三相流化床光催化反应器降解水中酸性大红

以钛酸铋纳米粉体为光催化剂,采用三相内循环流化床光催化反应器对酸性大红染料废水进行了处理,研究了制备钛酸铋时铋与钛物质的量比n(Bi):n(Ti)、光催化剂投加量以及废水的pH值对酸性大红去除率的影响.结果表明,n(Bi):n(Ti)=12:1,废水的pH=3,催化剂投加量为0.10 g/L,流量为10 L/h时,连续运行3 h后,酸性大红的去除率可达92.0%.处理水量增大时,经过两级处理,酸性大红染料的总去除率仍可达到94.4%.     

环形流化床光催化氧化反应器流场数值模拟

采取计算流体力学（CFD）方法对环形流化床光催化氧化反应器内部流场进行了模拟计算,重点考察了重力、废水流速、反应器放置方式等对微米级TiO2催化剂浓度分布、颗粒温度的影响。结果表明,对于水平放置的反应器,催化剂浓度分布受重力影响比较显著,且增大反应器入口处废水流速,催化剂颗粒浓度径向分布会趋于均匀;增大反应器入口处废水流速,可以提高边界层中催化剂颗粒温度,促进催化剂颗粒向流体主体做径向运动。与水平放置相比较,反应器竖直放置使流场中催化剂浓度径向分布更均匀,有利于提高光催化氧化反应的速率和效率。     

光催化-膜分离三相流化床循环反应装置处理酸性红B废水

耦合光催化氧化和有机膜分离技术,设计了一种新型光催化氧化-有机膜分离三相流化床循环反应装置（循环反应装置）;并对循环反应装置光催化降解酸性红B时的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,减小膜出水通量和降低酸性红B废水浓度均有利于膜出水降解率的提高;循环反应装置中废水降解率随光催化反应器底部曝气量的增加而先增加再降低,膜分离器中废水降解率的波动则随曝气量的增加而总是在增大,其最佳曝气量为1．00m^3／h;光催化反应器中多光源布置有利于循环反应装置的稳定运行;循环反应装置可有效地处理酸性红B废水。     

Carbamazepine degradation by photolysis and titanium dioxide photocatalysis

We investigated the degradation of carbamazepine by photolysis/ultraviolet (UV)-C only and titanium dioxide photocatalysis. The degradation of carbamazepine by UV-only and titanium-dioxide-only (adsorption) reactions were inefficient, however, complete degradation of carbamazepine was observed by titanium dioxide photocatalysis within 30 min. The rate of degradation increased as initial carbamazepine concentration decreased, and the removal kinetics fit well with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The addition of methanol, a radical scavenger, decreased carbamazepine removal, suggesting that the hydroxide radical played an important role during carbamazepine degradation. The addition of oxygen during titanium dioxide photocatalysis accelerated hydroxide radical production, thus improving mineralization activity. The photocatalytic degradation was more efficient at a higher pH, whereas the removal of carbamazepine and acridine (a major intermediate) were more efficient under aerobic conditions. The mineralization of carbamazepine during photocatalysis produced various ionic by-products such as ammonium and nitrate by way of nitrogen dioxide.     

光催化-臭氧氧化降解H酸的研究

采用光催化-臭氧氧化技术(催化膜/UV/O3)降解H酸.研究结果表明,光催化与臭氧氧化相结合具有明显的协同作用.实验进一步讨论了臭氧投加量、废水初始pH值和H酸初始浓度对光催化-臭氧氧化降解H酸的影响.降解后的H酸,萘环结构被破坏,可生化性提高.     

