浙江农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准修订需求分析与建议

以浙江《农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准》(DB33/973—2015)的修订为研究切入点,对比了现行标准与国家和浙江农村生活污水治理的管理要求,分析了浙江农村生活污水处理现状并梳理其他省(自治区、直辖市)标准情况.研究发现DB33/973—2015已不符合浙江实际情况且不能满足浙江对农村生活污水的管理需求,必须开...     

Aerobic thermophilic treatment of sewage sludge contaminated with 4-nonylphenol

4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) occurs in sewage sludge as a result of the breakdown of detergents which contains nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs). 4-NP is of environmental concern because of its toxicity to biological systems. The present paper reports results of aerobic treatment under thermophilic conditions of sewage sludge artificially contaminated with 4-NP. Experiments were carried out using three parallel laboratory-scale batch reactors operating with blank, 50 and 100 mg/l of 4-NP concentration. For the two studied concentrations up to 66% 4-NP reduction was achieved at a specific air flow rate of 16 l/(l.h) and a thermophilic temperature of 60 degrees C, within 10 days of operation. The presence of 4-NP has minor effect on the rate of sludge oxidation and the nitrogen and phosphorous content in the sludge.     

负载TiO_2浮石对污水处理厂二沉池出水的矿化与灭菌研究

城市污水处理厂第二沉淀池出水的污染物浓度较低,经过矿化及灭菌等深度处理后可以同用,从而减轻对淡水资源的需求.本实验采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了负载TiO2的浮石光催化剂,对城市污水处理厂第二沉淀池出水进行了矿化及灭菌处理研究.采用低压汞灯对处理水样照射2 h,有机物降解率可以达到50%,灭菌效率达到100%.处理后的水可以作为农作物灌溉、城市绿化和娱乐用水.负载在浮石表面的TiO2薄膜经过10次的光催化循环实验后,没有明显破损,可以再次循环使用.TiO2浮石具有质轻、机械性能好和价格低等优点,该方法处理废水的适用浓度低,可以广泛应用于微污染水和城市污水处理厂出水的深度处理.     

Levels and distribution patterns of short chain chlorinated paraffins in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are listed as persistent organic pollutant candidates in the Stockholm Convention and are receiving more and more attentions worldwide. In general, concentrations of contaminants in sewage sludge can give an important indication on their pollution levels at a local/regional basis. In this study, SCCPs were investigated in sewage sludge samples collected from 52 wastewater treatment plants in China. Concentrations of total SCCPs (ΣSCCPs) in sludge were in the range of 0.80-52.7 μg/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 10.7 μg/g dw. Most of SCCPs in the sludge samples showed a similar congener distribution patterns, and C(11) and Cl(7,8) were identified as the dominant carbon and chlorine congener groups. Significant linear relationships were found among different SCCP congener groups (r(2) ≥ 0.9). High concentrations of SCCPs in sewage sludge imply that SCCPs are widely present in China.     

地下渗滤系统在污水处理中的应用研究进展

地下渗滤系统是一种基于自然生态原理的污水净化技术 ,在我国有着良好的可行性和发展前景。本文总结介绍了地下渗滤系统的类型 ,概括分析了地下渗滤系统中的关键性问题———土壤的选择与配制、水力负荷的选取、氮磷去除问题和土壤堵塞问题     

负载TiO2浮石对污水处理厂二沉池出水的矿化与灭菌研究

城市污水处理厂第二沉淀池出水的污染物浓度较低,经过矿化及灭菌等深度处理后可以回用,从而减轻对淡水资源的需求。本实验采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了负载TiO2的浮石光催化剂,对城市污水处理厂第二沉淀池出水进行了矿化及灭菌处理研究。采用低压汞灯对处理水样照射2h,有机物降解率可以达到50％,灭菌效率达到100％。处理后的水可以作为农作物灌溉、城市绿化和娱乐用水。负载在浮石表面的TiO2薄膜经过10次的光催化循环实验后,没有明显破损,可以再次循环使用。TiO2浮石具有质轻、机械性能好和价格低等优点,该方法处理废水的适用浓度低,可以广泛应用于微污染水和城市污水处理厂出水的深度处理。     

基于奖优惩劣的密切值法在污水处理工艺优选中的应用

针对城市污水处理工艺方案优选决策问题,采用了基于奖优惩劣原则的[-1,1]区间线性变化的密切值法决策模型,并介绍了其实现过程.该方法克服了现有的多指标多水平决策模型存在的一些不足,避免了人为主观因素对决策结果的影响,取得了较好的效果,具有较好的应用前景.     

