鞘氨醇单胞菌:降解芳香化合物的新型微生物资源

鞘氨醇单胞菌属是一类丰富的新型微生物资源,可用于芳香化合物的生物降解.该属菌株凭借自身的高代谢能力与多功能的生理特性,在环境保护及工业生产方面具有巨大的应用潜力.但是由于对鞘氨醇单胞菌的认识较晚,该菌的生态价值及经济价值很少被关注,对其的研究也停留在初级阶段.本文综述了鞘氨醇单胞菌属自发现以来的研究进展,包括生理生化特性的描述、分类学研究、生物高聚物的合成、特殊组分鞘脂以及相关酶与基因的研究,并结合目前国际研究的热点,提出值得进一步探讨和研究的问题.     

藻际环境铁载体细菌的筛选及群体感应信号对其合成的调节作用

铁载体是海洋微生物获取铁元素的重要代谢因子，现有的一些研究推测海洋微生物铁代谢功能的发挥依赖群体效应，但海洋微生物群体行为的介导方式及其对铁载体功能的调节还未见揭示.为深入了解微生物的铁代谢特征，以藻际微生物为例，从中分离筛选产铁载体的细菌，并探讨群体感应信号（QS）对其合成的调控作用.利用稀释涂布法从甲藻赤潮样品中分离得到5株产铁载体的细菌，16Sr RNA基因序列鉴定为新鞘氨醇杆菌（Novosphingobium sp.）、鞘氨醇单胞菌（Sphingomonas sp.）、寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas sp.）、嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydr ophi la）和根瘤菌（R hizobiumar enae）.铬天青S(CAS)检测法结合化学显色反应分析显示，细菌分泌的铁载体主要包括羧酸盐、异羟肟酸、儿茶酚和肠杆菌素.薄层色谱法（TLC）检测到4株细菌具有明显产群体感应信号的能力，信号分子主要为高丝氨酸内酯（AHLs）AHL-C8、AHL-C8-O以及AHL-10.为验证群体感应信号对铁载体的调节能力，以新鞘氨醇杆菌为代表构建AHL突变株，通过突变株与野生株...     

生物转盘+表面流人工湿地对北亚热带秋冬季节受污染河水强化处理效果研究

受污染河水传统修复工艺在秋冬季节存在运行效果不佳、容易返黑返臭等问题。通过耦合生物转盘(RBCs)+表面流人工湿地(FWSCWs)技术,构建生物-生态组合工艺,探究其在秋冬季节对受污染河水的处理效果,并解析微生物种群特征,揭示微生物群落结构与污染物强化处理效能之间的关系。结果表明,组合工艺对氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和化学需氧量(COD)的去除率分别为83.83%、3.32%、11.09%和20.52%,出水NH₄⁺-N浓度和COD分别达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类和Ⅴ类标准。组合工艺中优势菌属包括硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)、亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)、红杆菌属(Rhodobacter)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillius)、β-变形菌纲脱氯菌属(Dechloromonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter...     

紫云英苷在黄顶菊适生土壤中的迁移及降解

近年来植物黄酮类次生代谢物质已成为外来植物入侵机制研究的热点。黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)自2001年入侵我国以来,已对自然生态系统及农业生产造成了严重危害。紫云英苷是黄顶菊植株体内含量最高的黄酮类次生代谢物质,可抑制种子萌发,影响植物生长,目前对其被分泌到土壤后,在土壤中的迁移性及降解等行为尚不清楚。本文研究了紫云英苷在不同土壤中的迁移及降解规律,并以潮土为例,通过土壤酶活性测定与高通量测序技术,试图揭示紫云英苷在土壤中的降解机制。结果表明:紫云英苷在不同土壤中的迁移值R_f为0.14~0.51,呈现弱至中等移动特性;紫云英苷在不同土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期为2.68~18.55 h,在灭菌潮土中的半衰期为111.8 h;紫云英苷加入土壤后土壤脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶活性均表现出一定程度的升高;高通量测序结果表明,紫云英苷改变了土壤细菌群落结构,其中诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sohingomonas)、新鞘氨醇杆菌属(Novosphingobium)、脂肪杆菌属(Pimelobacter)、Aeromicrobium属、Pedobacter属、溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)、热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)、枝动菌属(Mycoplana)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、支原体属(Mycoplasma)等菌群在紫云英苷加入土壤后表现出较高的丰度,可能在紫云英苷降解过程中起重要作用。     