光催化-臭氧氧化降解H酸的研究

采用光催化一臭氧氧化技术（催化膜／UV／O3）降解H酸。研究结果表明，光催化与臭氧氧化相结合具有明显的协同作用。实验进一步讨论了臭氧投加量、废水初始pH值和H酸初始浓度对光催化一臭氧氧化降解H酸的影响。降解后的H酸，萘环结构被破坏，可生化性提高。     

旋转盘反应器光催化降解苯酚废水动力学

采用旋转盘反应器(SDR)降解苯酚废水,对苯酚初始浓度、溶液pH值、H2O2的添加对其光催化降解动力学的影响进行了研究。结果表明,SDR内的光催化降解动力学特征符合一级反应动力学规律。苯酚初始浓度越低,反应速率常数k值越大;溶液pH=2时的降解速率高于其他pH值;H2O2的协同作用使苯酚的降解速率明显提高,其速率常数k值为未添加H2O2时的78倍。     

蜂窝断面内循环三相生物流化床内流动状况的数值模拟

根据蜂窝断面内循环三相生物流化床内混合液的连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程,利用Fluent软件对反应器内的流动状况进行了数值模拟.采用Fluent的前处理软件Gambit完成流化床的三维模型,利用Fluent主程序解析计算,并利用后处理软件实现计算结果的显示.模拟计算结果获得了反应器内静压力、静压差的变化规律,得到了液体循环速度、气含率沿纵向及横断面的分布.     

臭氧光催化降解水中甲醛的研究

研究比较了3种光化学方法对水中低浓度甲醛的降解效果,考察了初始pH值、甲醛浓度和臭氧投加速率等因素对臭氧光催化(TiO_2/UV/O_3)降解甲醛的影响。结果表明,紫外臭氧(UV/O_3)、光催化(TiO_2/UV)和TiO_2/UV/O_3对甲醛的降解均符合表观一级反应动力学,TiO_2/UV/O_3降解甲醛的一级表观速率常数大于TiO_2/UV与UV/O_3之和,说明臭氧、光催化有明显的协同作用。pH值对臭氧光催化降解甲醛的速率几乎没有影响;甲醛初始浓度增加,表观反应速率常数下降,但甲醛的绝对去除量仍随初始浓度的增加而显著增加;臭氧投加速率增加,降解速率增加。甲醛降解的主要中间产物为甲酸,但甲酸在臭氧光催化反应过程中也快速降解而被矿化,说明臭氧光催化是一种能安全有效去除甲醛的方法。     

Kinetics and mechanism of TNT degradation in TiO2 photocatalysis

The photocatalytic degradation of TNT in a circular photocatalytic reactor, using a UV lamp as a light source and TiO(2) as a photocatalyst, was investigated. The effects of various parameters such as the initial TNT concentration, and the initial pH on the TNT degradation rate of TiO(2) photocatalysis were examined. In the presence of both UV light illumination and TiO(2) catalyst, TNT was more effectively degraded than with either UV or TiO(2) alone. The reaction rate was found to obey pseudo first-order kinetics represented by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. In the mineralization study, TNT (30 mg/l) photocatalytic degradation resulted in an approximately 80% TOC decrease after 150 min, and 10% of acetate and 57% of formate were produced as the organic intermediates, and were further degraded. NO(-)(3) NO(-)(2), and NH(+)(4) were detected as the nitrogen byproducts from photocatalysis and photolysis, and more than 50% of the total nitrogen was converted mainly to NO(-)(3)in the photocatalysis. However, NO(-)(3) did not adsorbed on the TiO(2) surface. TNT showed higher photocatalytic degradation efficiency at neutral and basic pH.     

Dynamic purification of coal ash by a gas-solid fluidized bed

Fluidized bed filtration classified as granular bed filtration is a solution for removing particles from flue gas. Fine particles are captured by colliding with bed material. Binary mixtures including fines exist in the fluidized bed; the situation becomes more complex because the fines increases with time as particles enter continuously. Coal ash was put into the inlet gas of a gas-solid fluidized bed with silica sand and the variations in concentration with time was monitored, to elucidate the dynamic purification of fines by bed material and the interaction therewith. Water was injected into the inlet gas also to study the influence of water content on the removal of particles. Experimental results showed that the particle concentration rapidly increased with time until equilibrium was achieved. The outlet concentrations exceeded the inlet concentration (such that the removal efficiency was negative) at operating time between 26 and 30 min, yielding an efficiency as low as -35%. The removal efficiency increased with the relative humidity from 30% to 70%. The maximum cumulative collection ratios of particles (by mass) were 20%, 22% and 27% at humidities of 30%, 50% and 70%, declining to 7%, 13%, and 19% at the end.     

