抗生素及其生态和健康危害

药物及个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs),包括抗生素、激素类药物、其他类药物和个人护理品(personal care products, PCPs)四大类。我国内陆水体中PPCPs的检出率如何？各类PPCPs生态风险的分布规律如何？哪些动物门类对人类药品最敏感？PPCPs的健康毒理及其主要靶点是什么？其中,饱受关注的抗生素类污染物,其健康/生态危害特征和产生风险的途径是怎样的？“通用解毒泵(multidrug efflux system)”在超级细菌形成过程中是怎样作用的？“消失的微生物”的故事是怎样的？本期主编讲堂将为您揭晓答案。
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中国地表水环境中药物与个人护理品生态风险评价的研究进展

药物与个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)作为一类与人们生产生活联系最为紧密的新型污染物在水环境中广泛检出,PPCPs在水环境中能够痕量存在,并在生物体内富集转化,对水生生态系统产生潜在的不利影响,其对水环境安全构成的潜在风险受到普遍关注.本文主要综述了我国地表水环境中PPCPs对生态环境的影响及生态风险评价的方法,分析了我国对水环境中PPCPs研究中存在的不足,提出了应对PPCPs风险评价的对策及建议.     

苯扎贝特好氧生物降解产物的GC-MS测定

<正>苯扎贝特(Bezafibrate)作为新兴污染物-药品和个人护理品(Pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs)的一种,被广泛关注.其在污水处理厂的污水、地表水甚至是饮用水中常被检出[1].最新研究表明它对人体有类雌激素作用[2].目前,有人研究过光催化降解[1]和活性污泥转化[3]苯扎贝特的产物,但苯扎贝特在水环境中的生物降解途径及其中间产物的生态毒理效应尚不明确。     

基于密度泛函理论揭示Cu~(2+)配位作用对头孢拉定水解反应的影响机制

基于密度泛函理论(DFT,Density functional theory),计算了水中Cu2+与抗生素头孢拉定的配位作用,发现Cu2+与头孢拉定可形成1∶1配合物,该配合物存在两种形态:Cu2+与头孢拉定分子支链氨基氮原子和羰基氧原子配位,同时结合一个水分子;Cu2+与羧基氧原子和内酰胺氧原子配位,同时结合两个水分子.结果表明,Cu2+的配位作用能增大头孢拉定水解反应位点正电荷量,降低水解前线分子轨道能级差和活化能,从而促进头孢拉定水解,该结果得到了实验证实.因此,DFT可用于预测Mn+配位作用对药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs,Pharmaceutical and personal care products)等有机污染物水解的影响,对于PPCPs类有机污染物的生态风险评价具有重要意义.     

药品与个人护理品在鱼体中的累积及代谢研究进展

药品与个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)作为一类广泛使用和具有特殊物理化学特性的新型环境污染物,能够在水环境中持续低浓度的存在,对水生生态系统具有潜在风险,已经引起了广泛的关注。鱼体内PPCPs的累积与代谢过程研究在PPCPs的生态风险评价中占据极其重要的地位。概述了PPCPs在鱼体内的分布,分析了影响PPCPs在鱼体内累积的因素如PPCPs的性质、组织差异、鱼的种类、不同的描述方法等,讨论了PPCPs的代谢机制,重点介绍了PPCPs在胆汁内的解毒机制和代谢产物,强调了胆汁应用的重要意义。最后,展望了PPCPs在鱼体内的累积和代谢这一研究领域的发展方向。     

使用超高灵敏度三重四极杆质谱仪实现水中药物和个人护理用品(PPCPs)的高通量检测

药物和个人护理用品(pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs)作为一类新兴污染物受到人们广泛的关注.环境水中的PPCPs种类繁多,含量很低,为准确的定性定量分析带来极大的挑战.本文建立了采用直接进样方式,利用LC/MS/MS同时检测377种PPCPs类化合物的方法,多数化合物的检测限(LOD)低于10 ng·L-1.该方法具有高通量、高灵敏度和覆盖范围广等特点,适合于环境行业PPCPs的高通量筛查和检测.     

