Numerical simulation of blast wave oscillation effects on a premixed methane/air explosion in closed-end ducts

This paper investigated the effects of blast wave oscillation on the overpressure of premixed methane/air explosions by numerical simulations and experiments. The AutoReaGas 3D code and a duct were used in the study. The oscillation induced by the repeat reflection of a blast wave in a closed-end duct was observed by high-speed camera. There was an oscillation zone in the blast wave which exhibited some saw-toothed characteristics. This explained why the overpressure in closed-end ducts was higher than that in open-end ducts. In addition, some of the peak overpressure was even higher than the C–J pressure of 1.76 MPa. The peak overpressures at the ducts' ends were higher than at other measurement points for 5 m, 10 m, and 15 m long ducts. This was mainly due to the reflection of the blast wave. The oscillating period increased with increasing duct length, and could be calculated by t = 0.0003 + 0.00198 L. However, the duct's diameter had no significant influence on the oscillation's period. The amplitude increased with increases in the duct length, except for the case of a 20 m long duct, and increased with decreases in the ducts' diameter. In addition, the peak overpressures in ducts of the same length/diameter ratio were similar. The peak overpressure increased with the increase of the length/diameter ratio, and the maximum value of the peak overpressure in the ducts had the same trend. However, the overpressure did not increase when the length/diameter ratio reached 250.     

管道截面对氢气/空气预混爆炸影响的实验研究

为研究管道截面对氢气/空气预混火焰形状与传播速度的影响,选用三个长度都为1m而截面尺寸不同的方形管道进行实验。实验结果表明,在截面为80mm×80mm的管道中,四种氢气浓度下预混火焰都发展形成了郁金香火焰。火焰传播速度呈现上升,下降,再上升的波动。在截面为100mm×100mm和150mm×150mm的管道中,只有在氢气浓度20%下形成郁金香火焰,并且传播速度也出现上述的波动。而在氢气浓度25%,30%,40%下,预混火焰都呈指尖形传至管口,未出现郁金香火焰,传播速度都是不断上升。三个管道对比中,截面为100mm×100mm的管道内火焰平均传播速度最快,且压力波第一峰值最大。     

受限空间内粉尘流动的浓度分布模型及其数值模拟

受限空间内颗粒的流动规律对研究颗粒输送和净化等有很大的作用,在其基础上运用气固两相流动理论中的欧拉-拉格朗日离散相模型和湍流等模型,并以该模型为基础,采用计算流体力学的软件,以通风管道为例,对受限空间内粉尘浓度分布规律进行数值模拟。分析和讨论气体风速、管径的变化对通风管道内浓度分布的影响,同时对管道后底部附近的直线和点处浓度随进口风速变化进行模拟和监测。通过结果和对比表明该模拟较好地体现了粉尘等颗粒在管道等受限空间实际情况,具有重要的参考和借鉴作用。     

The effect of vent ducts on the reduced explosion pressures of vented dust explosions

An investigation into the effects of vent ducts on reduced explosion pressures is described. Experiments were made using an 18.5m³ explosion vessel and a modified 20 1 sphere, with dusts having K_st values ranging from 144 bar ms⁻¹ to 630 bar ms⁻¹. The vent area/vessel volume ratio bursting pressure of the vent cover, and the length to diameter ratio of the vent duct have been varied. Straight vent ducts, and ducts containing sharp 45° and 90° bends have been used.A simple model to describe the effect of vent ducts on the reduced explosion pressure has been derived and compared with the experimental results. Agreement is shown to be satisfactory in nearly all cases. A comparison between the experimental results and guidance on the effect of vent ducts already available in the literature is discussed.     

风筒位置对掘进巷道流场影响的PIV实验*

为探究风筒位置对掘进巷道风流分布规律的影响,利用Fluent软件确定出实验模型内流体进入“第二自模区”的临界风速,保证实验模型与实际巷道的流动相似,采用粒子图像测速仪（PIV）对压、抽风筒距迎头不同距离下的前压后抽式通风流场进行测量。实验结果表明:抽风筒距巷道迎头距离的改变对迎头处流场影响较小,涡流中心位置也不会发生改变,当抽风筒距迎头距离大于4.5S,回流区的风流充分发展,流动较为平缓。压风筒距巷道迎头距离的改变对迎头处流场和涡流影响较大,当压风筒距迎头距离大于3S,涡流中心位置向远离迎头的方向移动,涡流区域逐渐扩大。基于相似理论的PIV实验结果可为矿井掘进巷道通风工作提供一定参考。     

