我国日用玻璃行业碳排放特征及减排措施

玻璃行业是我国能源消耗和碳排放量较大的行业之一,为分析占玻璃行业30%以上产量的日用玻璃行业的碳排放特征,本文基于排放系数法对2015—2020年行业碳排放量进行了核算,在此基础上,提出了相应的碳减排措施. 结果表明:我国日用玻璃行业碳排放量由2015年的2 617.04×104 t逐步降至2020年的2 149.95×104 t,且随着行业技术进步、清洁燃料的推广使用,单位产品碳排放量不断下降;从排放构成看,行业碳排放主要包括化石燃料燃烧产生的直接排放和外购电力及热力产生的间接排放,其排放量占排放总量的88.75%~92.27%,原料碳酸盐分解产生的过程排放相对较少,占比为7.73%~11.25%. 研究显示,降低日用玻璃生产过程中的能源消耗是减少碳排放的重要方向,调整能源结构、提高能源利用效率和优化原料结构是减少碳排放的主要措施.      

压滤-水解酸化-接触氧化-过滤工艺处理玻璃纤维废水

以津武玻璃纤维有限公司玻璃纤维废水处理工程为例,介绍压滤-水解酸化-接触氧化-过滤组合工艺的工程应用,总结并分析了工程设计及运行经验。设计处理流量50 m3/d,进水CODCr,BOD5,SS质量浓度分别为7 200,874,1 562mg/L;运行结果表明:该组合工艺对CODCr,BOD5,SS的去除率达97.9%,92.0%和91.5%以上,出水各项水质指标均达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的二级排放标准。处理费用仅为1.31元/m3,处理系统运行稳定,耐冲击能力强。     

Die Technik der Glasherstellung in der Antike

Scientific analysis of glass, excavations, and written evidence in Greek and Roman literature provide reliable information on the manufacture of glass in antiquity. In the second millenium BC, when other vitreous materials had already been known for 3000 years, hollow glass was produced in Egypt. From the early sandcore technique the manifold methods of glassmaking by casting in molds, blowing in molds, and free blowing then rapidly evolved. These techniques achieved their highest perfection in the Roman period when elaborate techniques for surface decoration were developed, but not rediscovered until recently.     

电子废弃物显像管玻璃中Pb渗出的研究

文章对显像管玻璃中Pb渗出机理分析并通过实验证明,用水、盐、酸和碱溶液处理显像管玻璃后,都会有铅渗出。因此如果将显像管玻璃随意丢弃,会有大量的铅渗出并进入环境,对环境产生极大危害。所以必须加大宣传力度,使人们都认识到丢弃显像管的危害性。并尽快的回收、处理废旧显像管。     

废旧阴极射线管(CRT)显示器玻壳进入土壤后铅的释放及转化

通过室内模拟试验,采用土壤连续提取法,探究废旧CRT显示器玻壳进入土壤环境后铅的释放及迁移转化过程.结果表明,土壤原始Pb总含量为28.4 mg/kg;按1∶20的玻壳/土壤质量比加入玻壳后土壤中Pb总含量为8 634.4 mg/kg,其中,溶解态和可交换态Pb(EXC-Pb)的含量为0.20～0.98 mg/kg,与碳酸盐结合的Pb(CARB-Pb)为20.1～103.6 mg/kg,与铁锰氧化物结合的Pb(RO-Pb)为26.7～54.3 mg/kg.上述3种形态Pb的总和为48.6～155.2 mg/kg.在EXC提取步骤中,直接从玻璃颗粒表面溶解的Pb含量为(0.038±0.025) mg/kg;而在CARB和RO提取步骤中,直接从玻璃颗粒表面溶解的Pb含量为(7.55±3.13) mg/kg.因此,CRT显示器玻壳进入土壤后,玻壳中的Pb释放并主要与土壤中CARB和RO矿物结合.加酸处理使土壤原位测定的pH值从8.0～8.3降低到7.1～7.5,但对土壤中Pb的形态没有产生显著影响.废旧CRT玻壳颗粒中的Pb向CARB、RO、EXC形态释放速率分别为21.1/t、　3.8/t、　0.15/t　mg·(kg·d)^-1 (t为处理时间,单位为d).当土壤pH或Eh值降低时,与CARB或RO结合的Pb可能转变为溶解与可交换态.因此,CRT玻壳颗粒进入土壤后Pb的释放会导致潜在的环境风险.     

垃圾填埋与焚烧渗滤液全(多)氟化合物赋存特征

采样分析了来自中国西南地区6个生活垃圾填埋场的渗滤液、3个生活垃圾焚烧厂的渗滤液原液及场内处理出水，发现3种水样中17种全（多）氟化合物（PFAS）浓度分别在1805~43310，7228~16565和55~185ng/L之间；呈现以全氟丁烷羧酸（PFBA）和全氟丁烷磺酸（PFBS）等短链、偶数链PFAS为主的污染特征.对比位于相近地理区域的焚烧厂和填埋场渗滤液，发现两者PFAS组成类似，而前者PFAS浓度与运行时间为2a的填埋场渗滤液相似，高于运行时间较长（15a）的填埋场渗滤液.研究结果将为我国西南地区垃圾渗滤液PFAS赋存现状提供基础信息，并为预防和控制PFAS产品生产和使用带来的环境污染提供重要数据支持.     

