中国安全生产标准现状统计分析

安全生产标准是规范企业安全生产工作的基础性规范,是安全生产法律体系的重要组成部分,也是安全生产监管监察执法的重要依据。为掌握安全生产标准现状,收集、梳理了已发布的安全生产标准603项和正在研制阶段的标准385项,对标准发布年份、在研标准计划年份、标准领域分布、标准级别和标准性质多个维度进行分析,总结标准工作存在的问题,提出安全生产标准制（修）订及发展建议,为安全生产标准工作的持续完善提供参考。     

欧美、日本与中国个体防护标准比对

个体防护装备,以往称劳动防护用品,是以保护劳动者安全和健康为目的,并且直接与人体接触的装备或者用品。从某种意义上讲,它是保障劳动者安全和健康的最后一道防线,在保护劳动者和确保安全生产方面有着重要意义。经过多年努力,我国在个体防护装备的技术标准方面制定并颁布了一系列国家标准和行业标准,并形成了初步的标准体系,本文研究了ISO、CEN、JIS的个体防护标准体系,并着重对其体系和有代表性的标准进行比对分析,从而归纳出我国个体防护及检测技术标准存在的问题,对制定和提高我国个体防护装备的体系建设具有一定的参考意义,并为个体防护及检测领域的相关国际标准的研制工作提出一些建议。     

中、美、英涂装作业安全标准比对研究

简要介绍了中、美、英涂装作业安全标准的体系和现状。从标准体系科学性、标准制、修订及时性、标准执行情况三个方面,对中、美、英三国的涂装作业安全标准进行了比对分析。结果表明我国标准体系较为科学、系统,但方法标准所占比例太小,人员因素的相关标准较为缺乏,标准分类应随涂装技术的发展不断细化;我国标准平均修订周期远大于美、英类似标准;我国标准实施时缺乏配套措施,从企业到政府均缺乏执行力,而国外涂装作业安全标准与法律、技术法规、合格评定结合紧密,执行有力。最后针对以上结论提出了相应的建议。笔者的研究对完善我国涂装作业安全标准体系,强化标准执行配套措施建设,提高涂装产品的技术水平和国际市场竞争力具有一定的参考意义。     

安全生产责任的制度整合与伦理道德建设

在分析安全生产责任危机含义和安全生产责任概念基础上,指明安全生产责任体系的"四要素",即道德责任、政治责任、法律责任与管理责任,重点阐明道德责任是该体系的基础要素及其意义。根据对我国现有安全生产责任制度的分析,提出一个关于安全生产责任制度建设的伦理框架:强化安全生产责任意识;用人权伦理原则对安全生产责任制度伦理化;以特定的安全生产责任的伦理规范和准则构建责任规则系统;强化责任主体道德素质培养与监察制度建设,促使其自觉履行好自身应负的安全生产责任。总之,该理论框架为安全生产责任制度建立提供一个新的伦理学基础。     

Fewer workers' compensation claims and lower claim costs if employers with high injury rates achieved the rates of their safer peers

Introduction: Employers engaged in similar business activities demonstrate a range of workers' compensation claim rates. Workplace injuries and illnesses could be prevented if employers with high claim rates achieved the claim rates of their safer peers. Methods: We used Washington workers' compensation claims data for years 2013–2015 to calculate rates of compensable claims (eligible for disability or time loss benefits, if unable to work four days after injury) and total accepted claims (compensable plus medical-aid only claims) for each employer. We estimated the number and cost of claims to occur if employers with high claim rates reduced them to the rates of employers at the 25th percentile, adjusted for insurance risk class, employer size, and injury type. To evaluate the impact of setting more or less ambitious goals, we also estimated reductions based on claim rates at the 10th and 50th percentiles. Results: Over 43% of claims and claim costs would be prevented if employers with higher claim rates lowered them to the 25th percentile using either total accepted or compensable claim rates as the benchmark outcome. The estimated claim cost savings from benchmarking to compensable claims was nearly as great as the estimate based on benchmarking to total accepted claims ($308.5 mil annually based on compensable claims vs. $332.4 mil based on total accepted claims). Restaurants and Taverns had the greatest number of potentially prevented compensable claims. Colleges and Universities and Wood Frame and Building Construction had the greatest potential reduction in compensable claim costs among larger and smaller employers, respectively. Conclusion: Substantial reductions in workers' compensation claims and costs are possible if employers achieve the injury rates experienced by their safer peers. Practical application: Evaluating the range of workplace injury rates among employers within industry groups identifies opportunities for injury prevention and offers another approach to resource allocation.     

