对《水质急性毒性的测定发光细菌法》的改进和探讨

以国标（GB/T 15441—1995）方法中推荐使用的明亮发光杆菌T₃小种（Photobacterium phosphoreum T₃ spp.）为测试生物.针对《水质 急性毒性的测定 发光细菌法》（GB/T 15441—1995）,从数据处理、参比毒物和测定方法3个角度,对国标方法进行了改进。应用Origin 7.5程序对测试数据进行拟合,并选择出拟合效果较为理想的Sigmoidal函数与国标中使用的线性函数进行了拟合对比。针对国标中使用的剧毒性物质HgCl₂,选择了毒性较低的ZnSO₄ ·7H₂O作为替代参比物,并对2种金属离子的毒性测试数据进行了比较。因为使用的生物毒性测定仪的国标方法要求严格的操作并且步骤繁琐,选择利用酶标仪进行测定,并对2种方法进行了对比研究,验证了酶标仪使用的可行性。     

7种化合物对新月藻的毒性效应及敏感度差异研究

以新月藻为受试生物,研究了阿特拉津、马拉硫磷、草甘膦、甲苯4种有机化合物和HgCl₂、NaAsO₂、K₂Cr₂O₇ 3种金属化合物对新月藻的毒性效应,探讨了新月藻对这些化合物的敏感度差异与特点及其机理,为这些物质的藻类急性毒性提供基础数据。结果表明,新月藻对阿特拉津、草甘膦、HgCl₂、NaAsO₂、K₂Cr₂O₇敏感度较高,而且响应大小与化合物浓度呈正相关趋势,对马拉硫磷和甲苯有一定响应,但随浓度变化趋势不明显;基于藻类光合作用的急性毒性检测方法,适用于检测可阻碍或抑制藻类光合作用中电子迁移、氧化还原、自由基等反应的毒物。     

以大型溞行为和生理变化为指标监测工业废水

当进入水体的工业废水和毒物对水生生物仅产生并致死效应时,以大型(氵蚤)死亡率为依据建立的急性毒性试验评价指标,其灵敏度难以满足实际监测工作的要求.而慢性毒性试验指标灵敏度高,但较繁琐且试验周期长.为了探讨简单、灵敏的监测方法,近年来利用大型(氵蚤)行为和生理变化指标监测分析污染物的工作日益受到重视.Burky等首先采用聚乙稀甲苯悬浮微粒.建立了定量测定小型无脊椎动物滤食率的微量分析方法;     

广州某观测点春季大气样品中二NFDA1英日均浓度变化分析

在广州某商住区楼顶开展为期1个月的大气样品连续采样,利用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱仪测定了样品中17种毒性二 NFDA1 英(PCDD/Fs)的含量。结果表明,该采样点位样品二 NFDA1 英I-TEQ浓度范围为0.094~1.34 pg I-TEQ/m³,样品日平均浓度相对偏差范围为3.2%~118.8%,6日平均浓度相对偏差范围为1.2%~60.1%,6日平均值更能较好地反映样品长期平均浓度。气象变化对样品中二 NFDA1 英I-TEQ浓度有明显影响,降雨后样品中的二 NFDA1 英I-TEQ浓度明显低于降雨前,降雨前或降雨中样品的二 NFDA1 英I-TEQ浓度与降雨后样品比值最高达到9.0,样品二 NFDA1 英I-TEQ浓度与PM_2.5的线性相关性高于其与TSP、温度相关性,上述三者的r值和P值分别为0.637、-0.296、0.271和0.611、0.326、0.329。     

松花江流域水生态环境质量评价研究

采用生物完整性指数(IBI)法评价松花江流域的水生态环境质量。对25个候选生物参数进行敏感度分析、Pearson相关性分析,最终筛选出由总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数、EPT密度、敏感种分类单元比例、敏感物种数量、Hilsenhoff生物指数(HBI)6个核心参数构成的IBI评价指标。采用95%分位数法建立了IBI评价标准,将IBI评价结果划分为5个等级:大于35.84为优,26.88~35.84为良好,17.92~26.88为一般,8.96~17.92为较差,小于8.96为很差。结果表明,建立的IBI评价方法适用于松花江流域水生态环境质量评价,松花江流域各位点30.0%生物状况为优和良好,23.3%为一般;46.7%为较差和很差,说明流域内近一半区域的水生态质量存在不同程度的受损。流域生境质量主要处于一般-良好的状态;水质处于轻度污染。     

北京减河-潮白河水系的浮游植物与水质分析

2009年的调查结果显示,在北京减河－潮白河(顺义段)水系的10个监测断面中共检出浮游植物6门72种,其中蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻种数分别占20.8％、38.9％、27.8％。Shannon-Weaver多样性指数为1.45~2.42, 属中度污染。浮游植物平均密度为2991.17×10⁴cells/L, 其中蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻分别占73.6％、8.1％、13.9％,群落中的优势种群均为耐有机污染的富营养型水体指示种。该水系6项理化指标(SD、TN、TP、COD_Cr、BOD₅、 Chla )的TSI_M值为86.02~89.66,属于富营养型水体,主要污染物是TP、TN、COD_Cr。在物理、化学和生物因素的综合作用下TN、TP含量在该水系中的降低率分别为79.36%,74.29%。浮游植物密度与COD_Cr、Chla呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)。     

