聚乙烯醇废水中浓度的分光光度分析

研究了废水中聚乙烯醇浓度的分光光度分析,选择的显色体系为0.32MH_3BO_3-0.003MI_2。在浓度6×10~(-6)g/l-6×10~(-5)g/l范围内线性良好(波长为690nm),相关系数r=0.9998,检测下可达6×10~(-6)g/l。表观摩尔吸光系数1.25×10~4l/(g.cm)。     

甲醇为碳源短程反硝化亚硝酸盐积累特性

接种反硝化过程中亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)积累效果稳定的短程反硝化污泥,以甲醇为碳源,通过批次试验研究了不同碳氮比(C/N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)浓度及p H条件下短程反硝化过程中NO_2~--N积累特性.实验结果表明:当C/N为2.5时,NO_2~--N积累率最高为89%,且NO_2~--N不会被还原;当C/N为3~5时,NO_2~--N积累到最大值后开始降低,但NO_2~--N最大积累量和比反硝化速率没有明显差异.当NO_3~--N浓度在14.91~82.58mg/L范围内,NO_3~--N浓度越高,达到NO_2~--N最大积累率理论所需C/N越低.且当NO_3~--N浓度小于58.71mg/L时,比NO_3~--N还原速率、比NO_2~--N积累速率随NO_3~--N浓度增加而上升.当p H=7时,NO_2~--N积累量、比NO_3~--N还原速率和比NO_2~--N积累速率最高,分别为24.49mg/L、18.96(mg/(g VSS·h))、18.91(mg/(g VSS·h)),然后依次是p H=6、8、9.p H=5和10时,短程反硝化基本不能进行.本研究可以为短程反硝化的实现及应用提供理论依据.     

Size-resolved aerosol water-soluble ions at a regional background station of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, North China

The characteristics of water-soluble ions in size-resolved particulate matter were investigated usingion chromatography at Shangdianzi,a regional background station of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei.Seasonal total concentrations of ions(Na~+,Mg~(2+),K~+,Ca~(2+),NH_4~+,Cl~-,SO_4~(2-) and NO_3~-) were75.5±52.9 μg/m~3 in spring,26.5±12.3μg/m~3 in summer,22.7±20.4μg/m~3 in autumn,and31.1±23.9 μg/m~3 in winter,respectively.The secondary ions(NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+),mainly associated with fine particles,accounted for 84.2%in spring,82.1%in summer,81.5%in autumn and 76.3%in winter of all ions.Strong correlations were found between NH_4~+ and SO_4~(2-)(r=0.95,p0.01) as well as NH_4~+ and NO_3~-(r=0.90,p0.01) in fine particles;while in coarse particles,correlations between Mg~(2+) and NO_3~-(r=0.80,p0.01),and Ca~(2+) and NO_3~-(r=0.85,p0.01) were found.The concentrations of Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),NH_4~+,Cl~-,NO_3~-,and SO_4~(2-) were 2.02,0.81,0.36,1.65,9.58,4.01,18.9,and 18.4 μg/m~3 in particulate matter from southeast-derived air masses,which were typically 1.58-3.37 times higher than in northwest trajectories.Thus,concentrations of water-soluble ions at this background station were heavily influenced by regional transport of serious pollution derived from biomass burning,coal combustion,industrial and vehicle exhaust emissions from Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei.     

以卟啉为显色剂流动注射分光光度法测定水中铅

铅是一种对人体有害的元素,因此在评价饮用水的质量标准时对铅的含量有严格的限制(<0.1mg/L)。目前已有多种试剂用于铅的分光光度测定,如双硫腙法(λ_(max)=520nm,ε=6.86×10~4)、PAR法(λ_(max)=520nm,ε=4.0×10~4)、二苯卡巴腙法(λ_(max)=525nm,ε=7.2×10~4)等。这些方法一般都需要用有机溶剂萃取,操作较繁琐。童沈阳等人研究了meso-四-(3-N甲基吡啶) 卟啉(T(3-MP_y)P)与Pb(11)的显色反应,结果     

流动注射化学发光测定痕量亚硝酸根的研究

基于NO_2~-对I_2-EDTA光化学反应的抑制作用和I_2与鲁米诺的化学发光反应,建立了痕量亚硝酸根的流动注射化学发光分析方法.试验并选择了最佳条件,测定了天然水中亚硝酸根的含量,回收率在93—103.5％,方法线性范围为1.0×10~(-7)—4.0×10~(-6)mol.L~(-1),检测限为1.1×10~(-6)mol.L~(-1).对2.0×10~(-7)mol·L~(-1)NO_2~-进行测定,相对标准偏差为2.2％.     