一种就地固土抑尘用复合外渗剂的研究

用自行设计的试验方法节矿山汽车运输上质路面就地固土抑尘复合外渗剂的研究，分别选用碱金属盐和水玻璃为主料、配以３种表面活性为辅料，按不同浓度配制成３０种外渗剂溶液，进行了下渗（透）能力。表面张力试验和粘结强度，干湿反复的固土性能试验，筛选出了３类性能量优的复合外渗剂配方，并确定了其应采用的外渗施工顺序。该复合外渗剂面单经济、方便快捷，可以适用于广泛领域的固土防尘需要。     

窑炉烟气脱硫粉尘的资源化利用

浮法玻璃生产中所使用的燃料及原料中都含有硫,使窑炉排出的烟气中含有大量的SO2。烟气通过钠碱式半干法脱硫后产生的粉状固体废弃物中含有与玻璃原料相同的成分。以某浮法玻璃企业的案例说明了如何使用脱硫废弃物作为部分原料,并分析了产生的经济效益和环境效益。     

中国平板玻璃生产碳排放研究

平板玻璃行业是典型的高能耗、高排放行业,目前关于中国平板玻璃行业的碳排放问题还没有得到深入的研究.因此,本文调查了中国300余条主要的平板玻璃生产线,并在此基础上从范围1(工艺过程和化石燃料燃烧引起的直接排放)和范围2(净购入电力和热力在生产阶段引起的间接排放)评估了中国平板玻璃行业从2005年到2014年的CO_2排放情况.结果发现,中国平板玻璃行业CO_2排放量逐年增加,由2005年的2626.9×10~4t逐步上升到2015年的4620.5×10~4t.研究表明:能源消耗是平板玻璃行业碳排放的最主要来源,占比在80%左右,节能降耗是促进平板玻璃行业CO_2减排的主要途径;平板玻璃生产原料中碳酸盐的热分解是CO_2的主要来源之一,占总排放量的20%左右,控制平板玻璃配合料的气体率,在减少平板玻璃生产过程中的CO_2排放有很大潜力;推荐平板玻璃新建项目使用天然气并配备大型熔窑(日熔化量650 t以上)的浮法玻璃生产线,以减少CO_2排放.     

废玻璃处理与资源化

本文分析了我国废玻璃的现状及存在的问题,介绍了一些开发利用废玻璃方面的成功经验,提出了解决问题的方法和途径。     

改性乙二醛-水玻璃化学灌浆材料的研究

研究了一种改性乙二醛一水玻璃化学灌浆材料,其胶凝时间可由乙二醛的加入量控制．抗压强度大．表面活性剂甲的加入可以有效提高其渗透性。     

玻璃纤维-铝合金层合板氙灯老化性能研究

目的研究氙灯环境对玻璃纤维-铝合金层合板性能的影响。方法通过研究玻璃纤维-铝合金层合板在氙灯老化后的力学性能、基体红外光谱、铝合金表面形貌及元素变化,分析层合板的氙灯老化机理。结果随氙灯老化时间的延长,树脂基体老化降解程度越高,树脂与纤维、铝合金的界面强度下降,使材料拉伸及弯曲性能降低,拉伸强度受老化影响最为显著的是正交结构层合板,老化84 d后强度降低13.7%,正交结构0°方向层合板的弯曲强度受氙灯老化影响降低4.6%,其他试样的弯曲强度降幅均低于5%,氙灯老化后的铝合金层表面的微凹坑数量及尺寸无明显变化,但凹坑氧元素随老化周期延长略微增加。结论氙灯环境主要影响玻璃纤维-铝合金层合板中的复合材料层及各界面,树脂基体的降解导致力学性能的衰退,而对于铝合金的影响并不明显。     

Dilution sampling and analysis of particulate matter in biomass-derived syngas

Thermochemical biomass gasification, followed by conversion of the produced syngas to fuels and electrical power, is a promising energy alternative. Real-world characterization of particulate matter (PM) and other contaminants in the syngas is important to minimize damage and ensure efficient operation of the engines it powers and the fuels created from it. A dilution sampling system is demonstrated to quantify PM in syngas generated from two gasification plants utilizing different biomass feedstocks: a BioMax?15 Biopower System that uses raw and torrefied woodchips as feedstocks, and an integrated biorefinery (IBR) that uses rice hulls and woodchips as feedstocks. PM_2.5 mass concentrations in syngas from the IBR downstream of the purification system were 12.8–13.7 μg·m⁻³, which were significantly lower than the maximum level for catalyst protection (500 μg·m⁻³) and were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than those in BioMax?15 syngas (2247–4835 μg·m⁻³). Ultrafine particle number concentration and PM_2.5 chemical constituents were also much lower in the IBR syngas than in the BioMax?15. The dilution sampling system enabled reliable measurements over a wide range of concentrations: the use of high sensitivity instruments allowed measurement at very low concentrations (∼1 μg·m⁻³), while the flexibility of dilution minimized sampling problems that are commonly encountered due to high levels of tars in raw syngas (∼1 g·m⁻³).     

