工业废水排放的影响因素量化分析

工业废水排放量的大小受工业发展水平、产业结构、产品结构、技术工艺及设备水平、管理政策、环境法规等多因素的综合影响。选取长江三角洲典型地区的主要污染排放指标,重点分析工业经济规模、工业行业结构、工业技术进步以及环境治理投资等因素与工业水污染排放之间的相互关系。研究结果表明：随着长江三角洲地区产业结构的调整、工业技术进步、工业废水达标排放政策的实施,工业规模的扩大并没有引起工业废水的显著增加。从制造业结构看,有些行业的废水排放量对其结构调整比较敏感; 相反,有些行业的废水排放量对其结构的调整不敏感。工业技术进步和环境治理投资与工业废水排放量呈现负相关,说明工业技术进步、环境污染治理对于减少工业水污染排放起重要作用。     

Environmental Optimisation in Fractionating Industrial Wastes Using Contribution Margin Analysis as a Sustainable Development Tool

This paper describes a method of estimating the “true” internal costs of industrial waste, aimed at promoting environmentally friendly waste management. The study employs contribution margin analysis and a model – The Model for Efficient Use of Resources for Optimal Production Economy (EUROPE) – introduced by the author for assigning industrial costs to waste. In a business sense, waste is regarded as having the same basic status as any normal industrial product – the equality principle. Application of the method is suggested to create incentives for environmental improvement and profitability improvement in companies. Although the results of two case studies show the generation of waste to have a substantial negative impact on the final operating income, due to the internal shadow price costs it creates, this is regarded as an unavoidable consequence of the companies' acting in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

中国工业水污染排放的空间格局及结构演变研究

我国工业企业污染物排放的空间格局正在发生变化。现有的统计数据不能提供区分区域和行业层面的工业企业污染物排放数据,无法刻画地市尺度上各个工业部门污染排放的空间格局及其演变。工业企业污染物排放的空间认知是制定环境污染控制和区域产业发展规划的科学基础。本文聚焦于工业水污染,构建了新的工业企业水污染排放的空间估算方法,估算分行业分区域的工业水污染排放量,来分析地市尺度上中国工业水污染排放的空间格局及其演变。本文构建的空间估算方法首先将全国分行业污染排放量依据产值分解到省级和地市层面,再依据企业规模校正系数、生产工艺校正系数和环境管制能力校正系数对未考虑区域差异的排放强度进行校正,最后采用适时修正法对污染物排放量的估算结果进行部门和区域的平衡调整。以基于空间估算方法估算的工业COD为例,剔除个别异常值后,2010年省级尺度重点行业工业COD排放量估算结果的平均误差为12.7%,数据质量优良,显示本估算方法较强的适用性。根据本文的结果,发现2005年至2010年间我国工业COD的减排主要由造纸及纸制品业的技术效应贡献,其中又以西部地区造纸及纸制品业贡献突出,其次是东部地区,中部地区略有贡献,东北部地区贡献为负值。其他对工业COD减排作出较大贡献的行业包括食品加工业和化学原料及化学品制造业,但不同产业的区域差异显著。基于可持续性发展的视角,技术效应与规模效应同样显著的产业应当作为区域的主导产业予以重点发展。     

南京市经济增长与工业“三废”污染水平计量模型研究

根据环境库兹涅茨曲线原理，选取南京市1985～2004年的经济与环境数据，运用SPSS和EXCEL软件，分析了经济因子与环境因子的相关关系，并建立了模拟经济因子与环境因子之间动态回归模型。研究结果表明，南京市工业废水排放量和人均GDP具有一般相关性，并不呈现库兹涅茨曲线倒“U”模型，而是呈三次曲线的“N”型，两个拐点分别在9 000元和29 000元，这可能与产业结构转变较快有关。工业废气排放量和固体废物产量与人均GDP存在显著相关性， 符合环境库兹涅茨曲线的倒“U”模型，拐点分别在30 000元和38 000元,均提前实现拐点。此外环境政策与科技对工业废水排放量影响也较大。经济结构是影响工业废气排放量和固体废物产量的主要因素，同时，南京市有利的环保科技政策使这两个环境指标提前实现拐点。     

A design for EoL approach and metrics to favour closed-loop scenarios for products

Recently, environmentally conscious design and extended producer responsibility have become key aspects for companies that need to develop products that are sustainable along their whole life cycle. Design for End of Life (EoL) is a strategy that aims to reduce landfill waste through the implementation of closed-loop product life cycles. It is important to consider disassembly and EoL scenario management as early as the design phase. For these reasons, this paper presents an approach to help designers in the evaluation and subsequent improvement in product EoL performance. The method is based on four innovative EoL indices that compare different EoL scenarios for each product component. In this way, the designer can modify the product structure or the liaisons to maximise the reuse and remanufacture of components as well as material recycling. The presented case studies confirm the validity of the approach in helping designers during the redesign phase of goods and products to reduce the quantity of materials and industrial wastes sent to landfill.     

