲要”的比较分析

与"十一五工作意见"相比,"十二五行动纲要"所需要宣传教育的内容,描述更加准确、概念更加精练、理论高度攀升。     

有色金属企业环保投资对企业竞争力的影响研究——基于环境规制的调节效应与门槛效应分析

基于2014—2020年我国有色金属上市公司的数据,通过构建基准模型、调节效应模型、门槛效应模型,实证检验了企业环保投资对企业竞争力的影响。结果表明:①环保投资对企业竞争力具有显著的促进作用,引入环境规制变量后,发现其对环保投资与企业竞争力之间的关系产生了正向调节作用。②相比于我国非国有企业和西部地区,环境规制对有色金属企业环保投资与企业竞争力之间的正向调节效应在国有企业和中、东部地区企业中更加明显。③以环境规制为门槛变量进行深入分析,发现环境规制存在双重门槛效应,当环境规制大于或等于2.203这一门槛值时,环保投资对企业竞争力的促进作用才会显著。     

以改革的视角看三个“环保十条”专访中科院科技政策与管理科学研究所所长王毅

4月16日,国务院发布《水污染防治行动计划》(以下简称"水十条")。这是继2013年9月出台的《大气污染防治行动计划》(以下简称"大气十条")之后,国务院出台的第二个环保行动计划,是新一届政府的第二个环保行动计划纲领。同时,《土壤污染治理行动计划》近日已由环保部提交至国务院审议,预计今年年内或明年初将会出台。站在"十二五"的收官之年,我们应当如何从深化改革的角度评价已经出台的"大气十条"和"水     

基于产业链分析的长三角地区CO2与大气污染物排放研究

长三角地区作为我国大气污染较为严重区域之一,如何在保持经济增长的同时减少CO₂与大气污染物的排放已成为一个重要挑战。本研究基于2007年与2012年长三角区域间投入产出表,定量分析了长三角地区省市间贸易引致的二氧化碳和大气污染物排放转移特征和变化趋势。同时,运用产业关联系数法,从前向关联与后向关联双重视角分析了长三角地区减缓CO₂和大气污染物排放的关键行业。研究结果表明,长三角的SO₂、PM_2.5排放总量表现为消费端大于生产端,CO₂、NO_x排放总量表现为生产端大于消费端。安徽省总体呈现为长三角地区贸易的SO₂、NO_x与PM_2.5排放净调出地,而上海与浙江表现为多数污染物排放净调入地。CO₂与大气污染物协同前向减排的关键行业为江苏省、浙江省和安徽省的电力、热力的生产和供应业,安徽省的煤炭开采和洗选业等,可以通过生产端技术革新和能源结构优化来促进减排;CO₂与大气污染物后向协同减排的关键行业为江苏省、浙江省和安徽省的建筑业等,对于这些行业,调整消费结构是有效的减排措施。为更好地制定长三角地区减排与污染防治政策,应当综合考虑行业减排、协同减排等,以确保经济持续增长的同时达到减排目标。     

Study on the failure mechanism of potassium-based sorbent for CO2 capture and the improving measure

With thermogravimetric apparatus (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and barium sulfate gravimetric methods, the carbonation reactivities of K₂CO₃ and K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ in the simulated flue gases with SO₂ are investigated and the reaction equations are inferred. Results show that there are KHCO₃ and K₂SO₃ generated. The generation K₂SO₃ reduces the utilization ratio of the sorbent. H₂O may accelerates the sulfation reaction of AR K₂CO₃ as K₄H₂(CO₃)₃·1.5H₂O is generated in the reaction among K₂CO₃, SO₂ and H₂O. K₂SO₃ is directly generated from sulfation reaction of K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃, because there are K₂CO₃·1.5H₂O and K₂SO₃ generated in the reaction among K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃, SO₂ and H₂O. K₂CO₃·1.5H₂O does not react with SO₂, and K₂CO₃·1.5H₂O/Al₂O₃ reacts with SO₂ slowly. Compare with the reaction process without H₂O pretreatment, the reaction rates of KAl30 increased after H₂O pretreatment and the failure ratio is about a half of that without H₂O pretreatment. So, K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ shows good carbonation and anti-sulfation characteristic after H₂O pretreatment.     

CO2 emissions in calcium carbide industry: An analysis of China's mitigation potential

China's calcium carbide output has dominated the global market for several years, driven by the demand for PVC (polyvinyl chloride), a fundamental polymer material and also the primary downstream product of calcium carbide in China. The fast growth of this energy-intensive industry leads to an inevitable increase in CO₂ emissions. However, there is a large reduction potential with process improvement in this industry which is currently characterized by widespread outdated facilities. In this study, we attempt to assess the reduction potential of CO₂ emissions in China's calcium carbide production, based on the analysis of CO₂ emission patterns and estimation of the emission amount. Three scenarios regarding process improvement are employed to conduct this assessment. The results imply that the cumulative CO₂ abatement in the Current Policy Scenario and in the Strengthened Policy Scenario from 2008 to 2020, compared with the Baseline Scenario, are 89.0 and 107.6 million t, respectively. The specific measures and policy implications to achieve this potential are also discussed in the article.     

