多源遥感数据沙尘暴强度监测的信息可比方法

综述了利用遥感技术进行沙尘暴监测研究的国内外进展，提出了利用多源遥感数据识别和提取沙尘暴信息的新方法，利用近红外1．6μm波段特性，构建了可比沙尘强度指数。研究表明：利用卫星探测器11μm，12μm波段差值进行沙尘暴信息识别和提取，可以达到满意的效果，但不能刻画沙尘暴强度；构建的可比沙尘强度指数，能够解决多源遥感数据由于卫星平台、监测时间、监测区域等不同因素导致的监测结果不可比的问题；同时监测结果与地面气象站监测数据有较好的一致性，能够从时间、空间两方面刻画沙尘暴强弱分布，可以作为沙尘暴定量研究的参数，为利用多源遥感数据持续定量地监测沙尘暴的起源、移动、传输路径、扩散等待征奠定了基础。     

基于NOAA／AVHRR数据的区域沙尘暴强度监测

利用NOAA／AVHRR数据,通过查找表增强显示沙尘暴信息和利用经验模型提取沙尘信息,探讨了区域沙尘暴强度监测的方法。研究发现,利用可见光、近红外和远红外通道多光谱合成遥感数字图象对沙尘暴的监测和沙尘信息的提取效果明显;在低植被覆盖区域,利用GVI指数提取沙尘信息是不可行的,但这一指数有助于提取海面上的沙尘信息;并对沙尘浓度提取进行了探讨,以期显示区域沙尘暴的强度。     

基于RS与GIS混合编程的公路水毁灾情信息提取

研究了基于高分辨率卫星遥感影像的公路水毁灾情信息提取模型,通过解决跨软件环境的开发问题,实现了基于遥感与地理信息系统混合编程的公路水毁灾情信息提取系统。使用高分辨率卫星遥感数据形成融合数据,通过分析融合图像的光谱、几何、纹理特征,建立了公路信息提取规则,构建了面向对象的公路信息提取模型。根据水在近红外和中红外波长范围内反射率极低的特性,同时考虑不同环境背景造成的信息提取复杂性,研究了具有自适应特点的水面提取模型。通过建立组件式地理信息系统和遥感应用环境之间的通信和数据共享机制,实现了模型运行的交互式用户界面,并提供叠置空间分析功能,从灾后公路边界提取结果中去除水面部分,获得公路水毁信息。实际应用表明,系统可以满足相关工作对公路水毁灾情信息提取技术的要求。     

基于FY-3A的海南岛橡胶林台风灾害遥感监测——以“纳沙”台风为例

以登陆海南岛的1117号台风"纳沙"为例,根据通过高分辨率卫星数据提取的海南岛橡胶分布范围,利用FY-3A遥感数据分析了台风登陆前、后海南岛橡胶归一化植被指数的变化。借助GIS技术平台,提取受损橡胶的分布信息(INDVI0)。根据建立的橡胶林台风灾害等级标准,绘制了橡胶林台风灾害损失等级分布图,实现了橡胶林台风灾害的遥感监测。通过遥感监测结果与灾情实际调查结果的对比分析发现,二者总体趋势一致,而遥感监测更加快速、直观、精细,说明橡胶林台风灾害遥感监测是可行的。     

基于Q-OTSU算法高分三号水体快速提取方法研究——以河南鹤壁洪涝灾害监测为例

最大类间方差法（OTSU）算法是一种确定图像二值化分割阈值算法,其用于合成孔径雷达（SAR）影像中进行地物目标快速提取有突出的优势。本文提出一种优化的OTSU算法（Quick-OTSU,Q-OTSU）,可以快速提取SAR影像中的水体信息,满足洪涝灾害快速应急需求。2021年7月,河南省遭受持续性强降雨,引发特大洪涝灾害,本文采用多景国产高分三号卫星（GF-3）不同时相SAR数据,采用Q-OTSU阈值分割法快速提取河南省鹤壁市受灾区域水体信息,同时利用同期哨兵二号（Sentinel-2B）影像进行精度验证,分析受灾区域灾害情况。在获取影像24 h内就完成了水体信息提取,精度达到96.7%。研究结果表明：本文提出的Q-OTSU算法应用于国产高分三号数据水体提取中,精度高,可高效快速进行洪水灾情评估,能够为政府和相关部门及时、精确地掌握洪灾信息,科学防灾救灾提供了决策依据。     

DEM在西藏那曲雪灾遥感信息提取中的应用

数字高程模型（ＤＥＭ）广泛用于计算地形因子、辅助遥感影像的信息提取及参与地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）的空间分析操作。本文主要介绍了ＤＥＭ在西藏那曲雪灾遥感信息提取中一些技术和方法的应用。结果表明，ＤＥＭ不仅可以消除由于地形因素的影响造成的像点太阳高度角偏差，提高积雪信息提取的精度，而且还是判别成灾状况的重要因子，是那曲雪灾遥感监测系统的重要部分。     

