海洋酸化与重金属、有机污染物和人工纳米颗粒的联合毒性效应研究进展

由于大量人类活动的影响,大气CO_2浓度持续增加,其中约1/3被海洋吸收,导致表层海水pH值降低和碳酸盐平衡体系波动,即"海洋酸化"现象。污染物的海洋环境效应一直是全球环境科学领域研究的热点。在实际环境中,海洋酸化往往与污染物共同存在并作用于海洋生态系统,且海洋酸化极有可能改变污染物的海洋环境行为从而影响其毒性效应。但现有研究大多针对海洋酸化或者污染物单独作用下的毒性效应展开,对海洋酸化与污染物的联合毒性效应的研究不足、亟待加强。为此,综述了近年来海洋酸化与典型污染物(重金属、有机污染物)及新型污染物(人工纳米颗粒)的相关文献,重点阐述了海洋酸化对污染物环境行为的影响和海洋酸化与污染物对海洋生物的联合毒性效应,指出当前的研究不足,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

海洋酸化对藻类生态学效应及作用机制的研究进展

目前全球海洋酸化(ocean acidification, OA)问题正在以前所未有的速度快速恶化,使海洋生物以及海洋生态环境面临着巨大的威胁。藻类作为海洋中最主要的初级生产者,贡献了约95%的初级生产力,是物质循环和能量流动的重要环节。海洋酸化能够改变藻类的初级生产力,从而影响海洋食物网中物质和能量从初级到次级生产者及更高营养级的传递,引发食物链效应,进而对整个海洋生态系统带来不可逆转的影响,因此评估海洋酸化对藻类的影响具有重要的生态学研究意义。本文总结了近年来海洋酸化对藻类的光合作用、碳固定、生长、钙化、繁殖等生理生化过程以及对代谢组分和显微结构的影响,归纳了海洋酸化对藻类的分子调控机制,同时围绕海洋酸化与环境因子以及海洋污染物对藻类的复合胁迫展开综述,并基于当前海洋酸化对藻类影响研究中存在的不足做出展望,以期为人们解决海洋酸化问题提供思路和方法。     

久效磷在海洋沉积物上的吸附行为

研究了久效磷在海洋沉积物上的吸附行为，发现其吸附行为主要受沉积物有机质的影响，沉积物有机质的分配作用对久效磷的吸附起主要作用，在实验浓度范围内，吸附行为很好地服从线性吸附等温式，因而其吸附行为较为简单，海水的离子强度对其吸附行为影响很大，海水中分配系数明显高于淡水，温度对其吸附行为也起一定的作用，分配系数随着温度的升高略微减小。     

海洋中上层鱼类微量元素赋存研究进展

微量元素在生物体内发挥着至关重要的作用。海洋中上层鱼类是海洋食物网的重要组成部分,可以富集海洋环境中的微量元素,并通过食物链的传递,最终到达顶端营养级海洋生物。当部分微量元素在海洋生物体中过少或过多累积将会造成生命威胁,甚至危害人群健康。随着海洋中上层鱼产品需求量日益增加,引发了人们对海洋中上层鱼类食品安全问题的高度关注。目前,微量元素在海洋中上层鱼类体内赋存特征已被广泛研究,但缺少对其元素分布、影响因素以及相互关系等系统梳理。本文综述了海洋中上层鱼类微量元素的赋存特征和微量元素之间的相互作用,总结了微量元素在海洋中上层鱼类研究中含量测定的应用和评价方法,以期为实现海洋渔业的可持续开发和水产养殖等相关研究提供参考。     

新兴海洋生态毒理学模式生物——海洋青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)

海洋污染日益加剧,适用于海洋生态毒理学研究的鱼类模型的建立意义重大。海洋青鳉鱼(Oryzias melastigma)在培养条件、生理和分子信息等方面的优势使其正成为海洋生态毒理学研究领域的代表性潜在模式生物。阐述了海洋青鳉鱼在海洋生态毒理学研究中的优势,系统介绍了海洋青鳉鱼在毒理学研究中的应用现状,并着重介绍了其在分子毒理学中的应用,最后对海洋青鳉鱼在海洋生态毒理学中的研究方向进行了展望。     

海洋镉生物地球化学循环研究进展

镉是一种重要的有毒重金属元素,对生态系统和人体健康造成严重威胁.目前已有学者对土壤、大气、植物等介质中镉的环境行为进行了综述,而对海洋镉循环的系统梳理较少.本文综述了海洋中镉的来源、浓度分布与影响因素、镉生物地球化学循环过程及镉同位素在海洋中的示踪应用,并对海洋镉循环未来研究方向进行了展望.在现有研究的基础上,未来应在镉全球海洋大尺度循环、迁移转化及微观动力学机制方面开展更深入研究.海洋镉及其同位素生物地球化学循环的研究可为深入理解镉的环境行为与风险和发展有效的镉污染风险防控技术提供科学依据和数据支撑.     