活性污泥和生物膜模型预测污水中PPCPs去除研究进展

药品及个人护理用品(pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs)在污水中广泛检出,低浓度的PPCPs即可对生态环境和人体健康产生不利影响,污水处理厂出水排放是水环境PPCPs的重要源.活性污泥和生物膜工艺是目前最常用的污水生物处理工艺,这两种工艺涉及的生化过程复杂,影...     

污水生物处理过程药品及个人护理品转化产物识别研究进展

药品及个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)在污水生物处理过程会发生生物及化学转化从而生成转化产物,某些转化产物较母体化合物毒性更高.目前对PPCPs转化产物关注不够,转化产物识别方法不明确.本文介绍了污水中PPCPs转化产物的识别流程,系统阐述了...     

药品和个人护理用品在固体基底中的检测方法和分布现状

药品和个人护理用品(Pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)在环境中广泛存在,威胁生态环境和人类健康,受到越来越多的关注.本文综述了固体基底中PPCPs的检测方法,总结了国内外污泥、土壤、沉积物等基底中PPCPs的污染现状,并对PPCPs的进一步研究进行了展望.结果表明,PPCPs的检测方法朝多样化和趋优化的方向发展.污泥样品中PPCPs种类多、浓度高(μg·kg-1—mg·kg-1),土壤和沉积物中虽然浓度不高,但是总量不可小觑.目前,固体基底中的PPCPs还需要更全面和更广泛的研究.     

饮用水系统中药物和个人护理用品的研究进展

药物和个人护理用品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs)作为一类新兴的有机污染物备受研究者的关注,未被去除的PPCPs母体或转化/降解产物可能进入饮用水系统,威胁人体健康.本文分析了PPCPs在饮用水源、出厂水、供水管网和龙头水中的赋存状况,总结了饮用水厂各处理工艺对PPCPs的去除效果.PPCPs在饮用水系统中的浓度较低,一般在ng·L~(-1)到μg·L~(-1).饮用水厂处理工艺能有效去除特定PPCPs,其中氧化、活性炭及膜处理等深度处理工艺对PPCPs去除效果较好.加强对饮用水系统中PPCPs的来源控制、过程管理和末端监督等是将来的重要研究方向.     

Occurrence and fate of PPCPs in typical drinking water treatment plants in China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - In this study, the occurrence and removal of twenty-nine pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in two water treatment plants (WTPs) in China...     

Risk estimation and annual fluxes of emerging contaminants from a Scottish priority catchment to the estuary and North Sea

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Emerging contaminants (ECs) such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) attracted global concern...     

PPCPs in a drinking water treatment plant in the Yangtze River Delta of China: Occurrence,removal and risk assessment

• 39 PPCPs were investigated at a DWTP using the Yangtze River as its water source. • Grab and continuous sampling were conducted for the comparison of data consistency. • Ketoprofen & carbamazepine can be risk management indicators because of the high RQ. The occurrence and removal of 39 targeted pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from source water, through a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) to the water supply station, were investigated around the central part of Yangtze River Delta in China using both grab sampling and continuous sampling. Totally 24 of the 39 targeted PPCPs were detected in raw water, and 12 PPCPs were detected in the finished water. The highest observed concentration was enrofloxacin (85.623 ng/L) in raw water. Removal efficiencies were remarkably negative correlated with log K_ow (r = -0.777, p<0.01) after calibration control of concentration, indicating that more soluble PPCPs are easier to remove by the combined process (prechlorination and flocculation/precipitation), the concentration level also had a great impact on the removal efficiency. The normal process in the pilot DWTP seems to be ineffective for PPCPs control, with the limited removal efficiency of less than 30% for each step: pre-chlorination, flocculation and precipitation, post-chlorination and filter. There were notable differences between the data from continuous sampling and grab sampling, which should be considered for different monitoring purposes. The chlorination and the hydrolytic decomposition of PPCPs in the water supply pipe may attenuate PPCPs concentration in the pipeline network. The PPCPs examined in the effluent of DWTP do not impose a potential health risk to the local consumers due to their RQ value lower than 0.00067.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测水体中26种药物及个人护理品