Changes in sewage sludge carbon forms along a treatment stream

The behaviour and fate of macronutrients and pollutants in sewage sludge applied to the land are affected by the chemical composition of the sludge organic matter, which in turn is influenced by both sewage source and by sewage treatment processes. In this study, (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to characterise the organic matter of sludges collected at three different points along the treatment stream of a municipal sewage works with a domestic catchment. Sludge at the first point, an undigested liquid (UL) sludge, had a substantially different composition to the anaerobically digested (AD) and dewatered sludge cake (DC) materials, which were similar to each other. In particular, the UL sludge contained more alkyl C than the AD or DC sludges. All three sludges were found to contain mobile alkyl C that is poorly observed using the cross polarisation (CP) technique, necessitating the use of the less sensitive, but more quantitatively reliable direct polarisation (DP) technique to obtain accurate distributions of C types.     

Biodegradability of the X-ray contrast compound diatrizoic acid, identification of aerobic degradation products and effects against sewage sludge micro-organisms

Pharmaceuticals and contrast media have been detected in hospital effluents, sewage treatment plants, surface water, and ground water. Only little is known about their elimination during sewage treatment and effects of possible biotransformation products against bacteria. The modified Zahn-Wellens test (ZWT, OECD 302 B) and a test simulating biological sewage treatment (modified OECD 303 A test) were used to assess the biodegradability of the widely used ionic iodinated contrast agent diatrizoic acid (diatrizoate). Effects against sewage sludge bacteria were studied in the two test systems by monitoring the biomarkers quinones, polyamines, phospholipids and adenosine triphosphate. Diatrizoate was biotransformed into 2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-diamino-benzoic acid in the ZWT. 2,4,6-Triiodo-3,5-diamino-benzoic acid was stable under the test conditions of the ZWT. Diatrizoate was not eliminated in the OECD 303 A simulation test. It was not adsorbed by the sewage sludge. No effects of the test compound or its aerobic transformation products against the bacteria present in the sewage sludge were detected using phospholipids, quinones, polyamines, and adenosine triphosphate as biomarkers.     

Evaluation of municipal sewage treatment systems for pollutant removal efficiency by measuring levels of micropollutants

In order to evaluate the municipal sewage treatment systems used at Harbin municipal sewage treatment plant for their pollutant removal efficiency, raw sewage and effluent samples at different treatment stages from the sewage treatment systems were taken, priority pollutants (PPs) were identified and quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrograph (ICP-AES). The test results indicated that there were one hundred and fifty species of organic pollutants identified in the raw sewage sample, and only ten species of PPs in all the sewage samples. The levels of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) in the sewage samples were 0.779-0.111 microg l(-1), 1.977-0.022 microg l(-1), 6.411-2.194 microg l(-1) and 7.152-2.953microg l(-1), respectively, and most of these phthalate esters (PAEs) were removed through anaerobic/aerobic (A/O) process; The levels of alachlor, acetochlor, atrazine were 0.074-0.021 microg l(-1), 0.160-0.096 microg l(-1) and 0.238-0.184 microg l(-1), respectively, and the total removal efficiency of atrazine was poorest through the sewage treatment systems. The levels of Cu, Cr, Se, Hg, Ni and Zn were 0.0030-0.2327 mg l(-1). It is therefore concluded from these results that the sewage treatment systems were efficient in removing most of the organic and inorganic compounds in this study, and so, the discharged effluent could cause little of the secondary pollution of the aquatic environment.     