砷在海洋食物链中的生物放大潜力及发生机制探讨

砷是世界范围内危害最大的环境污染物之一,也是近海区域一种常见污染物。本文综述了近年来砷在海洋生态系统中累积、转化及传递的最新研究进展。海洋生物普遍具有较高含量的砷,这些砷主要为低毒性的有机砷形态。砷在许多海洋食物链/网中被生物放大,造成高营养级生物中的砷富集,可对生物与人类健康产生潜在危害;这与砷在淡水食物链/网中普遍被生物减小的现象形成鲜明对比。海洋鱼类和贝类等生物可将吸收的无机砷通过生物转化合成砷甜菜碱等有机砷形态,而有机砷比无机砷具有更高的食物链传递能力,可导致海洋鱼类富集更高浓度的砷。因此,砷在海洋生物中的有机形态可能有助于砷沿着海洋食物链/网富集,在某些情况下被生物放大。今后应该加强对不同砷形态在海洋食物链/网中传递及相应影响因素的研究,并通过室内模拟实验与野外调查相结合进行验证,从而加深对砷的生态毒理和生物地球化学作用的科学认识,对准确评估预测砷的生态风险和保障海洋生态安全有重要意义。     

营养盐对海洋卡盾藻生长与产毒的影响（Effect of Some Nutrients on the Growth and Haemolytic Toxins Production of Chattonella marina）

海洋卡盾藻(Chattonella marina)是我国南方重要的有害赤潮原因种,其产生的溶血毒素、活性氧等可能是造成鱼类死亡的重要原因.在实验室条件下,研究了氮、磷和铁等营养盐对海洋卡盾藻生长及产毒的影响,以期为阐明海洋卡盾藻溶血毒素生成机制奠定基础.研究结果发现:在铁、氮、磷盐三因素四水平正交实验条件下,铁盐和氮盐是影响海洋卡盾藻生长的显著因子;氮盐和磷盐是影响海洋卡盾藻产毒的显著因子;铁盐浓度0.492mg·L-1、氮盐浓度375mg·L-1、磷盐浓度5mg·L-1时海洋卡盾藻的比生长速率最大;铁盐浓度0mg·L-1、氮盐浓度375mg·L-1、磷盐浓度0.5mg·L-1时海洋卡盾藻的产毒能力最强,即高氮、低磷条件下有利于海洋卡盾藻溶血毒素的合成.     

福建省兴化湾湾口海域营养盐的分布状况及其影响因素

海水中的无机氮和无机磷等营养盐类是海洋浮游植物生长、繁殖所必需的成分,它们在控制浮游植物的生长和海洋初级生产力方面起着重要的作用.弄清和掌握营养元素的含量、分布状态及其影响因素,对科学的估算和预报该海区的生产能力和营养现状,以及海洋环境保护,综合利用和管理意义重大.     

网纹藤壶幼虫发育和附着与pH值的关系

海洋酸化和富营养化现象的发生会改变海水p H值,从而对海洋生物产生影响。藤壶是海洋底栖生物群落的重要组成,也是污损人工设施的主要类群,且其幼虫还是常见的季节性浮游生物,在海洋生态系统中占有重要地位。网纹藤壶(Amphibalanus reticulatus)是热带、亚热带海域的广布种,探讨其幼虫发育和附着与p H值的关系,将有助于丰富海洋酸化和富营养化研究内容,并可为新型环保防污技术研发和海洋人工鱼礁建设提供科学依据。该研究探讨了网纹藤壶无节幼虫在p H值为6.2、6.7、7.2、7.7、8.2、8.7和9.2的培养条件下的发育状况,观察记录96 h后幼虫的存活率和各期幼虫所占百分比,并对网纹藤壶金星幼虫在相应培养条件下的存活和附着状况进行了研究,采用最小显著差数(LSD)法进行差异显著性分析。结果表明,p H值对网纹藤壶无节幼虫的存活和发育产生了影响,适宜幼虫生长发育的水体p H值应在7.2~8.2,最适p H值为8.2。过高或过低的p H环境将对网纹藤壶幼虫的存活和发育产生不良影响,其中p H值为6.2和9.2时,幼虫存活率明显低于p H值为8.2的对照组(P0.05);而p H值为6.2、6.7、8.7和9.2时,则对幼虫发育表现出明显的抑制作用(P0.05)。至于网纹藤壶金星幼虫,其存活率在p H值为6.2~9.2范围内均为100%,表明金星幼虫对水体p H的变化具有较好的耐受性。另外,幼虫附着率在p H值为9.2的环境下显著高于对照组(P0.05),适当的碱性环境可促进网纹藤壶金星幼虫的附着。     