武汉市工业“三废”污染状况计量模型研究

根据武汉市1987~2003年经济状况（以人均GDP表示）与工业“三废”污染物排放量的统计数据，借助SPSS和EXCEL软件系统，分析了人均GDP与工业“三废”污染物排放量之间的相关关系,并建立了两者之间的计量模型。通过研究发现：武汉市工业“三废”污染物（如工业废水、工业废水中的Cr+6、工业废气中SO2、工业粉尘和工业固废等排放量，工业固体废弃物产生量）除工业固体废弃物产生与排放量在EKC曲线的左边、还处于两难区间外，其余的曲线已过或正处于EKC转折点，说明武汉市工业“三废”污染状况开始向良性化方向发展。在武汉市环境没有遭到完全破坏、资源没有完全耗竭时，根据研究结果， 进行了“烫平”武汉市工业“三废” 排放量EKC曲线走势的可行性分析。     

OPTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE CRUDE PALM OIL INDUSTRY IN THAILAND THROUGH ENHANCEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS

The crude palm oil industry plays an important role in the economic development of Thailand and in enhancing the economic welfare of the population. Despite obvious benefits of this industrial development, it also significantly contributes to environmental degradation, both at the input and the output sides of its activities. On the input side, crude palm oil mills use large quantities of water and energy in the production process. On the output side, manufacturing processes generate large quantities of wastewater, solid waste/by-products and air pollution. Current industrial wastes and recoverable materials are empty fruit bunches, fibers, shells and ash. It is estimated that in 2003, a total of 2.1 million ton of solid wastes/by-products and 2.5 million m³ of wastewater were generated. The concept of the industrial ecosystem points at the potential of industrial waste recycling resembling food chains, food webs and nutrient cycles of nature. Following the notion of industrial ecology crude palm oil mills can develop a number of waste recycling and reuse systems. This paper analyzes the nature of these industrial ecosystems, divided in in-plant ecosystems (clean technology options) and external waste exchange between crude palm oil industries and other economic activities in Thailand.     

山东省经济发展与环境保护关系的计量分析

经济增长与环境污染之间的关系常用环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）来描述。典型的EKC一般量倒U形。本文选取1988-2002年的山东省环境与经济数据．建立单位GDP污染排放量横型和人均GDP污染排放量模型,对山东省经济发展与环境保护之间的关系进行了计量与分析。通过单位GDP污染负荷模型分析发现。单位GDP的污染负荷量下降态势。这说明山东省产业结构调整已产生明显成效。通过人均GDP污染排放量模型发现．山东省的EKC不完全符合典型的库兹涅茨曲线特征。呈显着的三次曲线特点。其中,工业废水曲线为“U＋倒U”形．两个转折点的理论计算值分别为3416元和9975元。废气与固废曲线近似于倒U形EKC的左半部分．尚来到达转折点。由此可见．环境质量的改善并非随着收入水平的提高而自动发生。除了收入因素。影响山东省EKC的因素还有国家或地区的环境政策、工业化进程等。     

Introduction of a recycling system for sustainable municipal solid waste management: a case study on the greater Banjul area of the Gambia

This research proposes for the introduction of a recycling system in the Gambia to enhance sustainable municipal solid waste management. Poor infrastructures, coupled with inadequate resources and lack of funding, work against the optimization of a MSW disposal service. In the authors’ view, authorities in charge of waste management need to change not only behaviors, but modernize their processes. Recycling technology is a key part of the solution. A model has been developed which suggest the involvement of stakeholders to achieve meaningful sustainable MSWM. This can be achieved by recognizing the role of the informal sector through community-based organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and the private sector. The open dump approach is leading to severe environmental consequences as the groundwater and soil within the dump is been contaminated. In this study, an integrated municipal solid waste management approach was developed with a model to help achieve sustainable municipal solid waste management. Resource recovery, not waste disposal, must be the ultimate goal with clearly defined end user markets so that the recovery loop is complete. Mandatory sorting of waste at household level would help greatly in making recycling activity successful.     