处理生活污水的植物品种的筛选

以小型碎石床人工湿地生态系统和无土栽培2种方法，模拟研究了广东园林绿化中常用的27种植物对生活污水中氮、磷、COD的降解能力，表明野芋头、花叶万年青、象草、姜花、绿公主、富贵竹、再力花、大花叶万年青、芦苇、花芦苇、美人蕉、文殊兰、水芋头、风车草、红草、蜘蛛兰、千手观音、水葱和花蝴蝶等18种植物，可以作为人工湿地生态系统选种植物，从而扩大了可选植物品种范围，配合适当，可达到美化环境和净化污水2种功能，可适用于面源性水污染的治理。象草的研究表明，它是一种既有强污水降解能力又能作饲料的品种，适用于畜牧场的水污染治理。     

处理生活污水的植物品种的筛选

以小型碎石床人工湿地生态系统和无土栽培2种方法,模拟研究了广东园林绿化中常用的27种植物对生活污水中氮、磷、COD的降解能力,表明野芋头、花叶万年青、象草、姜花、绿公主、富贵竹、再力花、大花叶万年青、芦苇、花芦苇、美人蕉、文殊兰、水芋头、风车草、红草、蜘蛛兰、千手观音、水葱和花蝴蝶等18种植物,可以作为人工湿地生态系统选种植物,从而扩大了可选植物品种范围,配合适当,可达到美化环境和净化污水2种功能,可适用于面源性水污染的治理.象草的研究表明,它是一种既有强污水降解能力又能作饲料的品种,适用于畜牧场的水污染治理.     

Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge and their contribution to its toxicity in the toxalert 100 bioassay.

The contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in sewage sludge samples to toxicity was investigated. Chemical analysis using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the ToxAlert 100 bioassay, based on the inhibition to Vibrio fischeri, were applied to sludge extracts after purification by column chromatography. The levels of the 16 US EPA PAH analyzed in the sewage sludge samples varied from 17 to 2,030 microg kg(-1). In all samples examined phenanthrene was the most prominent compound. The toxicity data obtained by ToxAlert 100 can be explained by the levels and composition of the different PAH in sewage sludge samples. The present approach can contribute to evaluate the toxicity of sewage sludge.     

紫外线消毒技术在污水处理中的应用

介绍了紫外消毒的机理、影响紫外消毒的因素以及紫外消毒装置的基本结构形式。阐述了紫外消毒的现状和应用前景 ,提出紫外消毒可能取代传统的化学消毒法 ,在污水处理 ,特别是回用水的处理中得到广泛的应用。     

PCDDs and PCDFs in sewage sludges from two wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, China

The levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were analyzed by an isotope-dilution high-resolution mass spectrometric in 16 sewage sludges, sampled from 2004 to 2009, from two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Beijing. Total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values were evaluated using the toxicity equivalent factors proposed by International for PCDD/Fs. The I-TEQs for these sewage sludges were from 0.97 to 15.0 pg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) with a mean value 4.43 pg g⁻¹ dw, indicating that all I-TEQs were below Chinese legislation limit value regulated for agricultural use in soils.The results from limited samples (16 samples) showed that the levels of PCDD/Fs might be correlated with the sludge age. Meanwhile, the temporal trends of PCD/Fs suggested that the I-TEQs may correlate with rainfall in the present study.     

Estimation of faecal pollution based on the amounts of urobilins in urban rivers

An attempt was made to establish a new indicator for faecal pollution in aquatic environments using a sensitive determination method for urobilins, which are only present in mammalian faeces and urine. Assessment of urobilin stability was followed by determination of the amount of urobilins in river water. When river water containing urobilins was shaken at room temperature, the number of total and faecal coliforms increased, while urobilins decreased only in small amounts, indicating that urobilin is relatively stable in river water and hence can serve as a useful indicator for the estimation of faecal pollution of river water. The amount of urobilins in the river waters increased steeply from the mid-point of a stream near a sewage treatment plant, while amounts in the upper stream were very low. The amount of urobilins in river water increased after rainfall. Findings suggested that urobilin, i.e. sewage, originated from the output of the sewage treatment plant and raw sewage.     