Effect of scale on flame speeds of methane-air

Explosions are the main types of accidents causing casualties in underground coal mines. Research on the mechanisms of gas explosions is needed as a basis for the development of techniques and strategies for explosion prevention, suppression, and mitigation. The prevention of loss in explosion accidents and inquiries into their causes require understanding of the explosion process of methane in air. Because of the high cost and safety issues in full scale experiments, the experiments with small scale ducts have become a key alternative approach. Whether the experimental results at small scales agree with those at full scales needs to be investigated to validate the significance of the experimental results at small scale. Numerical simulation was used to obtain the explosion characteristics of a methane-air mixture in a gallery or duct. If the grid size is too fine in the numerical simulation for a methane-air explosion it is difficult to calculate using the present computer resource. If the grid size is too coarse, the considerable error may result. The effect of grid size on results of calculation depends on the scenario being investigated. The effect of grid sizes on simulation accuracy was analyzed in this work. The overpressure and temperature distributions and the flame propagation for the deflagration of methane-air mixtures in a gallery or duct were obtained by the AutoReaGas code at three different scales. The geometry of investigated objects and the grids in the calculation domain were similar in the three cases. The calculated overpressures vary with the scale. The calculated temperatures do not vary with the scale for the three cases.     

多孔材料对管道内甲烷-空气预混火焰传播的影响

为研究多孔材料对封闭管道内甲烷-空气预混气体火焰传播的影响,设计加工了横截面积为80 mm×80 mm的方形试验管道,运用自发光拍摄技术和动态压力传感器对甲烷-空气预混火焰在该管道内传播过程中形状变化和压力特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,在管道尾部放置3种不同材质的多孔材料时,其对爆炸压力均有一定的抑制作用,聚氨酯泡沫对管道内压力的衰减效果优于聚苯乙烯泡沫和自制泡沫材料。对压力曲线进行一次求导,得出了压力变化速率,结果与空管道实验相比,在放置多孔材料的管道内压力降低的速率更快,时间更短。     

多层螺旋雾幕技术的喷雾模拟及降尘试验研究

为了解决掘进工作面传统喷雾除尘无法有效抑制粉尘扩散的问题,提出了一种将气动喷嘴呈螺旋状布置的多层螺旋雾幕除尘方法。采用k-ω湍流模型与K-H液滴破碎模型,通过Comsol多物理场耦合数值模拟,得出了多层螺旋雾幕速度场分布和粒子轨迹的变化规律,结合模拟结果搭建试验平台,并将多层螺旋雾幕与传统喷雾的除尘效果进行对比分析。以2层雾幕为例的模拟结果显示,喷雾2 s时就会形成明显的2层螺旋状雾幕,10 s后旋转水雾充满整个模拟区域,并且雾滴粒径较传统喷雾更小。试验表明多层螺旋雾幕的除尘效果明显强于自然降尘与传统喷雾,3 min后可将浓度470 mg/m3左右的粉尘降到4 mg/m3以下。     

双压入贴附送风在高温巷道掘进中的降温规律研究

为量化研究高温矿井深部开采掘进巷道在抽压混合通风中设备布置及风量分配对降温效果的影响规律问题,利用AN-SYS-FLUENT软件数值模拟掘进巷道通风降温模型.首先,提出双压入式混合贴附通风降温思路,并分别建立传统抽压混合通风与双压入式混合通风的巷道三维几何模型;然后,进行6组不同设备布置及风量分配的降温方案对比实验;最...     