我国职业卫生法规标准体系现状分析

建国以来,职业卫生监管职能几经调整,我国的职业卫生法规标准体系因此呈现出与职业安全分离、涉及多部门、缺乏总体规划和尚不完善等特点,亟需统一科学规划。本文就目前我国职业卫生法规标准体系存在的主要问题进行初步探讨,并提出进一步规划与发展完善的建议。     

On ethical leadership impact: The role of follower mindfulness and moral emotions

With the present paper, we aim to provide new conceptual insights and empirical evidence on ethical leadership contingencies: we analyze under what conditions ethical leadership can positively impact follower discretionary work behaviors (extra effort and helping). We argue that followers vary in terms of their sensitivity toward and processing of moral information, as conveyed by ethical leaders, and that these individual differences determine the strength of the link between ethical leadership and follower discretionary work behaviors. In a multisource study with 135 leader–follower dyads, we examine two prototypical examples of affective and cognitive individual differences that involve a heightened inclination toward morality: follower moral emotions and follower mindfulness. Our findings indicate that ethical leadership is more strongly related to follower extra effort and helping at higher levels of follower moral emotions and higher levels of follower mindfulness. We discuss the implications of this moral information processing perspective on ethical leadership for research and managerial practice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国安全生产标准实施情况的调查与分析

为深入了解安全生产标准的实施情况,运用情景分析法和专家分析法,根据标准获取情况、宣贯情况、标准适用性3个方面设计了调查问卷,首次对工矿商贸企业开展调查。研究结果表明:当前安全生产标准工作中存在着标准获取困难、宣贯不到位、部分标准适用性不强等问题。在分析原因的基础上,提出建立安全生产标准信息共享与咨询服务工作平台,建立标准宣贯长效工作机制,优化工作程序、提高标准质量等方面的建议,为加强安全生产标准工作提供参考。     

腐蚀管道评价标准ASME B31G-2009和SY/T6151-2009对比

腐蚀是油气管道最常见的失效形式之一,对腐蚀管道进行剩余强度评价是保障管道安全可靠运行的基础工作。ASME B31G-2009和SY/T6151-2009是国内外的两种主流评价标准的最新版本,为了在选取适当的评价标准时有判断依据,比较分析了新版标准评价结果的保守程度,研究了评价流程、计算模型和计算参数取值等方面,并结合爆破试验数据和有限元仿真结果进行了验证。结果表明,两种标准仍具有一定的保守性,且当管道强度等级、腐蚀情况及数据资料完整度等不同时,两种标准有各自的适用范围和优缺点。     

Characteristics of construction firms at risk for future workers' compensation claims using administrative data systems,Washington State