Metal contamination increases the sensitivity of larvae but not gametes to ocean acidification in the polychaete Pomatoceros lamarckii (Quatrefages)

Ocean acidification is not happening in isolation but against a background of chronic low-level pollution for most coastal marine environments. The reproductive and larval stages of marine invertebrates can be highly sensitive to the impacts of both environmental pollutants and ocean acidification, but very little is currently known regarding the potential impacts of combined contaminant and high CO₂ exposures on the health of marine organisms. Ocean acidification research to date has focused heavily on the responses of calcifying marine invertebrate larvae and algae, and as such the polychaetes as a group, despite their ecological importance, remain understudied. Here, we investigate the effects of elevated seawater CO₂ (pH range 8.1–7.4, plus an extreme pH of 7.2 in the sperm motility experiments), in combination with the environmental pollutant copper (0.002 μM), on the early life history stages of the intertidal polychaete Pomatoceros lamarckii from two populations. P. lamarckii sperm appear to be robust to elevated seawater CO₂. Whilst all three of the sperm motility end points measured showed a response to elevated CO₂, these responses were small and not linear. The percentage of motile sperm and sperm curvilinear velocity were significantly reduced in the lower pH treatments of 7.4 and 7.2, whereas sperm straight-line velocity (VSL) was mostly unaffected except for an increased VSL at pH 8.0. Fertilisation success was investigated using two populations from the South West (UK), one from Torquay and one from Plymouth Sound. Fertilisation success was slightly but significantly reduced at the 7.6 and 7.4 pH treatments for both populations (a 9.0 % reduction in fertilisation success from pH 8.1 to 7.4 for Torquay), but with a greater effect observed in the population from Plymouth Sound (a 13.33 % reduction in fertilisation success). No additional impact of 0.002 μM copper exposure on fertilisation success was found. Larval survival was found to be much more sensitive to elevated CO₂ than sperm function or fertilisation, and a significant interaction with copper exposure was observed. These results demonstrate the potential for polychaete larvae to be affected by predicted ocean acidification conditions and that chronic coastal pollutants, such as copper, have the potential to alter larval susceptibility to ocean acidification conditions.     

Impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: educational challenges and innovations

Population growth and social/technological developments have resulted in the buildup of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere and oceans to the extent that we now see changes in the earth’s climate and ocean chemistry. Ocean acidification is one consequence of these changes, and it is known with certainty that it will continue to increase as we emit more CO₂ into the atmosphere. Ocean acidification is a global issue likely to impact marine organisms, food webs and ecosystems and to be most severely experienced by the people who depend on the goods and services the ocean provides at regional and local levels. However, research is in its infancy and the available data on biological impacts are complex (e.g., species-specific response). Educating future generations on the certainties and uncertainties of the emerging science of ocean acidification and its complex consequences for marine species and ecosystems can provide insights that will help assessing the need to mitigate and/or adapt to future global change. This article aims to present different educational approaches, the different material available and highlight the future challenges of ocean acidification education for both educators and marine biologists.     

Fertilization in a suite of coastal marine invertebrates from SE Australia is robust to near-future ocean warming and acidification