The fate of linear alcohol ethoxylates during activated sludge sewage treatment

Model continuous activated sludge (CAS) plants (Husmann units) were used to study the fate of two commercial, alcohol ethoxylate (AE) surfactants during aerobic sewage treatment. The surfactants were produced by the ethoxylation of an essentially linear C(12-15) alcohol (NEODOL 25) with an average of 7 (C(12-15)EO7) or 3 (C(12-15)EO3) moles of ethylene oxide (EO). Recent analytical developments made it possible to measure levels of AE that included the free alcohol and EO1 oligomers across the CAS system, from the influent feed, on the activated sludge, through to the effluent. Measured concentrations of AE (as C(12-15)EO(0-20)) in the synthetic sewage feeds to the test CAS plants lay in the range 11-13 mg/l. During stable operation at 20 degrees C, an average of 5 microg/l AE were present in the C(12-15)EO7 CAS plant effluent, giving a removal (bioelimination) of >99.9%. When levels of AE on the sludge, and polyethylene glycols (PEGs--an expected biodegradation intermediate) in the effluent and on the sludge were also taken into account, biodegradation was considered to be responsible for >98.7% of the observed removal. During operation at a winter temperature (10 degrees C), an average of 26 microg/l AE were present in the C(12-15)EO7 CAS plant effluent, giving a removal of 99.8%. Biodegradation was estimated to be responsible for >97.2% of the observed removal. During operation at 20 degrees C, an average of 7 microg/l AE were present in the C(12-15)EO3 CAS plant effluent, giving a removal of >99.9%. No analysis for PEG was performed in this case but the low level of AE on the sludge (0.2 mg/g dry solids) suggested that biodegradation was responsible for most of the observed removal. Neither surfactant had any adverse effect on the sewage treatment efficiencies of the CAS plants in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal, nitrification or biomass levels.     

基于二级模糊综合评价的白洋淀淀中村生活污水处理技术决策方法

本研究旨在为白洋淀淀中村生活污水处理技术选择提供一个优化决策方法。在对国内外农村生活污水处理技术深入调研的基础上,采用二级模糊综合评价法,对14项预选处理技术进行综合评估。首先从处理效果、技术性能以及经济性能三方面对各处理技术进行初级量化评估,再根据其评估数据对各项技术进行二级评估,最后结合淀中村自身特点筛选出较好的生活污水处理技术,探讨最适合白洋淀淀中村生活污水处理的优化方案。纯水村人口相对集中地区可采用人工湿地和水解酸化+人工湿地技术,人口相对分散地区可采用沼气净化技术;半水村人口相对集中地区可采用厌氧滤池+土壤渗滤和人工湿地+氧化塘技术,人口相对分散地区可采用沼气净化技术和土壤渗滤技术。     

再生水中内分泌干扰物质的存在及处理现状

随着污水回用大力开展,人们与再生水的接触机会增加,必须保障再生水的水质安全.资料调研发现,作为再生水水源的污水处理厂出水中含有多种内分泌干扰物质,活性炭吸附、超滤、高级氧化技术及膜技术可有效去除再生水中的内分泌干扰物质,但鉴于经济和管理上的困难,目前仍不能全面推广.中国常用的澄清(混凝沉淀)/过滤工艺不能有效去除污水处理厂二级出水中的内分泌十扰物质,这对接触人群的健康产生潜在威胁,对生物种群也有一定的影响.生物处理方法未来有可能成为去除内分泌干扰物质很有前途的方法.     

Measured variation in boron loads reaching European sewage treatment works

Per capita boron loads reaching 48 sewage treatment works (STWs) in The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and the UK have been determined from monitoring data. These have been compared with the per capita input predicted from boron in detergents, as determined from detergent product sales data. The resulting distribution of the ratios of measured boron to boron predicted from consumer usage has a 90th percentile of less than 1.5. Boron has previously been shown to be a good marker for substances contained in detergent products, as it cannot be biodegraded and is not substantially adsorbed in the sewer, and there is little or no removal during sewage treatment processes. The monitoring information on the distribution of boron loads found at the different STWs should thus be indicative of the distribution of other substances released to the environment by detergent products, as specified by the relevant industrial category (IC 5-personal/domestic) in the Technical Guidance Documents. Variation in detergent product consumption figures from 18 European countries is also low, with the country with the highest per capita detergent consumption having only 1.3 times the European average detergent use. Thus the present practice of determining a "reasonable worst case" by multiplying the average per capita consumption by a factor of four to account for geographic differences in distribution, is considered to be inappropriate. This should be replaced by a factor of less than two, which combines within country and between country variations to provide a reasonable worst case approximation of the load reaching the sewage treatment facility.