中国环境污染密集型产业脱钩的异质性及产业转型

根据现有文献,研究中国的经济增长与环境污染的脱钩,需要将不同环境密集型产业与经济增长的关系分别测算,然后进行比较。本文选取了工业污染的三大来源——废水、废气和固体废物,每种污染源对应着一类环境密集型产业。这三种产业密集排放的污染物的量与经济增长之间的脱钩关系及其内在机制,这是本文研究的重点。本文借鉴Tapio弹性分析模型构建了我国经济增长与不同环境密集型产业之间的脱钩状态的分析模型,并对脱钩状态和程度的判定标准做了规定。随后,对2001-2009年四个时期的经济增长与不同环境密集型产业集中排放的污染物的量之间的脱钩指数进行了测算,同时测算了各产业污染的工业产值弹性及其工业产值的GDP弹性,并对脱钩状态和程度做了判定。结果表明:三类产业的脱钩程度各不相同,其动力机制与发展前景也有所不同,因而需要有针对性地采取规制和治理措施。     

贵阳市循环经济发展度量的研究

循环经济指标体系旨在度量区域循环经济发展的系统目标和工作进展。该文在“驱动力-压力-状态-响应”（DPSR）框架下设计度量区域循环经济发展的指标体系，含有状态指标、压力指标、驱动力指标、响应指标以及分离指标共5类指标集合。其中，分离指标集合作为循环经济的特征指标来表征经济发展与资源投入和污染产出分离的效果和趋势。考察贵阳循环经济规划案例表明：贵阳如果走循环经济的发展道路，可以转变经济增长方式，实现经济增长与资源投入和污染产出的分离。     

产业生态化水平的测度及其影响因素研究

近年来,产业生态化转型发展成为一个重要的热点问题。构建产业生态化水平评价指标体系,运用因子分析法对我国各省(直辖市、自治区)的产业生态化水平进行测度,并对此进行静态和动态分析,最后运用断尾回归方法找出影响我国产业生态化水平的主要因素。实证结果表明:我国产业生态化水平可以划分为领先区、发达区、中等区和落后区4大类型,各省区产业生态化水平虽都有所提高,但差距显著,影响产业生态化水平的主要因素有人均GDP、产业结构、环境污染治理投资额、RD经费投入、工业固体废物产生量以及工业固体废物综合利用率。据此从产业系统内部和外部两个方面提出加快产业生态化转型发展的对策建议。     

财政分权对中国环境污染影响程度的实证分析

财政分权体现了中央政府和地方政府间的财政权力分配关系,它可以通过支出分权度和收入分权度两个指标进行衡量。从理论上分析,大多数研究结论都认为财政分权与污染量排放存在负激励,但是缺乏相应的实证研究。本文利用1998年到2009年的省级面板数据,对中国财政分权与污染物排放规模之间的关系进行了实证分析。本文选取工业废气排放量、工业固体废弃物排放量、工业废水排放量和二氧化硫排放量作为衡量污染物排放规模的指标,选择支出分权度与收入分权度作为解释变量,选择人均GDP、人口密度、城市化水平、外商投资总额、工业化水平作为控制变量。本文还将所有省份按照地理位置划分为东部和中西部两组进行稳健性检验。研究结果表明:以支出分权度衡量的财政分权指标与污染物排放规模负相关,且实证结果具有稳健性,以收入分权度衡量的财政分权指标与污染物排放规模的关系从实证的角度来讲不确定。     

Current Status of Manufacturing Hazardous Waste in Shanghai

It is difficult to manage the manufacturing hazardous waste （MHW） which is generated from a huge amount of complicated sources and causes very serious pollution. Therefore more and more attention has been paid to MHW pollution. Shanghai, as an industrial and economic center and an international metropolis in China, has a vast industrial system spanning a multitude of sectors, which generates MHW not only in a huge magnitude but also in a large variety of types from complicated sources, resulting in severe pollution. In 2003, the production of MHW in Shanghai is about 3.96 × 10^5 ton, involving 33 indices. Most of MHW in Shanghai is treated and disposed of, but a significant portion is not handled properly and effectively. This paper carries out infield investigation on the current status of MHW production and treatment in Shanghai, and puts forward scientific proposals that Shanghai should facilitate cleaner production and minimize haz- ardous waste; strictly enforce hazardous waste registration system, strengthen monitoring the certified enterprises; strengthen intent disposal center construction and realize hazardous waste reclamation; accelerate establishing the technical criteria and the management policy, promote the research and development on the treatment and disposal technology, and strengthen information management, thus realizing integrated management on MHW pollution.     

循环经济园区发展的技术经济分析

建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,必须大力发展循环经济。通过剖析江西星火工业园发展循环经济案例,对循环经济园区的发展进行了技术经济分析。循环经济园区是一种先进的生产组织形式,在园区内,上游企业的废弃物或副产品成为下游企业的原料,新的产业链得到延伸,逐步形成产业网,节省了自然资源,减少环境污染;基础设施、公共服务和知识信息得到共享,交易费用减少,提高了企业综合效益。园区以物质与能量循环利用为目标、以产业集群为载体,通过专业化分工和全面合作,经济、社会和生态环境效益显著。     