滚筒设计参数对粉尘爆炸率影响的研究

利用所建立的数学模型,以国产某型滚筒式采煤机为例,采用计算机模拟的方法,得到了采煤机最大切屑厚度、每线齿数、牵引速度、截线间距、滚筒转速、滚筒直径、叶片头数以及煤岩破碎性能指标与粉尘爆炸率之间的关系曲线,通过分析,确定了各参数对粉尘爆炸率的影响,为预测采煤机工作对粉尘爆炸率的影响、完善采煤机工作性能的评价体系,为改进机器设计、减小采煤机的截割粉尘、降低粉尘爆炸率、提高煤炭生产的安全性提供理论依据。     

Numerical study of the effect of obstacles on the spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen

A numerical simulation of the spontaneous ignition of high-pressure hydrogen in a duct with two obstacles on the walls is conducted to explore the spontaneous ignition mechanisms. Two-dimensional rectangular ducts are adopted, and the Navier–Stokes equations with a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism are solved by using direct numerical simulations. In this study, we focus on the effects of the initial pressure of hydrogen and the position of the obstacles on the ignition mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that the presence of obstacles significantly changes the spontaneous ignition mechanisms producing three distinct ignition mechanisms. In addition, the position of the obstacles drastically changes the interaction of shock waves with the contact surface, and spontaneous ignition may take place at a relatively low pressure in some obstacle positions, which is attributed to the propagation direction and interaction timing of two reflected shock waves.     

基于CFD的高海拔矿山掘进面通风增氧方案优化

以海拔3 400 m金属矿山为例,基于CFD模拟软件,以矿山巷道内原有氧气质量分数提高5%为目标,设计正交试验,在“长压短抽”通风方式下,优化压入风筒放置高度,分析压入风筒与掘进面距离、供氧管与压入风筒出口水平距离、抽压比3个因素对氧气质量及分布规律的影响。研究结果表明:压入风筒、抽出风筒距掘进面分别为12,3 m,供氧管与压入风筒出口水平距离为6 m,抽压比为0.8时,氧气质量分数提高5%且分布情况达到最佳状态;对氧气分布影响最大的因素为压入风筒出口与掘进工作面的距离,在设置管道布置方案时应重点考虑。     

螺旋隧道火灾特性小尺寸实验研究

为探明螺旋隧道火灾特性,防止人员高温伤害,基于Froude准则,搭建比例1∶67的小尺寸螺旋隧道实验模型,采用模型实验方法研究不同坡度和不同风速下螺旋隧道火灾温度分布规律及烟气蔓延特性。研究结果表明:低坡度条件下,螺旋隧道内高温区以火源为中点呈对称分布状态;随着坡度的增加,隧道内高温区逐渐向下游延伸,火源处拱顶下方温度呈现先增大后降低再升高的变化规律;无论是自然风还是机械纵向通风,新鲜冷空气的吹入对隧道温度的降低起到主导作用,且风速越大,温降幅度越大;随着隧道坡度和自然风速的增加,火羽流由竖直狭长型转变为燃烧不稳定的大截面火焰,同时坡度增加抑制了火灾烟气逆流,促进了烟气向火源下游的蔓延速度,大大提高了排烟的有效性,减少人员伤害。     

丰镇发电厂送风系统噪声原因分析及降噪研究

振动和噪声普遍存在于火电厂锅炉送风系统中 ,是电厂噪声污染的一个重要来源 ,严重影响电厂安全、经济、文明运行。有效地降低送风系统的振动和噪声是火电厂急需解决的问题。笔者针对丰镇火电厂送风系统结构和运行参数 ,对由此产生的噪声进行了细致的测量 ,分析了产生振动和噪声的原因 ,认为送风机蜗舌处产生的气动噪声和管道二次涡流是引发送风系统振动和噪声的主要原因。根据产生振动和噪声的原因 ,并结合电厂要求 ,进行了技术改造即在直管中安装栅格网及弯管处安装导流栅以消除局部涡流。技术改造方案实施后经测量的结果表明 ,冷风道的噪声下降了 7～ 1 6dB ,明显降低了送风系统的振动和噪声。     

钻爆法施工隧道炮烟运移规律数值模拟研究

为了提高钻爆法施工隧道炮烟排烟效率,改善隧道施工环境,以平顶山隧道某一段爆破施工过程为原型,基于质量守恒定律、Fick定律及Boussineg假设,运用计算流体力学软件FLUENT建立压入式通风条件下组分运输模型,分析风筒口至掌子面的距离及风筒入口风速对隧道内风流流场及炮烟浓度分布规律的影响。结果表明:风筒口至掌子面40 m,入口风速为20 m/s,通风时长为18.5 min时,隧道内风流分布稳定,且炮烟浓度均降至最高允许浓度值以下。将模拟结果与现场实测的炮烟浓度分布情况进行对比分析,数据基本吻合,验证了模拟的有效性。     