四川彭州大蒜根腐病发病土壤细菌与真菌群落结构

为了解土壤微生物群落与大蒜根腐病之间的关系,采集四川省彭州市不同地点大蒜正常生长和发病土壤样品,采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术分析土壤细菌与真菌的群落结构变化.结果显示,供试土壤的优势细菌主要为变形菌门和绿弯菌门,优势真菌主要为子囊菌门和担子菌门;与正常土壤相比,发病土壤细菌多样性减少,真菌多样性和丰富度增加,其中硝化螺菌属、Nitrosomonadaceae-uncultured、芽孢杆菌属和鞘氨醇单胞菌属等有益细菌及青霉属、木霉属和热霉属等有益真菌丰度降低,匐柄霉属和镰刀菌属等病原真菌丰度增加.Spearman分析结果显示,匐柄霉属和镰刀菌属等病原真菌的相对丰度与土壤pH呈负相关,与土壤速效钾含量呈正相关.本研究表明彭州大蒜根腐病发病与土壤微生物群落结构改变、土壤微生态失衡有关,结果对探明病害的发生机理具有现实意义,可为有效防治大蒜根腐病提供理论依据.(图2表5参36)     

迭鞘石斛抗肿瘤作用研究

体外培养SMMC-7721和HL-7702细胞,以不同浓度的迭鞘石斛多糖、醇提物、水提物作为药物组,并设生理盐水组作为阴性对照,5-Fu组作为阳性对照,MTT法分别测定处理24h、48h、72h后的吸光度值,计算药物对细胞生长的抑制率.荷瘤小鼠分别腹腔注射迭鞘石斛3种提取物,连续注射10d,d11眼眶静脉取血,测定血清中MDA含量及SOD活力变化.体外实验发现浓度为160μg/mL的迭鞘石斛多糖作用48h,对SMMC-7721细胞的生长抑制作用最强,且对HL-7702细胞的毒害作用较小.体内实验发现,迭鞘石斛多糖能显著增强荷瘤小鼠血清中SOD活力(P<0.01),降低MDA含量(P<0.01).研究表明,迭鞘石斛多糖是一种具有潜力的抗肿瘤天然药物.图1表2参8     

厌氧氨氧化菌的种类、特性与检测

厌氧氨氧化是地球氮素循环的重要环节,也是废水生物脱氮和污染环境修复的重要基础;厌氧氨氧化菌作为厌氧氨氧化功能的执行者,近年来成为微生物、环境、地学等领域的研究热点.本文从厌氧氨氧化菌种类、菌种特性及检测手段3个方面综述近年国内外厌氧氨氧化菌研究进展.基于多相分类法,以遗传型分类为主,目前共鉴定厌氧氨氧化菌6属21种,其中Candidatus Anammoximicrobium为最新属.不同种厌氧氨氧化菌在形态结构、细胞组成、生理生化、生态分布存在异同,对温度、盐度、有机物等环境因素的敏感度导致其生态位的差异性,有利于工程应用.近来结合PCR-DGGE、FISH和q PCR等先进的现代分子生物学手段,已形成一套研究厌氧氨氧化菌种类、数量、分布和活性的有效方法,并获得系列基于An AOB 16S r RNA及功能基因(nir S,hzo)的特异性引物.最后提出完善厌氧氨氧化菌纯培物的分离方法、探明厌氧氨氧化菌的代谢途径和遗传特性、明确厌氧氨氧化菌在生境中的分布及贡献是未来研究的热点和难点.     

多环芳烃降解菌ZL5分离鉴定及其降解质粒

通过选择性富集培养，从辽河油田石油污染土壤中分离到一株多环芳烃(PAHs)降解菌ZL5．它能以菲和芘为唯一碳源生长，但是不能利用萘．16S rDNA核苷酸序列分析结果表明，ZL5属于变形细菌α亚类中的鞘氨醇单胞菌属．该菌株含有一个大小约为60kb的质粒．丝裂霉素C消除实验表明，随着质粒的丢失，菌株利用菲和芘的能力也丧失．用电转化和氯化铷转化法分别将菌株ZL5的质粒导人大肠杆菌JM109和DH5α中，随着质粒的获得，这些转化子获得了降解菲和芘的能力．本研究结果表明，鞘氨醇单胞菌ZL5降解PAHs的功能和质粒有关。     