Introduction: Construction is high-hazard industry, and continually ranks among those with the highest workers' compensation (WC) claim rates in Washington State (WA). However, not all construction firms are at equal risk. We tested the ability to identify those construction firms most at risk for future claims using only administrative WC and unemployment insurance data. Methods: We collected information on construction firms with 10–50 average full time equivalent (FTE) employees from the WA unemployment insurance and WC data systems (n = 1228). Negative binomial regression was used to test the ability of firm characteristics measured during 2011–2013 to predict time-loss claim rates in the following year, 2014. Results: Claim rates in 2014 varied by construction industry groups, ranging from 0.7 (Land Subdivision) to 4.6 (Foundation, Structure, and Building Construction) claims per 100 FTE. Construction firms with higher average WC premium rates, a history of WC claims, increasing number of quarterly FTE, and lower average wage rates during 2011–2013 were predicted to have higher WC claim rates in 2014. Conclusions: We demonstrate the ability to leverage administrative data to identify construction firms predicted to have future WC claims. This study should be repeated to determine if these results are applicable to other high-hazard industries. Practical Applications: This study identified characteristics that may be used to further refine targeted outreach and prevention to construction firms at risk.     

建立我国安全生产应急救援标准体系的初步构想

我国安全生产应急救援工作日益受到政府和企业的重视，但是应急救援标准非常薄弱，造成应急管理和实际救援工作困难，建立安全生产应急救援标准体系是应急救援工作和保护人民生命财产的迫切需要。在总结国内外应急救援标准工作的基础上，本文提出了我国安全生产应急救援标准体系框架以及标准制定的原则和重点。     

我国公共场所应急疏散技术和标准发展对策初探

分析总结了国外公共场所应急疏散技术和标准的现状和发展趋势,在结合我国公共场所应急疏散技术和标准现状的基础上,提出了我国公共场所应急疏散技术以及应急疏散标准发展的对策建议。在我国公共场所应急疏散技术方面,应加强在应急疏散人员行为特性汇总分析、应急疏散模型和应急疏散应用技术等方面的研究工作,同时国家应加大应急疏散技术研究的投入力度,并积极鼓励科研机构扩大与境外科研机构的交流与合作。另外,在公共场所应急疏散标准方面,主要应加强应急疏散管理和应急疏散产品标准的研究,为公共场所的应急疏散提供必要的指导和技术支撑。     

腐蚀缺陷管道评价标准保守性对比分析

针对标准SY/T6477-2000和标准API RP579-2007 中腐蚀缺陷管道评价判据问题,研究了标准中各项判据及其算法,计算了不同评价标准对于同一腐蚀缺陷的评价结果,并对比分析了不同参数变化情况与评价结果保守性关系。结果表明,不同评价标准所得的缺陷管道判据参数值之间存在差异,即各评价标准的保守性不同,不同评价标准适用于不同的均匀腐蚀或局部腐蚀缺陷管道情况。以此有效防止使用标准时造成差错,同时为今后相关标准的修订尽可能提供有益的帮助。     

呼吸器标准中的泄漏率与实验室呼吸防护水平

结合国内外呼吸器最新标准中有关泄漏率与实验室呼吸防护水平的测试条件和方法,从基本概念和评价方法入手对比剖析了不同标准之间内容的差异.文中涉及的国内外标准主要有美国职业安全与健康研究所指定的系列化生放核呼吸器标准、欧洲EN 13274 - 1:2001、日本JIST8159:2006、中国GB 2626 - 2006和GB 2890 - 2009以及ISO/DIN 16900-1.2草案.通过对比分析不同标准之间在评价方法中采用的气溶胶种类、受试者人数、模拟动作种类及持续时间、采样方法、测试结果评价方法等具体内容,指出了我国呼吸器标准中泄漏率测试方法及相关标准发展中应注意的问题.     

中国与美国矿山救护标准的比对分析

近些年来随着国内矿山事故的频繁发生,矿山救护发挥着越来越重要的作用。矿山救护标准是保障矿山救护工作顺利进行的重要技术规范。本文通过分析中国和美国矿山救护标准的现状,从矿山救护的组织机构、队员条件、技术支持、经费来源、技能培训五个方面分别对两国矿山救护标准中的具体技术指标进行比对分析,总结出我国与美国矿山救护标准之间的异同。另外通过对我国矿山救护体系建设现状的分析,指出我国矿山救护体系存在的一些不足。最后在比对分析结果及矿山救护体系建设现状分析的基础之上,为我国矿山救护标准的发展提供参考意见,包括：注重标准的动态性与实用性;加强对应急救援指挥体系引发社会成本的研究;加强队伍建设,增强应急救援综合能力;改革管理体制,理顺管理渠道等。     

