高温燃烧水解-淋洗液在线发生离子色谱法同时测定煤中氟和氯

采用高温燃烧水解煤样-超纯水吸收装置,建立了高温燃烧水解-淋洗液在线发生离子色谱法同时测定煤中氟和氯的分析方法。系统、全面地考察了测定方法的影响因素,确定了最优高温燃烧水解预处理煤样和离子色谱法条件,并将该方法推广应用于飞灰、土壤和岩石的氟和氯含量检测,实验测定值与标准物质真实值误差能满足测定要求。     

高温热水解-催化分光光度法测定植物样品中的痕量碘

建立了测定植物中痕量碘的高温热水解-催化分光光度法。设计了预处理程序以使植物样品能够稳定、彻底地进行热水解。通过正交实验优化了样品预处理的热水解参数:样品质量0.5g、氧气流量100mL/min、吸收液的NaOH浓度0.2mol/L、温度1100℃和热水解时间20min。为提高催化分光光度法测定吸收液中痕量碘的灵敏度,碘催化砷铈氧化还原反应的条件优化为:反应温度45℃、反应时间35min。该方法的检测限和定量下限分别为0.3ng/g和0.9ng/g,满足植物样品中痕量碘的分析要求。对国家标准植物样品的分析结果表明该方法准确度高、精密度好。由于使用的仪器都很常用、便宜,并具有测试费用低廉,检测限低、准确度和精密度高等优点,该方法易于推广使用,适合于植物样品碘含量的日常分析。     

积分安培检测-离子色谱法同时测定地下水中的溴离子和碘离子

采用积分安培-离子色谱法同时测定地下水中的溴离子和碘离子,该方法的相关性好(r>0.999),精密度高(RSD%<4.0),样品加标回收率为90~110%,溴离子检出限为5.6μg/L,碘离子检出限为2.1μg/L。本法简便、快速、准确且选择性好,可用于分析地下水中的溴离子和碘离子。     

溴酸根在颗粒活性炭上的还原

小试研究了溶液中溴酸根在颗粒活性炭上还原与溴离子生成的过程,考察pH、离子强度、温度和初始浓度对该过程的影响.结果表明,活性炭对溴酸根的去除性能与表面碱性官能团有一定相关性.其它阴离子对吸附/还原过程有阻碍作用,实验中影响顺序为ＮＯ^-₃>SO^２－₄ > Cl^-.溴酸根的吸附与溴离子的生成可分别用拟二级速率方程和粒子内扩散模型进行模拟,绝大部分相关系数在0.97以上.低pH和低离子强度有利于溴酸根的吸附与还原.15～42℃范围内吸附与还原速率随温度提高先降低后升高.实验中活性炭对溴酸根的最大吸附容量可达到769.23 μmol/g（98.4 mg/g）,但反应较慢且易受干扰.推测活性炭表面微孔部分对溴酸根的吸附也受到溴离子释放的阻碍.     

BrO3-等溴类物质在长江水氯化过程中的形成

研究长江上海段原水中Br-在氯化过程中的产物,以BrO3-、Br-和三卤甲烷(THMs)为主要测定物,考察pH值、氯投加量和Br-浓度对三者生成量的影响.研究表明,BrO3-在氯化过程中的形成缓慢,其生成量与氯投加量正相关,常规消毒条件下不会超过10μg/L的国家标准.在余氯充足的情况下,增加Br-浓度主要增加了总有机溴(TOBr),而BrO3-生成量基本不变,弱碱性条件有利于TOBr的生成;THMs和TOBr有一定相关性,Br-浓度升高将导致THMs生成量增加,其中三氯甲烷浓度下降,混合取代的THMs浓度先增加后减少,三溴甲烷浓度显著上升.     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌B212的培养条件研究

对高效絮凝剂产生菌B212进行了培养基成分和培养条件的正交实验研究。实验表明,菌B212产絮凝剂的培养基成分配比(ρ)最佳方案为A4B2C1:蔗糖25g/L、尿素0.5g/L、NaCl 0.5g/L、FeSO4 0.01g/L;最佳培养条件为:培养基初始pH值5、培养温度25℃、转速160r/min。在上述最适培养条件下,培养42h产生的絮凝剂对高岭土悬液的絮凝率可达到92.5%。     