油田油泥与煤在流化床中的混烧

基于小型流化床焚烧实验平台,通过含油污泥与煤混合燃烧,分析气体污染物排放浓度以及灰渣特性。含油污泥与煤混烧后NOx、SO2的排放浓度均低于危险废物焚烧排放标准。根据灰渣中组分分析,煤中碱金属化合物能抑制SO2的排放。渣样的浸出毒性均在标准范围内,灰样的浸出毒性高于渣样,主要因为飞灰中更容易富集挥发和易溶形态的重金属。基于小试实验的结果,油泥在小型流化床上的燃烧不充分导致了CO排放浓度较高,且灰的灼减率较高,因此,在后续中试以及示范工程中,应保证油泥的充分燃烧,为灰渣的综合利用提供理论基础。     

Biotreatment of hydrogen sulfide- and ammonia-containing waste gases by fluidized bed bioreactor

Gas mixtures of H2S and NH3 are the focus of this study of research concerning gases generated from animal husbandry and treatments of anaerobic wastewater lagoons. A heterotrophic microflora (a mixture of Pseudomonas putida for H2S and Arthrobacter oxydans for NH3) was immobilized with Ca-alginate and packed into a fluidized bed reactor to simultaneously decompose H2S and NH3. This bioreactor was continuously supplied with H2S and NH3 separately or together at various ratios. The removal efficiency, removal rate, and metabolic product of the bioreactor were studied. The results showed that the efficiency remained above 95% when the inlet H2S concentration was below 30 ppm at 36 L/hr. Furthermore, the apparent maximum removal and the apparent half-saturation constant were 7.0 x 10(-8) g-S/cell/day and 76.2 ppm, respectively, in this study. The element sulfur as a main product prevented acidification of the biofilter, which maintained the stability of the operation. As for NH3, the greater than 90% removal rate was achieved as long as the inlet concentration was controlled below 100 ppm at a flow rate of 27 L/hr. In the NH3 inlet, the apparent maximum removal and the apparent half-saturation constant were 1.88 x 10(-6) g-N/cell/day and 30.5 ppm, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed that 60 ppm of NH3 significantly suppressed the H2S removal by Pseudomonas putida, but H2S in the range of 5-60 ppm did not affect NH3 removal by Arthrobacter oxydans. Results from bioaerosol analysis in the bioreactor suggest that the co-immobilized cell technique applied for gas removal creates less environmental impact.     

流化床中污泥干燥特性

以湿污泥为原料在气固流动流化床干燥器内进行了污泥干燥特性的实验研究,考察流化风速、送风温度、联合干燥热量配比的变化对干燥强度、干燥热效率及平均传热系数的影响。实验结果表明,流化床污泥干燥最佳流化风速为1.48 m/s左右;随着流化风温的升高,干燥强度和干燥热效率逐渐增大,但增幅减小;单独的加热管干燥和流化风干燥的干燥热效率均较低,分别为33%和45%左右。在相同总输入热量下,随着内置加热管输入热量的比重越来越大,干燥热效率、干燥强度和平均传热系数均先增大后减小。     

A/O/O生物流化床处理焦化废水中酚类组成及降解特性分析

为了研究实际焦化废水处理工程中酚类污染物的组成及降解特性,实验中采用HLB小柱固相萃取水样,GC-MS选择性离子扫描方法检测环境中15种酚类污染物,除苯酚的平均回收率为72.6%以外,其他14种酚类的回收率在87.6%~102.3%之间,平行测定标准偏差均小于7.62%,能够满足环境中酚类污染物测定的需要。实验结果表明,焦化废水中含有高浓度的苯酚、甲基酚和萘酚,同时存在微量的氯酚和硝基酚。在生物流化床A/O/O组合工艺处理焦化废水的过程中,厌氧阶段高浓度酚类(苯酚、甲基酚和萘酚)、氯酚类去除率分别为29.3%和31.6%;一级好氧阶段分别为99%和92.4%;二级好氧阶段分别达到89%和6%;最终出水中酚类污染物浓度0.045 mg/L,满足钢铁行业废水达标排放要求。     