Duct-venting of dust explosions in a 20 L sphere at elevated static activation overpressures

Ducts are often recommended in the design of dust explosion venting in order to discharge materials to safe locations. However, the maximum reduced overpressure increases in a duct-vented vessel rather than in a simply vented vessel. This needs to be studied further for understanding the duct-venting mechanism. Numerous duct-vented dust explosion experiments were conducted, using a 20 L spherical chamber at elevated static activation overpressures, ranging from 1.8 bar to 6 bar. Duct diameters of 15 mm and 28 mm, and duct lengths of 0 m (simply venting), 1 m and 2 m, were selected. Explosion pressures both in the vessel and in the duct were recorded by pressure sensors, with a frequency of 5 kHz. Flame signals in the duct were also obtained by phototransistors. Results indicate that the secondary explosion occurring in the duct increases the maximum reduced overpressure in the vessel. The secondary explosion is greatly affected by the duct diameter and static activation overpressure, and hence influences the amplification of the maximum reduced overpressure. Larger static activation overpressure decreases the severity of the secondary explosion, and hence decreases the increment in the maximum reduced overpressure. The secondary pressure peak is more obvious as the pressure accumulation is easier in a duct with a smaller diameter. However, the increment of the maximum reduced overpressure is smaller because blockage effect, flame front distortion, and turbulent mixing due to secondary explosion are weaker in a narrow duct. The influence of duct length on the maximum reduced overpressure is small at elevated static activation overpressures, ranging from 1.8 bar to 6 bar at 15 mm and 28 mm duct diameters.     

抽出式通风机数量对地铁区间隧道通风排烟能力影响的实验研究*

为量化抽出式通风机及其数量对排烟道与行车道内流量分配的影响,提出1个新的量化指标——通风排烟系统性能系数,即为抽出式与压入式通风机组合功耗与排烟体积流量的比值。为确立通风排烟系统性能系数,依托某过海区间隧道,搭建隧道通风排烟模型实验系统,测定排烟道与行车道所构成的风道内流动参数。结果表明:以吊顶排烟口为镜像面,行车道静压对称分布;对于行车道速度而言,双压二抽表现为对称分布,双压一抽为近对称,双压零抽为偏置分布;偏置分布的排烟道速度出现在双压一抽中,近对称属于双压零抽,对称显现于双压二抽。将数据进行分析计算后可知,性能系数最低的是双压零抽两通风机组合。     

泡沫镍对甲烷-空气预混气体爆燃超压影响的研究

为了有效抑制气体爆炸时产生的冲击波强度,设计加工了内部截面为110 mm×80 mm,长500 mm的爆炸实验管道,利用高频动态压力传感器,对比研究了泡沫镍在管道内的安放位置对甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸的影响。结果表明:当把泡沫镍铺设在管道中间位置时其对爆炸超压的抑制效果最好,其次是放置在管道的尾部,效果最差的是将多孔材料放置在管道的前部。     

敞开式TBM施工隧道粉尘扩散及除尘系统研究

TBM掘进过程中产生大量粉尘，为了掌握粉尘的分布规律并优化除尘系统，以敞开式TBM为例，采用数值计算方法研究不同除尘风管位置，不同除尘风速和不同掘进面产尘量下的洞内粉尘浓度分布规律。研究结果表明:敞开式TBM隧道施工过程中，掘进面至除尘风管区域质量粉尘浓度较高，在除尘风管口后方区域下降到 2 mg/m3以下；除尘风管布置在距掘进面30 m位置处时，洞内沿程粉尘含量相对较大，除尘风管布置在距掘进面20 m位置处时洞内沿程及TBM支护区域粉尘含量相对较小；排风风速为15 m/s时，敞开式TBM支护区域粉尘质量浓度最小，排风风速为30 m/s时，该区域粉尘质量浓度最大；掘进面产尘量越大，洞内沿程及敞开式TBM支护区域粉尘质量浓度越大，不同产尘量下洞内粉尘浓度均在除尘风管后方达到规范限值以下。     

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis of flame structure

An experimental study of methane–air flame propagation in a duct is reported. A flat duct was chosen to allow optical visualization and flame propagation measurements. The duct was equipped with optical-quality windows to allow Schlieren visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV) velocity measurements. The flame propagation velocity, flow structure, and velocity distribution in the flame for a different air excess factor are reported.