Feeding responses to selected alkaloids by gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar (L.)

Deterrent compounds are important in influencing the food selection of many phytophagous insects. Plants containing deterrents, such as alkaloids, are generally unfavored and typically avoided by many polyphagous lepidopteran species, including the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). We tested the deterrent effects of eight alkaloids using two-choice feeding bioassays. Each alkaloid was applied at biologically relevant concentrations to glass fiber disks and leaf disks from red oak trees (Quercus rubra) (L.), a plant species highly favored by these larvae. All eight alkaloids tested on glass fiber disks were deterrent to varying degrees. When these alkaloids were applied to leaf disks, only seven were still deterrent. Of these seven, five were less deterrent on leaf disks compared with glass fiber disks, indicating that their potency was dramatically reduced when they were applied to leaf disks. The reduction in deterrency may be attributed to the phagostimulatory effect of red oak leaves in suppressing the negative deterrent effect of these alkaloids, suggesting that individual alkaloids may confer context-dependent deterrent effects in plants in which they occur. This study provides novel insights into the feeding behavioral responses of insect larvae, such as L. dispar, to selected deterrent alkaloids when applied to natural vs artificial substrates and has the potential to suggest deterrent alkaloids as possible candidates for agricultural use.     

热喷涂铝涂层与玻璃结合机理的研究

通过改进预处理工艺,解决了采用热喷涂工艺在玻璃上沉积金属的难题,并通过系统的试验,研究玻璃表面预处理工艺、预处理温度及喷涂工艺对涂层结合强度的影响,观察玻璃试样横断面的微观组织,探讨了热喷涂铝涂层与玻璃基材结合机理。     

电动软轴式玻璃升降器导轨的设计及成形工艺研究

介绍了电动软轴式玻璃升降器的工作原理。针对某种轿车的玻璃升降器 ,介绍了升降器的机构约束方法 ,并用UGII软件对其运动过程进行了仿真 ,确定了玻璃升降器螺旋导轨的曲率及螺旋导程。由于螺旋导轨成形极其困难 ,对导轨的形状进行修改 ,将螺旋形导轨改为扭转的圆弧导轨。介绍了扭转圆弧导轨的几种成形方法     

浮法玻璃生产企业清洁生产评价

阐述了浮法玻璃生产企业进行清洁生产评价的方法、标准及结果。     

玻璃纤维编织管覆膜改性及其动态膜生物反应器研究

对玻璃纤维编织管进行了覆膜改性,并依托于玻璃纤维编织管开发了一种新型的栅式膜组件及其动态膜生物反应器.研究表明,覆膜改性前,玻纤编织管动态膜组件的稳定通量仅为4 L/(m2.h),跨膜压差为0.02 MPa;覆膜改性后,玻纤编织管动态膜组件的膜通量可达到16 L/(m2.h),跨膜压差为0.01 MPa;经过水力清洗和碱洗后再次运行,膜通量可达到17.1 L/(m2.h),而跨膜压差最低仅为0.003 MPa.覆膜膜液浓度为1∶4时反应器在膜通量为14.29 L/(m2.h)时稳定运行长达51 d.按阻力增长速率计算,膜通量可保持稳定运行275 d左右.同时出水效果良好,COD和NH4+-N的处理效果平均值分别为81.96%和83.66%,其中动态膜的去除率分别为21.01%和3.61%.此外,覆膜改性的玻纤编织管估算价格约为40~60元/m2,低于传统有机膜.     

Greenhouse Gases in Cold Water Filaments in the Arabian Sea During the Southwest Monsoon

 The distribution of partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the concentrations of nitrous oxide and methane were investigated in a cold water filament near the coastal upwelling region off Oman at the beginning of the southwest monsoon in 1997. The results suggest that such filaments are regions of intense biogeochemical activity which may affect the marine cycling of climatically relevant trace gases. Received: 1 March 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 16 June 1999     

The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in fluoropolymer raw materials and products made in China

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts, and related compounds were listed as new persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2019. In this study, the occurrence of residues of PFOA and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in raw materials and fluoropolymer products from the Chinese fluoropolymer industries are reported for the first time. The PFOA concentrations in raw materials and fluoropolymer products were in the range of 6.7 to 1.1 × 10⁶ ng/g, and <MDL (method detection limit) to 5.3 × 10³ ng/g, respectively. Generally, the levels of PFOA in raw materials were higher than in products, implying that PFOA in the emulsion/dispersion resin could be partly removed during the polymerization or post-processing steps. By tracking a company's polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) production line, it was found that over a 5 year period, the residual levels of PFOA in emulsion samples declined from 1.1 × 10⁶ to 28.4 ng/g, indicating that the contamination of PFOA in fluoropolymer products from production source gradually decreased after its use had been discontinued. High concentrations of HFPO-TrA (2.7 × 10⁵ to 8.2 × 10⁵ ng/g) were detected in some emulsion samples indicating this alternative has been widely applied in fluoropolymer manufacturing in China.