武汉城市圈碳排放的时空格局及影响因素分解研究

碳排放导致的全球气候变化已对人类社会与经济发展产生了深刻影响,构建一套适合“两型社会”的碳排放核算体系对于武汉城市圈寻求合理的碳减排途径具有重要的意义。以IPCC碳排放清单为依据,从4个一级项目27个二级项目系统地计算了武汉市城市圈2001～2009年各城市的碳排放总量和碳排放强度。并进一步运用迪氏对数指标分解模型（Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Method,LMDI）定量分解了影响武汉城市圈碳排放的影响因素。研究发现：废弃物处理是武汉城市圈碳排量最多的项目,碳排放主要集中在武汉、黄石、孝感和黄冈等市,城市圈碳排放总量、碳排放地理强度和经济强度的年均递增(减)率分别为186%、022%和606%。能源结构、能源效率是抑制碳排放的主要因素,经济水平是碳排放增长的主要原因,人口效应对碳排放的影响不大,其累计贡献值分别为-22 879.85万t、-5 173.10万t、14 258.36万t和58231万t。为降低碳排放,城市圈需在推进废弃物处理技术、新能源开发、产业升级和构建低碳补偿等方面做出改进     

基于Leslie模型的产业链废物产生量预测研究

利用1987-2002年中国工业行业投入产出数据,在对产业间经济技术联系分析的基础上,构建了一个循环经济模拟产业链,且以2005年该产业链上各产业废物产生量为基期数据,模拟Leslie动物繁衍模型,分别对2010年、2015年和2020年该产业链上各产业废物产生总量进行了预测和分析。可为构建循环经济产业链,以及评价循环经济产业链运行效率提供必要的方法和数据参考。     

江苏省工业化进程中的环境效应分析

工业化快速进程中．工业污染作为工业生产在所难免的附属产物．占全国总污染负荷的70％．对资源环境构成巨大压力。经济发达地区工业产值占据了国民经济的半壁江山．使得工业结构与布局成为影响生态环境质量的主要驱动因子。本文首先以江苏省为例．分析重污染行业结构与工业布局变动对环境效应的实际效果．得出重要结论：自1990年以来工业结构与布局调整不利于环境污染控制。从生产效应和社会效应两个方面．分析工业化进程中的环境效应影响机理．通过对江苏省的实证分析．结果证实工业结构与布局是现阶段景影响环境污染的重要变量。重污染行业结构是环境效应的主要影响因素。加快工业结构调整步伐、进一步优化工业布局．着力于从工业结构调整和工业布局变动趋势中获得改善环境质量的机遇和动力是摆脱环境与发展困境的有力手段。     

Current Status of Manufacturing Hazardous Waste in Shanghai

Abstract

It is difficult to manage the manufacturing hazardous waste (MHW) which is generated from a huge amount of complicated sources and causes very serious pollution. Therefore more and more attention has been paid to MHW pollution. Shanghai, as an industrial and economic center and an international metropolis in China, has a vast industrial system spanning a multitude of sectors, which generates MHW not only in a huge magnitude but also in a large variety of types from complicated sources, resulting in severe pollution. In 2003, the production of MHW in Shanghai is about 3.96 × 10⁵ ton, involving 33 indices. Most of MHW in Shanghai is treated and disposed of, but a significant portion is not handled properly and effectively. This paper carries out in-field investigation on the current status of MHW production and treatment in Shanghai, and puts forward scientific proposals that Shanghai should facilitate cleaner production and minimize hazardous waste; strictly enforce hazardous waste registration system, strengthen monitoring the certified enterprises; strengthen intent disposal center construction and realize hazardous waste reclamation; accelerate establishing the technical criteria and the management policy, promote the research and development on the treatment and disposal technology, and strengthen information management, thus realizing integrated management on MHW pollution.     

Comparative toxicity of solid waste leachates to Daphnia magna

The comparative acute and chronic toxicities of municipal, industrial, coal-fired power plant, and synthetic fuel solid waste leachates to the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia magna were determined. Seventeen leachates were laboratory-derived by extraction with 0.5 N acetic acid, and one, an arsenic-contaminated groundwater, was naturally derived. The acute toxicity 48-h LC₅₀ estimates (concentrations of the test materials that killed 50% of the test organisms in 48 h) ranged from 0.0005% for a dye waste leachate to > 100% (i.e., undiluted) for a coal gasification waste leachate. The most toxic leachates were derived from a dye waste, a plater's waste, and the arsenic-contaminated groundwater, and the least toxic were from a soybean process cake waste and a coal gasification waste. Of the 16 leachates used in the 28 day chronic toxicity tests, only the arsenic-contaminated groundwater and a municipal sewage sludge significantly affected D. magna reproduction. The former material at 1.0% concentration and the sludge at 0.1% caused about an 88% reduction in the numbers of young produced by exposed females compared with controls. Generally, the industrial waste leachates were more toxic than those from the power plant and synthetic fuel wastes. Because its presence in the test materials interfered with interpretation of the results, acetic acid may not be an appropriate extraction medium for preparation of leachates.