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Cairney JW 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2000,87(11):467-475
Most terrestrial plants live in mutualistic symbiosis with root-infecting mycorrhizal fungi. Fossil records and molecular
clock dating suggest that all extant land plants have arisen from an ancestral arbuscular mycorrhizal condition. Arbuscular
mycorrhizas evolved concurrently with the first colonisation of land by plants some 450–500 million years ago and persist
in most extant plant taxa. Ectomycorrhizas (about 200 million years ago) and ericoid mycorrhizas (about 100 million years
ago) evolved subsequently as the organic matter content of some ancient soils increased and sclerophyllous vegetation arose
as a response to nutrient-poor soils respectively. Mycorrhizal associations appear to be the result of relatively diffuse
coevolutionary processes. While early events in the evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses may have involved reciprocal genetic
changes in ancestral plants and free-living fungi, available evidence points largely to ongoing parallel evolution of the
partners in response to environmental change. 相似文献
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Gerd Knerer 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1980,67(3):133-135
Social halictine bees have female castes that range from species with no size differences to those with a discrete bimodality. Female caste differences are inversely correlated with the number of males produced in the first brood. It is proposed that the sexual dimorphism of solitary forms is being usurped by the female caste system of species in the process of turning social. Thus, caste differences and summer male suppression are greatest in the social species originating from solitary precursors with distinct sexual dimorphism, and are least in species evolving from solitary ancestors with a continuous sexual polymorphism. 相似文献
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鲢鱼、草鱼和尼罗罗非鱼热休克蛋白70基因cDNA全序列的克隆与分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用RT-PCR技术和RACE技术分别从淡水食毒藻鱼类鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis nilotica)及草食性鱼类草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)肝脏扩增出热休克蛋白70(HSP70)cDNA全序列,并与其它鱼类、两栖类和哺乳类动物的HSP70氨基酸进行了同源性比较. 结果表明,鲢鱼、草鱼和尼罗罗非鱼肝脏HSP70基因cDNA全长分别为2356 bp、2348 bp和2242 bp,分别编码649、649和638个氨基酸.鲢鱼、草鱼和尼罗罗非鱼HSP70与其它鱼类、两栖类和哺乳类动物HSP70氨基酸同源性均较高,表明其在进化上高度保守,且承担着重要的生理功能.构建系统进化树发现,鲢鱼、草鱼与其它鲤科鱼类斑马鱼、银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)的HSP70氨基酸同源性较高,处于同一进化树分枝;而尼罗罗非鱼HSP70未与其它鲈形目鱼类,如鲷科鱼类聚为一枝,而是占据一个独立的分枝,这与克隆得到的鲢鱼、草鱼肝脏HSP70基因可能为结构型HSP70,而尼罗罗非鱼肝脏HSP70基因可能为诱导型HSP70的结果相一致. 相似文献
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Evolution of the genetic code 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
C. R. Woese 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1973,60(10):447-459