曝气生物流化床处理高氨氮粪便污水

应用好氧曝气生物流化床反应器处理动车集便器粪便污水,研究反应器同步硝化反硝化脱氮及去除COD效能,以及DO对处理效能的影响,通过镜检观察反应器内微生物特性,探究反应器同步硝化反硝化脱氮机理。结果表明,反应器维持DO在2.5 mg/L左右时,对粪便污水中氨氮、TN和COD的去除率分别达99.8%、84.1%和95.5%,在好氧曝气生物流化床反应器中,实现同步硝化反硝化脱氮并去除有机物。分析认为,反硝化脱氮主要发生在生物膜内的厌氧微环境,反硝化反应主要由厌氧反硝化菌完成,曝气生物流化床反应器同步硝化反硝化脱氮机理主要从微环境理论解释。     

基于膨胀特性的厌氧流化床反应器的设计和运行控制

生物流化床的床层膨胀行为直接与生化反应区的水动力学和效率相关 ,床层膨胀特性是进行合理设计和运行的重要依据。目前流化床设计一般没有考虑生物膜的影响 ,但生物颗粒的流化行为有别于光滑载体 ,因此需要对曳力系数Cd 和膨胀特性方程中的ui 进行必要的修正。在综合分析基础上 ,探讨了优化两相流化床设计和运行的程序和方法     

湿污泥在流化床中干燥特性

在鼓泡流化床干燥器内,床料采用0～1 mm的石英砂,以热空气作为干燥介质,对城市污水污泥的流态化干燥特性进行实验研究。通过控制送风温度、流化风量、加料量、污泥粒径等参数,研究在不同工况条件下床温以及干污泥含水率的变化情况。结果表明,随着送风温度的升高,床温升高,干污泥含水率下降,最终趋向于一个稳定值8%。床温随流化风量的增加先是减小而后升高,干污泥的含水率随流化风量的增加先是降低而后增大。当加料量从11 kg/h增加到13kg/h时,干污泥的含水率基本没有变化,当加料量超过13 kg/h时,干污泥的含水率从8.1%开始呈递增趋势。随污泥粒径的增大,床温升高,干污泥含水率也随之升高。     

超声波-光催化联合降解苯酚废水研究

超声降解和光催化降解均为自由基历程的高级氧化技术,同时,超声空化能够改善传质效果,因此,二者耦合能否产生协同效果是值得研究的。本文考察了苯酚溶液的超声降解、光降解、光催化降解、超声-光催化降解以及温度对光降解和光催化降解的影响。结果表明,40kHz,0.4w/cm2的超声波对苯酚没有明显的降解作用,而对光催化降解只有轻微的促进作用。光降解和光催化降解的过程曲线显著不同,但温度对二者均有显著的促进作用。     

气-固流化床光催化氧化甲苯的研究

在自制的流化床光催化反应装置中研究了中低浓度(28~140mg/m3)甲苯的气相光催化降解过程,考察了光照时间、初始浓度、表观气速和催化剂负载量等因素对甲苯光催化降解率的影响规律。结果表明,紫外灯照射约1·5h,甲苯的转化率达最大值,甲苯初始浓度越低,维持此最大值的时间越久;在一定低浓度范围内(28~55mg/m3),甲苯的转化率不随浓度变化,符合一级反应动力学,浓度进一步增加,则甲苯的转化率下降;表观气速和催化剂负载量的最佳值分别为3·3Umf和0·19gTiO2/gSiO2。