土壤栽培和无土栽培菜心中内生细菌比较及分离鉴定

菜心(Brassica parachinensis)是华南地区的一种特色蔬菜.为探究无土栽培和土壤栽培菜心内生细菌的差异,以这两种栽培方式的菜心为材料,分离内生细菌.根据插入序列指纹图谱(IS-PCR)结果进行聚类,对代表性菌株的16S rRNA基因序列进行系统发育分析,并将菌株加入无土栽培营养液中,收获后测定菜心的的相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)和可溶性糖含量.结果显示,从两种菜心中共分离到31株内生细菌,IS-PCR结果将其聚为9个类群,16S rRNA基因鉴定其分别属于Bacillus sp.(芽孢杆菌属)、Rhizobium sp.(根瘤菌属)、Microbacterium sp.(微杆菌属)、Leifsonia sp.(雷夫松氏菌属)、Sphingomonassp.(鞘氨醇单胞菌属)、Alcaligenessp.(产碱菌属)和Agrobacteriumsp.(农杆菌属).土壤栽培菜心中可培养细菌数目多于无土栽培菜心,且土壤栽培菜心中内生细菌的碳代谢更多样化.生理生化实验显示,部分菌株能分泌生长素和铁载体.加入土壤栽培菜心中分离得到的菌株SCG14和SCG0802后,无土栽培菜心的相对叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量比对照显著提高.本研究表明无土栽培和土壤栽培的菜心中的内生细菌在种类、数目、分布部位和碳源利用能力上有差异;此外,分离得到的菌株能提高无土栽培菜心的相对叶绿素以及可溶性糖含量,有开发为微生物制剂的潜力.(图4表6参35)     

白芨滩地区不同生物土壤结皮类型对微生物群落结构和组成的影响

白芨滩国家级自然保护区及其周边植被恢复有利于改善区域生态环境,而植被恢复良好的区域内镶嵌分布着大面积藓结皮和藻结皮,其在防风固沙、改善荒漠生态系统地表土壤质量等方面发挥着重要作用。为深入了解该区域不同生物土壤结皮中微生物群落结构及其差异,选取藓结皮和藻结皮镶嵌分布的地表覆盖区设置取样点,分别对藓结皮和藻结皮进行细菌和真菌的Illumina MiSeq测序。结果表明,不同生物土壤结皮中细菌群落和真菌群落α多样性趋于一致,仅反映细菌群落丰富度的ACE和Chao指数在藓结皮中显著高于藻结皮。不同生物土壤结皮形成以微枝形杆菌属、红色杆菌属、地嗜皮菌属、芽球菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属、土壤红杆菌属、微红微球菌属、类诺卡氏菌属和苔藓杆菌属等为主要类群的细菌群落结构以及以赤霉菌属、Knufia、被孢霉属、石果衣属、链格孢属、Bahusakala、Phaeomycocentrospora、光黑壳属和Omphalina等属为主要已知类群的真菌群落结构。藓结皮中,红色杆菌属细菌相对丰度显著低于藻结皮,而苔藓杆菌属细菌相对丰度显著高于藻结皮。藓结皮中,Knufia、Bahusakala、Omphalina、Lam...     

Quantifying the complexities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae's ecosystem engineering via fermentation

The theory of niche construction suggests that organisms may engineer environments via their activities. Despite the potential of this phenomenon being realized by Darwin, the capability of niche construction to generally unite ecological and evolutionary biology has never been empirically quantified. Here I quantify the fitness effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae's ecosystem engineering in a natural ferment in order to understand the interaction between ecological and evolutionary processes. I show that S. cerevisiae eventually dominates in fruit niches, where it is naturally initially rare, by modifying the environment through fermentation (the Crabtree effect) in ways which extend beyond just considering ethanol production. These data show that an additional cause of S. cerevisiae's competitive advantage over the other yeasts in the community is due to the production of heat via fermentation. Even though fermentation is less energetically efficient than respiration, it seems that this trait has been selected for because its net effect provides roughly a 7% fitness advantage over the other members of the community. These data provide an elegant example of niche construction because this trait clearly modifies the environment and therefore the selection pressures to which S. cerevisiae, and other organisms that access the fruit resource, including humans, are exposed to.     