土壤环境质量标准在工程应用中的局限性分析

为贯彻落实《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,加强建设用地土壤环境监管,管控污染地块对人体健康的风险,保障人居环境安全,生态环保部组织相关部门编制了土壤环境质量标准,并于2018年8月1日起开始实施。在标准实施的过程和应用过程中发现新发布的标准存在一些局限性。本文以土壤污染机理为基础,结合现行的治理技术,论述土壤质量标准在时间、空间及应用中的局限性。     

Safety in construction – a comprehensive description of the characteristics of high safety standards in construction work, from the combined perspective of supervisors and experienced workers

Introduction

The often applied engineering approach to safety management in the construction industry needs to be supplemented by organizational measures and measures based on how people conceive and react to their social environment. This requires in-depth knowledge of the broad preconditions for high safety standards in construction. The aim of the study was to comprehensively describe the preconditions and components of high safety standards in the construction industry from the perspective of both experienced construction workers and first-line managers.

Method

Five worker safety representatives and 19 first-line managers were interviewed, all strategically selected from within a large Swedish construction project. Phenomenographic methodology was used for data acquisition and analysis and to categorize the information. Nine informants verified the results.

Results

The study identified four main categories of work safety preconditions and components: (1) Project characteristics and nature of the work, which set the limits of safety management; (2) Organization and structures, with the subcategories planning, work roles, procedures, and resources; (3) Collective values, norms, and behaviors, with the subcategories climate and culture, and interaction and cooperation; and (4) Individual competence and attitudes, with the subcategories knowledge, ability and experience, and individual attitudes.

Discussion

The results comprehensively describe high safety standards in construction, incorporating organizational, group, individual, and technical aspects. High-quality interaction between different organizational functions and hierarchical levels stood out as important aspects of safety. The results are discussed in relation to previous research into safety and into the social-psychological preconditions for other desired outcomes in occupational settings.

Impact on Industry

The results can guide construction companies in planning and executing construction projects to a high safety standard.     

A meta-analytic test of the differential pathways linking ethical leadership to normative conduct

We test how ethical leadership influences normatively (in)appropriate work behavior through distinct mediating pathways, including one's exchange relationship with the leader, ethical culture, and identification with the organization. Our study also controls for transformational leadership as a predictor and trust in leader as a nonhypothesized alternative mechanism. We test our hypotheses using meta-analytic structural equation modeling based on our meta-analysis of 301 independent samples (N = 103,354) and relevant meta-analytic correlations reported in previous research. Supporting our prediction, we found that leader–member exchange, which represents social exchange theory, was the most potent mechanism that accounts for the positive relationship between ethical leadership and task performance. In contrast, ethical culture, which assesses a social learning mechanism, is the strongest predictor of counterproductive behavior. In addition, all three hypothesized mediators each contribute to understanding the positive relationship between ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior, although the indirect effect via organizational identification was the weakest. The findings hold after controlling for job satisfaction as another mediator parallel to the theoretical ones. Our results contribute to a precise theory about ethical leadership by differentiating the processes through which it affects employee behavior.     

个体防护装备鞋靴的受限物质研究

通过对欧盟、美国等国家和我国的相关法律法规的调查,针对受限物质的管理制度,分析了化学品管控上的要求;对比国内、外法规和标准对受限物质的限制要求,总结我国个体防护装备鞋靴标准的差异,探讨了我国个体防护装备鞋靴的化学安全性,阐述了对我国个体防护装备鞋靴标准体系及标准的看法,提出了建议。为保护作业人员的健康和安全,提高和完善我国个体防护装备标准体系,制定个体防护装备鞋靴的有害物质限制标准提供依据。