Climate change driven ocean acidification and hypercapnia may have a negative impact on fertilization in marine organisms because of the narcotic effect these stressors exert on sperm. In contrast, warmer, less viscous water may have a positive influence on sperm swimming speed and so ocean warming may enhance fertilization. To address questions on future vulnerabilities we examined the interactive effects of near-future ocean warming and ocean acidification/hypercapnia on fertilization in intertidal and shallow subtidal echinoids (Heliocidaris erythrogramma, H. tuberculata, Tripneustes gratilla, Centrostephanus rodgersii), an asteroid (Patiriella regularis) and an abalone (Haliotis coccoradiata). Batches of eggs from multiple females were fertilized by sperm from multiple males in all combinations of three temperature and three \textpH/P_\textCO2 {\text{pH}}/P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} treatments. Experiments were placed in the setting of projected near-future conditions for southeast Australia, an ocean change hot spot. There was no significant effect of warming and acidification on the percentage of fertilization. These results indicate that fertilization in these species is robust to temperature and \textpH/P_\textCO2 {\text{pH}}/P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} fluctuation. This may reflect adaptation to the marked fluctuation in temperature and pH that characterises their shallow water coastal habitats. Efforts to identify potential impacts of ocean change to the life histories of coastal marine invertebrates are best to focus on more vulnerable embryonic and larval stages because of their long time in the water column where seawater chemistry and temperature have a major impact on development.     

Growth response of an early successional assemblage of coralline algae and benthic diatoms to ocean acidification

The sustained absorption of anthropogenically released atmospheric CO₂ by the oceans is modifying seawater carbonate chemistry, a process termed ocean acidification (OA). By the year 2100, the worst case scenario is a decline in the average oceanic surface seawater pH by 0.3 units to 7.75. The changing seawater carbonate chemistry is predicted to negatively affect many marine species, particularly calcifying organisms such as coralline algae, while species such as diatoms and fleshy seaweed are predicted to be little affected or may even benefit from OA. It has been hypothesized in previous work that the direct negative effects imposed on coralline algae, and the direct positive effects on fleshy seaweeds and diatoms under a future high CO₂ ocean could result in a reduced ability of corallines to compete with diatoms and fleshy seaweed for space in the future. In a 6-week laboratory experiment, we examined the effect of pH 7.60 (pH predicted to occur due to ocean acidification just beyond the year 2100) compared to pH 8.05 (present day) on the lateral growth rates of an early successional, cold-temperate species assemblage dominated by crustose coralline algae and benthic diatoms. Crustose coralline algae and benthic diatoms maintained positive growth rates in both pH treatments. The growth rates of coralline algae were three times lower at pH 7.60, and a non-significant decline in diatom growth meant that proportions of the two functional groups remained similar over the course of the experiment. Our results do not support our hypothesis that benthic diatoms will outcompete crustose coralline algae under future pH conditions. However, while crustose coralline algae were able to maintain their presence in this benthic rocky reef species assemblage, the reduced growth rates suggest that they will be less capable of recolonizing after disturbance events, which could result in reduced coralline cover under OA conditions.     

Within- and transgenerational effects of ocean acidification on life history of marine three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Some studies have demonstrated that elevated CO₂ concentrations in ocean waters negatively impact metabolism and development of marine fish. Particularly, early developmental stages are probably more susceptible to ocean acidification due to insufficient regulations of their acid-base balance. Transgenerational acclimation can be an important mechanism to mediate impacts of increased CO₂ on marine species, yet very little is known about the potential of parental effects in teleosts. Therefore, transgenerational effects were investigated on life history in juvenile three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus by acclimating parents (collected in April 2012, 55°03′N, 8°44′E) and offspring to ambient (~400 µatm) and elevated (~1,000 µatm) CO₂ levels and measured parental fecundity as well as offspring survival, growth and otolith characteristics. Exposure to elevated CO₂ concentrations led to an increase in clutch size in adults as well as increased juvenile survival and growth rates between 60 and 90 days post-hatch and enlarged otolith areas compared with fish from ambient CO₂ concentrations. Moreover, transgenerational effects were observed in reduced survival and body size 30 days post-hatch as well as in enlarged otoliths at the end of the experiment, when fathers or both parents were acclimated to the high-CO₂ environment. These results may suggest that elevated CO₂ concentrations had rather positive effects on life-history traits of three-spined sticklebacks, but that parental acclimation can modify these effects without improving offspring fitness. Although the mechanistic basis of such transgenerational acclimation remains unclear, selective gradients within generations seem to determine the direction of transgenerational effects.     

Populations of the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, vary in response to ocean acidification

Acidifying oceans are predicted to fundamentally alter marine ecosystems. Over the next century, acute studies suggest that the impacts of climate change on marine organisms and ecosystems may be catastrophic. To date, however, little is known about whether the response of marine organisms varies within a species and whether this provides a potential ??adaptive capacity??. Here, we show that selectively bred lines of the ecologically and economically important estuarine mollusc, the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata, are more resilient to ocean acidification than the wild populations. When reared at elevated pCO₂, we found a 25% reduction in shell growth of the selectively bred population of the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, compared to a 64% reduction in shell growth of wild populations. This study shows that there are significantly different sensitivities to ocean acidification even within the same species, providing preliminary evidence that selective breeding may be a solution for important aquaculture industries to overcome the future effects of ocean acidification.     