通过优化固相萃取条件和高效液相色谱-串联质谱参数,建立了可以同时检测地表水和地下水中26种典型药物及个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products,PPCPs),包括磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、酰胺醇类、精神类、消炎止痛类以及个人护理品的检测方法.通过将水样pH值调节至7,利用HLB固相萃取柱对水样中PPCPs进行富集,以甲醇和含0.005%甲酸的水溶液作为正离子模式流动相,甲醇和含0.5 mmol·L^-1乙酸铵的水溶液作为负离子模式流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用多反应监测的质谱扫描模式(MRM)分析测定.26种PPCPs的检出限为0.007—1.78 ng·L^-1,定量限为0.02—5.68 ng·L^-1,回收率为52.28%—115.24%.利用该方法检测北京潮白河地表水和地下水中PPCPs的浓度,结果表明,地表水中PPCPs的含量普遍高于地下水,磺胺甲恶唑、舒必利、咖啡因、卡马西平和布洛芬在地表水和地下水中的含量相对较高,检测浓度分别高达147.83、52.48、78.35、166.58、30.63 ng·L^-1.     

Screening of indicator pharmaceuticals and personal care products in landfill leachates: a case study in Shanghai,China

● A systematic framework was developed to identify i-PPCPs for landfill leachate. ● The wide-scope target analysis offered a basis for comprehensive i-PPCP screening. ● Source-specificity and representativeness analysis helped to refine i-PPCPs. ● Erythromycin, gemfibrozil and albendazole were identified as i-PPCPs for leachate. Identifying potential sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment is critical for the effective control of PPCP contamination. Landfill leachate is an important source of PPCPs in water; however, it has barely been involved in source apportionment due to the lack of indicator-PPCPs (i-PPCPs) in landfill leachates. This study provides the first systematic framework for identifying i-PPCPs for landfill leachates based on the wide-scope target monitoring of PPCPs. The number of target PPCPs increased from < 20 in previous studies to 68 in the present study. Fifty-nine PPCPs were detected, with median concentrations in leachate samples ranging from below the method quantification limit (MQL) to 41 μg/L, and 19 of them were rarely reported previously. A total of 29 target compounds were determined to be PPCPs of high concern by principal component analysis according to multiple criteria, including occurrence, exposure potential, and ecological effect. Coupled with source-specificity and representativeness analysis, erythromycin, gemfibrozil, and albendazole showed a significant difference in their occurrence in leachate compared to other potential sources (untreated and treated municipal wastewater and livestock wastewater) and correlated with total PPCP concentrations; these were recommended as i-PPCPs for leachates. Indicator screening procedure can be used to develop a sophisticated source apportionment method to identify sources of PPCPs from adjacent landfills.     

医药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)类污染物氯化转化行为研究进展

针对水处理过程的消毒环节,着重探讨了医药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)等新型环境污染物在氯化消毒过程中发生的转化行为,并分别针对酚类、醇类、醚类、酮类、胺类等典型结构化合物的氯化转化规律进行了归纳总结.同时,对消毒副产物所引起的潜在环境风险、健康效应进行了评述,为研发、优化该类污染物的处理工艺、提高风险管理水平提供科学依据.     

重金属对药物和个人护理品在土壤/沉积物中吸附的影响机制:现状与展望

药物和个人护理品简称(PPCPs)是一类具有潜在累积效果的环境污染物,其广泛分布于水体与土壤环境中.在土壤/沉积物中,PPCPs将发生一系列的物理、化学和生物作用,其中吸附是PPCPs在土壤/沉积物中极为关键的环境行为,将影响PPCPs在环境中的迁移转化及其对生物体的危害程度.重金属作为一类常见的无机污染物,它们的存在...     

个人护理用品(PCPs)的生态毒性和处理工艺效果研究进展

个人护理用品的大量使用导致其生产量和排放量也日渐增加,会不可避免地进入环境,对生态环境和人体健康产生影响。本文归纳整理了个人护理用品的分类,总结了其中代表化合物对水生生物的生态毒性研究现状,分析比较了主要废水处理工艺技术对个人护理用品的去除效果,为今后对这类物质的生态毒性和处理工艺研究提供参考。