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The chloroplast gene rbcL was sequenced to elucidate the evolution of the gymnosperm plant order Cycadales. In accordance with traditional systematics, the order Cycadales and the corresponding genera cluster as monophyletic clades. Among them, the genus Cycas forms a basal group. The genetic distances within the genus Encephalartos and between the sister groups Encephalartos, Lepidozamia and Macrozamia, are unexpectedly small, suggesting that the extant species are the result of Miocene and Pliocene speciation. Their distribution in Africa or Australia, respectively, may therefore rather be due to long-distance dispersal than to Cretaceous continental drift, as had previously been assumed. The rbcL sequences also indicate that the colonisation of Madagascar by Cycas thouarsii occurred only recently as the sequences of C. thouarsii and Cycas rumphii from Indonesia are identical. In contrast, the divergence of the Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae apparently occurred in the Mesozoic. 相似文献
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The role of the development of information fidelity systems in evolution is explored, with evidence that the loss in the ability to maintain the integrity of homeostasis in organisms over time, aging, is correlated with the loss in the ability to maintain integrity at the molecular biological level. Evolutionary-comparative analysis places an upper limit on the number of these systems important to the evolution of longevity in the primates, and suggests the importance of insuring the stability of information bearing macromolecules in evolution and the role of modulators of damage to these moieties in the expression of the senescent state 相似文献
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雅鲁藏布江径流变化趋势及原因分析 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
论文利用1956-2000 年近45a 的天然径流逐月资料, 1956-2004 年近50a 的气温、降水逐
月资料, 分析了20 世纪下半叶雅鲁藏布江流域径流变化特征及其与气候变化的关系。研究表明: 雅
鲁藏布江流域径流的年际变化较稳定, 年内分配极不平衡, 月最大径流量占全年百分比达30.1%,
而月最小径流量只占全年的2.1%, 枯水季节径流量和洪水季节径流量相差较悬殊; 雅鲁藏布江流
域普遍存在升温的变化趋势, 同时流域内降水增加趋势较明显, 变化周期与径流变化周期较一致。
从雅鲁藏布江流域天然径流代际变化的初步分析来看, 流域来水的增加, 主要受制于降水和气温的
变化, 也受到流域地表状况变化的影响, 同时也可能是河流丰枯长周期变化的表现。这种周期变化
还需相关资料的验证和分析。 相似文献
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灰霾天气的形成与演化 总被引:27,自引:3,他引:27
由于经济规模迅速扩大和城市化进程加快,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由气溶胶造成的能见度恶化事件越来越多,这些人类活动排放的污染物,包括直接排放的气溶胶和气态污染物通过化学转化与光化学转化形成的细粒子二次气溶胶,可形成灰霾(特指人类活动源排放的大气污染物诱发的低能见度事件),致使能见度下降。我国东部地区灰霾天气迅速增加,灰霾天气的本质是细粒子气溶胶污染,与光化学烟雾相关联,形成灰霾天气的气溶胶组成非常复杂。近年来由于灰霾天气日趋严重引发的环境效应问题和气溶胶辐射强迫引发的气候效应问题,广泛地引起科学界、政府部门和社会公众的关注,而成为热门话题。文章讨论了目前对灰霾天气的认识,灰霾的定义与判别标准,灰霾天气与光化学烟雾、气象条件的关系,也涉及灰霾天气对人体健康的影响。展望了灰霾研究的前景与主要研究方向和内容。 相似文献
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可持续发展理论与沿革 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
文章阐述了“可持续发展的概念及其理论与实践发展的6个阶段,中国在可持续发展中必须关注的几个要点,即层次性,理论基础,集约型增长与系统方法论。 相似文献
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工业生态学的演化与原理 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在总结当前工业生态学(IE)主要研究成果的基础上,分析了IE的演化进程,阐述了IE的原理,并展望了研究方向。指出:IE是一门以提高工业过程中原料使用效率、降低废物排放弃为目的,研究工业系统及其与环境之间相互关系的应用生态学;其化过程经历了孕育、萌芽的提出第三个阶段;其主要研究对象是工业生态系统,而工业生态系统的主体是工业生产部门;工业生态系统的功能主要表现在工业生产过程中的物流、能流和信息流三个方面。 相似文献
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能源生态系统发育——兼论西部能源资源开发 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
现代能源生态系统由内生、外生和共生三大子系统所组成。地带、省(市、区)和市(地)3个空间层次的投入产出分析表明:第一,现代能源生态系统的发育不仅取决于系统整体的发育环境,而且也取决于自身系统内部的结构组成特征及其开放性;第二,地区能源内生系统的开放性对系统整体的发育同样具有重要作用,不过,这种作用一般要在系统发育走向成熟时才显得更为重要;第三,随着当地资源开发规模的增大和产品外供能力的加强,能源生态系统发育,特别是系统结构的协调将面临巨大挑战。 相似文献
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安全文化的形成与发展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
徐德蜀 《安全.健康和环境》2006,6(1):8-11
从实践论和科技进步的视角,研究了安全文化的发展;探讨了安全文化与安全科学、工业发展的关系;阐述了安全文化的新理念. 相似文献