The impact of heterogeneity on the distribution of CO2: Numerical simulation of CO2 storage at Ketzin

Numerical modelling of multiphase flow is an essential tool to ensure the viability of long-term and safe CO₂ storage in geological formations. Uncertainties arising from the heterogeneity of the formation and lack of knowledge of formation properties need to be assessed in order to create a model that can reproduce the data available from monitoring. In this study, we investigated the impact of unknown spatial variability in the petrophysical properties within a sandy channel facies of a fluviatile storage formation using stochastic methods in a Monte Carlo approach. The stochastic method has been applied to the Ketzin test site (CO₂SINK), and demonstrates that the deterministic homogeneous model satisfactorily predicts the first CO₂ arrival time at the Ketzin site. The equivalent permeability was adjusted to the injection pressure and is in good agreement with the hydraulic test. It has been shown that with increasing small-scale heterogeneity, the sharpness of the CO₂ front decreases and a greater volume of the reservoir is affected, which is also seen in an increased amount of dissolved CO₂. Increased anisotropy creates fingering effects, which result in higher probabilities for earlier arrival times. Generally, injectivity decreases with increasing heterogeneity.     

CO2SINK—From site characterisation and risk assessment to monitoring and verification: One year of operational experience with the field laboratory for CO2 storage at Ketzin, Germany

The CO₂SINK pilot project at Ketzin is aimed at a better understanding of geological CO₂ storage operation in a saline aquifer. The reservoir consists of fluvial deposits with average permeability ranging between 50 and 100 mDarcy. The main focus of CO₂SINK is developing and testing of monitoring and verification technologies. All wells, one for injection and two for observation, are equipped with smart casings (sensors behind casing, facing the rocks) containing a Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and electrodes for Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). The in-hole Gas Membrane Sensors (GMS) observed the arrival of tracers and CO₂ with high temporal resolution. Geophysical monitoring includes Moving Source Profiling (MSP), Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP), crosshole, star and 4-D seismic experiments. Numerical models are benchmarked via the monitoring results indicating a sufficient match between observation and prediction, at least for the arrival of CO₂ at the first observation well. Downhole samples of brine showed changes in the fluid composition and biocenosis. First monitoring results indicate anisotropic flow of CO₂ coinciding with the “on-time” arrival of CO₂ at observation well one (Ktzi 200) and the later arrival at observation well two (Ktzi 202). A risk assessment was performed prior to the start of injection. After one year of operations about 18,000 t of CO₂ were injected safely.     

The influence of the precursor and synthesis method on the CO2 capture capacity of carpet waste-based sorbents

Adsorption is one of the most promising technologies for reducing CO₂ emissions and at present several different types of sorbents are being investigated. The use of sorbents obtained from low-cost and abundant precursors (i.e. solid wastes) appears an attractive strategy to adopt because it will contribute to a reduction not only in operational costs but also in the amount of waste that is dumped and burned in landfills every year. Following on from previous studies by the authors, in this work several carbon-based adsorbents were developed from different carpet wastes (pre-consumer and post-consumer wastes) by chemical activation with KOH at various activation temperatures (600–900 °C) and KOH:char impregnation ratios (0.5:1 to 4:1). The prepared materials were characterised by chemical analysis and gas adsorption (N₂, −196 °C; CO₂, 0 °C), and tested for CO₂ adsorption at temperatures of 25 and 100 °C. It was found that both the type of precursor and the conditions of activation (i.e. impregnation ratios, and activation temperatures), had a huge influence on the microporosity of the resultant samples and their CO₂ capture capacities. The carbon-based adsorbent that presented the maximum CO₂ capture capacities at 25 and 100 °C (13.8 wt.% and 3.1 wt.%, respectively), was prepared from a pre-consumer carpet waste and was activated at 700 °C using a KOH:char impregnation ratio of 1:1. This sample showed the highest narrow microporosity volume (0.47 cm³ g⁻¹), thus confirming that only pores of less than 1 nm are effective for CO₂ adsorption at atmospheric pressure.     

Legal and regulatory challenges in the implementation of CO2 geological storage: An Alberta and Canadian perspective

Alberta is the province with the largest CO₂ emissions in Canada, with approximately two-thirds of emissions originating from large stationary sources. Due to the fortuitous association of large CO₂ sources with the storage capacity offered by the underlying Alberta basin, it is expected that large-scale CO₂ geological storage in Canada will occur in Alberta first, and both levels of governments are contemplating measures to facilitate implementation. A review of the current provincial and federal legislation and regulations presented in this paper indicates that the existing legal and regulatory regime is reasonably sufficient, with some modifications, to accommodate the active injection phase of CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) operations, and the early takers of this new technology. However, governments in Alberta and Canada, and likely everywhere, need to address several pressing issues dealing mainly with the CCS post-operational phase. These issues, reviewed in this paper from an Alberta and Canadian perspective, fall into several categories: jurisdictional, property (ownership), regulatory and liability. Because Alberta is a landlocked province, matters relating to CO₂ storage under the seabed will not be addressed here except when discussing matters of jurisdiction and CO₂ classification. Possible models for post-injection liability transfer to the state are also presented. Although this review is focused on western Canada conditions, the issues are broad enough to be of interest in other jurisdictions, which may also adopt parts of the legal and regulatory framework that is quite well developed in Alberta.