济南市大气细颗粒物中二(口恶)英污染水平及季节变化

2021年对济南市大气PM_2.5中17种2,3,7,8氯取代二(口恶)英(PCDD/Fs)污染现状进行监测。对其异构体分布、指示性单体、季节变化规律等特征及其与常规污染物相关性进行了分析。结果表明:大气PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs浓度范围和年平均值分别为0.157~1.595 pg/m³和0.785 pg/m³,而毒性当量(以I-TEQ计)范围和年平均值分别为0.009~0.116 pg TEQ/m³和0.052 pg TEQ/m³。PCDD/Fs浓度与毒性当量季节变化特征显著,均呈现出冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的情况,可能由季节性排放源和气象条件不同导致。不同季节PCDD/Fs异构体分布模式一致,主要由高氯代(1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF、OCDD、OCDF和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD)单体组成;而对毒性当量贡献最大的单体是2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,其与总毒性当量具有较好的相关性。同时,PCDD/Fs浓度与SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5等大气常规污染物呈显著正相关。这表明,大气PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs与常规污染物的生成和排放密切相关。     

杭州城区大气颗粒物污染特征及PM2.5潜在源区研究

基于2015年9月1日至2016年8月25日杭州城区观测点PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₁₀小时浓度数据进行分析,利用HYSPLIT模型、潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）方法和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法,探讨了杭州城区PM₁、PM_2.5、PM₁₀时间分布特征和PM_2.5潜在来源。结果表明：研究期间PM₁季节平均浓度表现为冬季 > 秋季、春季 > 夏季,PM_1~2.5、PM_2.5~10浓度则表现为冬季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 夏季;PM₁浓度日变化呈现明显的双峰现象,而PM_1~2.5和PM_2.5~10在同一时段均无明显浓度峰值;杭州城区PM_2.5受外源输送污染具有明显的季节性变化特征,夏季、秋季杭州城区PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是浙江北部、安徽东南部等,春季PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是浙江中部、江苏南部等,冬季PM_2.5的潜在源区主要是山东南部、江苏西南部、浙江北部、安徽南部、江西中部等地区。     

上海大气中二噁英类化合物污染水平及人群呼吸暴露评估

为了获取上海环境大气中二噁英类化合物（PCDD/Fs）的浓度水平、季节和空间变化,评估上海地区人群PCDD/Fs呼吸暴露风险,选取上海16个行政区域中44个市级环境大气监控点作为采样点位,利用被动采样技术采集2019年夏、冬季大气样品共83个,分析了其中17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的浓度。结果表明：（1）2019年上海大气中PCDD/Fs的质量浓度为136~3 939 fg/m³,对应的毒性当量浓度为11.84~94.9 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/m³;（2）上海冬季大气中PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度（13.3~94.9 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/m³）高于夏季（11.84~78.52 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/m³）。上海郊区由于受工业生产影响,PCDD/Fs平均毒性当量浓度（夏季: 40.7 fg WHO₂₀₀₅- TEQ/m³; 冬季:57.4 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/m³）高于中心城区（夏季: 28.5 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/m³; 冬季:38.6 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/m³）;（3）中心城区人群PCDD/Fs呼吸暴露量［成人：6.82 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/(kg·d);儿童：13.7 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/(kg·d)］小于郊区［成人：19.17 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/(kg·d);儿童：18.4 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/(kg·d)］。儿童呼吸暴露量高于成人。经对比,上海城市背景区域居民PCDD/Fs呼吸暴露风险低于上海垃圾焚烧厂周边居民,且都远低于人体PCDD/Fs每日耐受量［4 pg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/(kg·d)］的10%,表明上海地区居民PCDD/Fs呼吸暴露风险处于可接受水平。     

江苏省2014-2016年臭氧污染区域特征分析

分析2014—2016年江苏省O₃污染状况,以及苏北、苏中和苏南3个典型区域O₃年度、季度、日变化和频度占比等分布特征。结果表明,江苏省的O₃空间分布呈现北低南高,2014—2016年的O₃超标占比由18.4%上升至34.9%;2016年苏北、苏中和苏南地区O₃-8h第90百分位数与2014年相比,上升2.7%,21.8%和3.3%;3个区域夏季O₃-8h均值最高,春、秋2季次之,冬季最低;O₃-1h日变化呈单峰状态,最低值出现在06:00—07:00,最高值出现在15:00—16:00;2016年3个地区的O₃频度占比均呈正态分布,主要集中在40~80 μg/m³,所占比例均>15%;苏中和苏南区域2016和2014年相比O₃频率占比的变化幅度较大,苏北地区变化幅度不大。指出,江苏省的O₃污染程度在逐年提高,污染范围从苏南逐渐往中部和北部城市扩大。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.