Environmental and phylogenetic correlates of Eulemur behavior and ecology (Primates: Lemuridae)

The extent of diversity within closely related taxa may be a function of their shared evolutionary history or of selective forces causing adaptive changes. Examining variation among taxa within a single genus may help to identify flexibility in trait variation because recently diverged populations are more likely living in the environment of adaptation. This study examines correlates of diversity in Eulemur, a genus that has a wide distribution in a variety of habitat types throughout Madagascar. Previously published data were gathered from 11 long-term studies of Eulemur populations. Variables were categorized into multiple datasets: (1) environmental characteristics, (2) social organization, and (3) ecology, which included subsets for ranging behavior, diet, and activity budget. Molecular phylogenies from the literature were used to create the fourth and final dataset, a dissimilarity matrix of evolutionary distance among the 12 species and subspecies. Principal components and cluster analyses were implemented to examine the overall ecological similarity among Eulemur populations and to determine which variables contribute most to the variation among taxa. Partial Mantel tests were conducted to test for correlations among the dataset matrices. The results suggest ecological flexibility for the genus, in particular, populations in similar environments displayed similar activity patterns. In contrast, social organization showed no relationship with environment but was correlated with phylogenetic distance among populations. While Eulemur seems to demonstrate some flexibility for ecological adaptations, characteristics related to group size and sex ratio more closely track phylogeny and thus may be less flexible.Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible to authorized users.     

A case for quantile regression in behavioral ecology: getting more out of flight initiation distance data

A central goal of behavioral ecology is to quantify and explain variation in behavior. While much previous work has focused on the differences in mean behavior across groups or treatments, we present a complementary approach studying changes in the distribution of the response variable. This is important because changes in the edges of a distribution may be more informative than changes in the mean if behavior at the edges of a distribution better reflects behavioral constraints. Quantile regression estimates the rate of change of conditional quantiles of a response variable and thus allows the study of changes in any part of its distribution. Although quantile regression is gaining popularity in the ecological literature, it is strikingly unused in behavioral ecology. Here, we demonstrate the usefulness of this method by analyzing the relationship between the starting distance (SD) at which an observer approach a focal animal and its flight initiation distance (FID, the distance between the observer and the animal when it decides to flee). In particular, we used a simple model of flight initiation distance to show that in most situations ordinary least-square regression cannot be used to analyse the SD–FID relationship. Quantile regression conducted on the lowest quantiles appears more robust and we applied this approach to data from four bird species. Overall, changes in the lowest FID values appeared to be the most informative to determine if a species displays a “flush early” strategy, a strategy which has been hypothesized to be a general rule. We hope this example will bring quantile regression to the attention of behavioral ecologists as a valuable tool to add to their statistical toolbox.     

生态农业系统综合效益评价研究动态与展望

总结了国内外生态农业发展和生态农业系统生态经济评价体系及评价的方法，阐述了生态农业综合效益评价的特点及国内外研究的最新动态。提出土壤健康在农业持续发展评价中的重要性。最后指出了生态-经济系统整合模型在建立生态农业最优化模式中的应用前景。     

SIZE DOESN'T MATTER: MICROBIAL SELECTION EXPERIMENTS ADDRESS ECOLOGICAL PHENOMENA

Experimental evolution is relevant to ecology because it can connect physiology, and in particular metabolism, to questions in ecology. The investigation of the linkage between the environment and the evolution of metabolism is tractable because these experiments manipulate a very simple environment to produce predictable evolutionary outcomes. In doing so, microbial selection experiments can examine the causal elements of natural selection: how specific traits in varying environments will yield different fitnesses. Here, we review the methodology of microbial evolution experiments and address three issues that are relevant to ecologists: genotype-by-environment interactions, ecological diversification due to specialization, and negative frequency-dependent selection. First, we expect that genotype-by-environment interactions will be ubiquitous in biological systems. Second, while antagonistic pleiotropy is implicated in some cases of ecological specialization, other mechanisms also seem to be at work. Third, while negative frequency-dependent selection can maintain ecological diversity in laboratory systems, a mechanistic (biochemical) analysis of these systems suggests that negative frequency dependence may only apply within a narrow range of environments if resources are substitutable. Finally, we conclude that microbial experimental evolution needs to avail itself of molecular techniques that could enable a mechanistic understanding of ecological diversification in these simple systems.     