废旧印刷线路板中溴代阻燃剂对微生物浸提金属铜效率的影响

研究废旧印刷线路板中溴代阻燃剂的多寡对氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)浸提废旧印刷线路板金属铜的浸出效率的影响。将废旧印刷线路板剪切破碎后过筛,得到不同粒度段的颗粒样品,分别测定不同颗粒样品中溴代阻燃剂的含量,以含溴量最高的40~100目的颗粒作为试验材料,探讨不同样品浓度(5g/L、15g/L和25g/L),萃取部分溴代阻燃剂与未萃取两种条件下T.ferrooxidans浸提金属铜的效率。在500mL三角瓶中接入活化后的T.ferrooxidans,待菌株培养到对数生长期后加入相应样品,摇床培养120h,每隔一定时间取上清液,分别测定上清液中Cu2+、氧化还原电位(ORP)和pH值。结果为,浸提120h后,未萃取溴代阻燃剂的5g/L、15g/L和25g/L浓度时T.ferrooxidans对铜浸出分别是79.59%、90.53%和66.37%;萃取溴代阻燃剂的5g/L、15g/L和25g/L浓度时T.ferrooxidans对铜的浸出浓度分别是90.98%、97.88%和69.05%。表明溴代阻燃剂是影响微生物浸铜效率的重要因素之一,利用CCl4作为萃取剂萃取废旧印刷线路板中溴代阻燃剂后,T.ferrooxidans对废旧印刷线路板金属铜的浸提率提高,废旧印刷线路板加入量为15g/L时浸提金属铜的效率最高。     

饮用水中溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴离子的离子色谱测定法

本文选用DIONEX ICS-2000型离子色谱仪,进样量100μL。水样中的阴离子随氢氧根淋洗液进入阴离子交换分离系统,根据分析柱对各离子的亲和力不同进行分离。结果溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴离子的检出限分别为：5.0μg/L、4.0μg/L、5.0μg/L、4.4μg/L;标准偏差〈5%;样品加标回收率在87.5%-95.5%。结论该方法操作简单,分析快速,灵敏度高,重现性好,能够准确检测水中卤氧化物。     

吸收法-Fenton/光催化氧化组合处理甲苯废气的研究

为研发节能高效的苯系物工业异味气体处理方法,以甲苯为例,实验研究了吸收法—Fenton氧化/光催化氧化对其处理效果。结果表明:室内实验最佳甲苯进气流量为0.2 L/min、吸收时间为30 min;以4%BDO(1,4丁二醇)对甲苯废气的吸收效果最好,吸收浓度达到43.87 mg/L;含甲苯的BDO吸收液最优Fenton氧化条件为FeSO4400 mg/L,H2O24 m L/L,pH 4,反应时间30 min,此时,甲苯最大去除率达83.5%;甲苯BDO吸收液最优化光催化氧化条件为甲苯浓度9.2 mg/L,TiO23 g,反应时间40 min,紫外光强度300 W,甲苯最大去除率达83.97%。     

分散液液微萃取气相色谱质谱联用法测定海水中三氯苯

本文建立了分散液液微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用法测定海水中三氯苯(TCBs)的方法。考察了萃取剂和分散剂的种类、体积、超声萃取时间、萃取温度等对模拟海水加标样品的萃取效率的影响,得到最佳萃取实验条件为:以丙酮为分散剂、氯苯为萃取剂,超声萃取时间为10 min,萃取温度为25℃。样品的加标回收率为97.8%~102.5%,相对标准偏差为2.8%~6.6%。1,3,5-,1,2,4-和1,2,3-TCB的方法检出限分别为1.5 g/L,0.5 g/L和2.0 g/L。该方法与顶空、液液萃取和固相萃取法相比具有检出限低、富集因子高、重现性好、操作简便、干扰小等优点。采用本方法对5个实际海水样品中的TCBs进行了定量检测,结果表明其中两种样品含有2~3种待测物,浓度范围为1.9~6.7 g/L。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.