砷铋钼蓝分光光度法快速测定水和废水中的微量砷

研究了砷铋钼三元杂多酸的形成条件及其还原产物的光度性质。结果表明:显色体系最大吸收位于825 nm处,ε′为1.54×104L/（mol·cm）。在室温下至少稳定8 h。砷量在0～40 μg/10 mL遵守比尔定律,r为0.9995。用丘氏定砷器使砷呈AsH3逸出分离      

饮用水中N0_3~-去除

研究了粒状滤床生化反应柱对NO_3~-去除特性。结果表明,当容积负荷范围为每日1.92～3.84kg(NO_3~--N)/m~3时,反硝化率为95.7％～100％,相应CH_3OH消耗量为每日4.9～9.8kg/m~3;COD_(Cr)去除负荷为每日7.3～14.6kg/m~3。进水NO_3~-浓度越低,达到完全反硝化所需的C/N值越高;投加的C/N值越高,实际消耗的C/N值越高;当投加的C/N值低时,其消耗的C/N值也低,越接近于理论值(CH_3OH:NO_3~--N=2.47),相应的出水残留有机物也低(COD_(Cr)<10mL);投加的C/N值低于一定值时,NO_3~-将不能全部转化成氮气,此时水中的NO_2~-浓度<1mg/L;反硝化过程导致pH提高,当NO_3~-浓度<40mg/L时,pH<8.5。     

Zn/Ag-氨磺酸两步还原去除水中硝酸盐氮

为高效地将水中硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)无害化去除,采用液相还原法制备了Zn/Ag双金属,利用XRD和SEM分析材料特征,并将材料用于水中NO_3~--N的初步还原,使NO_3~--N选择性地还原为NO_2~--N;再使用氨磺酸为深度还原剂,将NO_2~--N进一步还原为N_2,探讨还原过程的最佳工艺条件,初步分析该技术的脱氮机理.结果表明,在银负载率为0.028%的Zn/Ag双金属初步还原阶段,用甲酸作pH调节剂控制pH为3.0、EDTA-2Na投加量为l.lg/L、双金属投加量为60g/L、反应时间为30min的条件下还原100mg/LNO_3~--N,可得到81.9mg/L的NO_2~--N和4.0mg/L的NH_4~+-N;在深度还原阶段,在氨磺酸投加量n(NH_2SO_3H):n(NO_2~--N)为2:1,pH值为6.0,反应时间为40min的条件下,NO_2~--N的还原率为100%.整个过程的NO_3~--N去除率为93.2%,NH_4~+-N的生成率为3.9%,N_2的选择性达到89.3%.分析认为,Zn/Ag双金属的表面性质及体系的pH对NO_3~--N的还原和NO_2~--N的积累起关键作用,为NO_3~--N大量还原为N_2提供基础.     

ABEI-H2O2-Cr(Ⅲ)体系反相流动注射化学发光法测定水中Cr(Ⅲ)

采用反相流动注射化学发光分析方法对ABEI-H_2O_2-Cr(III)发光体系进行了研究,并用于天然水Cr(III)的测定,获得了满意结果.本法的线性范围为1×10~(-10)g/ml—8×10~(-6)g/ml,检出限为4.5×10~(-11)g/ml,相对标准偏差为1.1％.     

二溴硝基偶氮氯膦光度法测定水中微量铬

本文研究了二溴硝基偶氮氯膦与铬(Ⅲ)的显色反应.在pH为3.2的缓冲介质中,铬(Ⅲ)与二溴硝基偶氮氯膦生成1:2的配合物,其最大吸收波长为624nm,摩尔吸光系数ε=1.1×10~4L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)铬(Ⅲ)量在0～20μg/25ml范围内符合比尔定律.该法可用于环境水样的分析.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.