甘肃某冶炼厂区土壤重金属铅、镉污染特征及其对微生物群落结构的影响

长期受到重金属铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)污染的土壤生态危害指数较高,土壤微生物群落结构容易受到重金属的影响,重金属对土壤微生物的毒性与重金属的生物利用度直接相关.以白银市重金属污染土壤为样本,分析了土壤的理化性质、重金属Pb和Cd的污染状况及土壤微生物群落结构,探究它们之间的关联性.样本采自距离污染中心由近及远的4个位置(...     

Use of a sensitive indicator species in the assessment of biological effects of sewage disposal in fjords near Bergen,Norway

Coordinated environmental, ecological and biochemical studies have been applied to assess the impact of sewage disposal in a fjordic system near Bergen, Norway. The ecological and biochemical effects were studied in 1983 at four sampling locations situated along a spatial gradient of effects of the sewage on conditions in the sediments. Two of the locations, near Dolviken, were found to be considerably affected by the sewage. Relatively few species of macrobenthic invertebrate fauna were present at these locations, and analysis of the distribution of individuals among species indicated distortion of the benthic community structure. On the basis of its distribution along spatial gradients of organic enrichment and various criteria relating to its suitability for biochemical analysis, the polychaete Glycera alba (Müller) was selected as the most suitable pollution-sensitive indicator species for use in the biochemical studies. In individuals from the two affected locations near Dolviken, maximal activities of the regulatory glycolytic enzyme, phosphofructokinase, and the pyruvate oxidoreductase, alanopine dehydrogenase, were very low. Activities of several other enzymes associated with carbohydrate catabolism were also lower in these groups than in the reference group collected from Raunefjorden. The ecological and biochemical measures both corresponded closely with the changes in environmental conditions along the gradient of sewage effects. The results are discussed with reference to earlier coordinated ecological and biochemical investigations carried out in Scotland and Norway and to experimental studies of the effects of pollutants and hypoxia on energy-yielding metabolism of polychaetes. It is suggested that the enzymatic changes in G. alba may be a sensitive component of an integrated metabolic response, which may involve a decrease in glycolytic energy production for the fuelling of muscular activity. Further development of this coordinated ecological and biochemical approach is discussed, with emphasis on its potential utility in the assessment of biological effects of the disposal of organically rich waste materials in coastal waters.     

Preliminary evidence for the metabolism of benzo(a) pyrene by Plantago lanceolata

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have long been recognised as potential carcinogens in animals in which biotransformation into reactive metabolites can lead to DNA damage. In animals PAHs metabolism mainly occurs in hepatic microsomes and is associated with the cytochrome p-450 mediated mixed functional oxidase (MFO) system. PAH metabolism in plants has been shown to occur via a similar enzyme system, but has received relatively little attention. This study is looking at how the plant species Plantago lanceolata metabolises benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), which is one of the PAHs whose metabolism has been studied extensively in animals. The aim of the work is to establish firstly that the B(a)P is taken up and secondly that it is biotransformed by the plant to products possibly similar to those found in animals. This work is achieved by using C-14-B(a)P along with whole body autoradiography, scintillation analysis and chromatography techniques to locate the B(a)P and its metabolites.     

濒危植物脱皮榆种群结构与分布格局研究

对山西南部中条山和霍山脱皮榆的种群结构与分布格局进行了研究,其中根据大小结构图和存活曲线分析脱皮榆种群动态,应用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数、聚集强度、Cassie指数(1/K)、Poisson分布和负二项分布的χ2拟合检验等方法研究分布格局.结果表明,脱皮榆种群幼苗个体比例较大,总体上近于增长型种群.脱皮榆分布格局呈聚集型,这主要与物种本身的生物学和生态学特性密切相关,同时受群落内生境异质性的影响.图2表2参14     

Conserving Biological Diversity through Ecosystem Resilience

Confusion over the term ecological redundancy (Walker 1992) requires that the concept be clarified in order to advance the developing theory that maintaining ecosystem function conserves biological diversity. The species approach to conserving biological diversity assumes that the species in trouble are already identified. The ecosystem approach attempts to deal with the problem of conserving all the species in an ecosystem, including those not yet known. This is best achieved by ensuring that the ecosystem continues to function approximately as it has by maintaining its essential structure. Ecosystem stability (the probability of all species persisting) is enhanced if each important functional group of organisms (important for maintaining function and structure) comprises several ecologically equivalent species, each with different responses to environmental factors. In this sense ecological redundancy is good because it enhances ecosystem resilience, but functionally important groups (guilds, functional types) that have only one or very few species deserve priority conservation attention because their functions could be quickly lost with species extinctions.