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine shelled molluscs

Over the next century, elevated quantities of atmospheric CO₂ are expected to penetrate into the oceans, causing a reduction in pH (?0.3/?0.4 pH unit in the surface ocean) and in the concentration of carbonate ions (so-called ocean acidification). Of growing concern are the impacts that this will have on marine and estuarine organisms and ecosystems. Marine shelled molluscs, which colonized a large latitudinal gradient and can be found from intertidal to deep-sea habitats, are economically and ecologically important species providing essential ecosystem services including habitat structure for benthic organisms, water purification and a food source for other organisms. The effects of ocean acidification on the growth and shell production by juvenile and adult shelled molluscs are variable among species and even within the same species, precluding the drawing of a general picture. This is, however, not the case for pteropods, with all species tested so far, being negatively impacted by ocean acidification. The blood of shelled molluscs may exhibit lower pH with consequences for several physiological processes (e.g. respiration, excretion, etc.) and, in some cases, increased mortality in the long term. While fertilization may remain unaffected by elevated pCO₂, embryonic and larval development will be highly sensitive with important reductions in size and decreased survival of larvae, increases in the number of abnormal larvae and an increase in the developmental time. There are big gaps in the current understanding of the biological consequences of an acidifying ocean on shelled molluscs. For instance, the natural variability of pH and the interactions of changes in the carbonate chemistry with changes in other environmental stressors such as increased temperature and changing salinity, the effects of species interactions, as well as the capacity of the organisms to acclimate and/or adapt to changing environmental conditions are poorly described.     

Ocean acidification reduces biomineralization-related gene expression in the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus

Although recent studies have demonstrated that calcification in a wide range of marine organisms is profoundly affected by CO₂-induced ocean acidification, the mechanism of this phenomenon is still unclear. To clarify the effects of ocean acidification on the calcification process at the molecular level, we evaluated the expression of three biomineralization-related genes in the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus exposed under control, 1,000, and 2,000?ppm CO₂ from egg to pluteus larval stage. We found that the expression of the gene msp130, which is proposed to transport Ca²⁺ to the calcification site, is suppressed by increased CO₂ at pluteus larval stage. Meanwhile, expression of the spicule protein matrix genes SM30 and SM50 was apparently not affected. The results suggest that the combined effects of ocean acidification on the expression of skeletogenesis-related genes as well as the change in seawater carbonate chemistry affect the biomineralization ability of sea urchins.     

Spatio-temporal variability of polychaete colonization at volcanic CO2 vents indicates high tolerance to ocean acidification

Ocean acidification is predicted to have negative effects on marine biota, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and changes in marine ecosystem structure and function. However, some species and life stages may be capable of thriving in low pH conditions, either due to their natural ability to tolerate stressful low pH–high pCO₂ conditions and/or alteration of species interactions caused by changes in pH profiles, or due to evolutionary trade-offs. A better understanding of which species may be capable of tolerating ocean acidification can guide future research into the mechanisms for physiological and ecological resilience to future carbon dioxide (CO₂) conditions. We investigated the colonization of selected polychaete species along a pH gradient originating from shallow, coastal volcanic CO₂ vents (Ischia, Italy). Colonization was quantified by exposing artificial invertebrate collectors attached to the substratum for 30 days during different periods of the year (late spring, fall and late winter). Three species, Amphiglena mediterranea, Platynereis dumerilii and Syllis prolifera, were present and abundant along the gradient throughout the year. All three species were significantly more abundant in the most acidified areas, confirming their high tolerance and capacity to cope with very low pH. Abundances of all three species were compared to data previously collected via collectors suspended in the water column. More individuals were found in the collectors attached to the substratum, suggesting that abundances may have previously been underestimated. This is likely due to the close proximity of these collectors with the natural rocky substratum. All three species exhibited similar temporal variability, consistent with their life cycle and reproductive biology. Our results demonstrate high tolerance of the species for low and variable pH and corroborate their use as robust models to explore the capacity to cope with low pH–high pCO₂ conditions, both in the natural vent systems and in the laboratory.