基于多源中高分辨率遥感数据提取渤海辽东湾海冰要素信息

海冰厚度是海冰参数中最为重要和最难获取的参数之一,对海洋灾害预警、气候变化等研究均有重要意义。本文选取2018年1月到3月的10景多源(Sentinel-2、Landsat-8、Landsat-7)中高分辨率影像对渤海辽东湾的海冰进行了监测。基于归一化水体指数进行海陆分割,通过分析海水与海冰光谱特征差异,利用最大似然法监督分类提取海冰区域,运用反照率与海冰厚度之间的经验指数模型反演海冰厚度,将反演结果与Zubov模型计算的冰厚结果进行比较,相关系数为0.884,证明了中高分辨率光学遥感数据在海冰厚度反演中的可行性。同时发挥中高分辨率遥感数据的优势,利用冰厚信息提取海冰类型、估算海冰资源量,为渤海海冰的防灾减灾以及海冰资源利用提供参考。     

农业旱灾监测中的地表温度遥感反演方法--以MODIS数据为例

以目前农业旱灾监测中应用较广泛的多波段MODIS卫星遥感数据为例,探讨农业旱灾遥感监测中所需要的地表温度反演问题,尤其是反演算法的选择、基本参数的估计和具体反演中的工作流程,为快速地进行农业旱灾监测中的水热遥感参数估计提供方法选择.虽然MODIS有8个热红外波段用来监测地表热量变化,但波段31和32特别适用于农业旱灾监测中所需要的地表温度遥感反演.因此,在算法上,我们将选择计算过程相对简便但反演精度又很高的两因素分裂窗算法.详细地讨论了如何快速地估计分裂窗算法中大气透过率和地表比辐射率这两个基本参数.从实际应用来看,本文所提出的方法能快速地用来反演我国农业旱灾监测中所需要的农田地表温度参数,并获得很好的反演结果.     

我国低温雨雪冰冻灾害遥感监测评估技术——研究与应用

针对2008年初发生在我国南方大部分地区的"低温雨雪冰冻灾害",通过典型案例分析,总结了利用微波和光学遥感数据开展冰雪监测、交通拥堵状况监测评估、雪水当量时空变化监测、地表温度反演与农业受灾评估等技术方法,介绍了灾害应急阶段空间信息产品的服务情况。提出对交通运输、能源供应和电力通信等生命线状况的评估,将是今后灾害遥感业务重要的研究和应用方向。最后从数据资源、复杂灾害背景环境下灾害遥感和卫星等资源综合应用三个方面,讨论了当前灾害遥感领域研究的不足及发展方向,指出了建立基于空间信息技术的灾害监测、预警、评估与服务体系的迫切性。     

遥感技术在农业灾害监测中的应用

农业灾害作为自然灾害系统中最大的部门灾害，其大面积的发生严重影响了我国农业的可持续发展。近年来，我国农业灾害表现为规模增大、程度加深的趋势。农业灾害的遥感监测克服了传统监测方法的不足，具有十分广阔的应用前景。分析了当前主要农业灾害遥感监测应用的原理和方法，就如何进一步加强遥感技术在农业灾害监测中的应用进行了讨论。要提高遥感技术在农业灾害监测中的应用范围和精度，必须进一步加强农业灾害遥感机理的研究，采用多传感器、多时相、多分辨率遥感数据相结合的监测方式。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.     

30年来我国农业气象灾害变化趋势和分布特征

利用1979-2008年的统计数据分析了我国近30年来农业气象灾害的时间变化趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)1979-2008期间,我国农业气象灾害的灾情日趋严重,农业气象灾害总成灾面积和成灾比率都呈增加趋势;各类灾害中,旱灾和霜冻成灾面积和成灾比率呈增加趋势,风雹成灾面积和成灾比率变化不大呈略微下降趋势,而1989-1998年段水灾严重。(2)旱灾成灾面积在总成灾面积中所占比例最大(约占总成灾面积的1/2),其次是水灾(约占总成灾面积的1/4),再次是风雹,而霜冻成灾面积最小。(3)在区域分布方面,旱灾灾情华北地区最为严重,其次是东北,再次是西北;水灾和旱灾的轻重程度往往是一个此消彼长的关系,华中的水灾最严重,其次为华东、华南和西南;风雹灾情的轻重程度在我国的分布也有较强的区域性,华北、西北和东北是风雹的重灾区;霜冻分布各区域差异较小,西北和华中的灾情相对较重。     

Does money work? Cash transfers to ex-combatants in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration processes

This paper analyses the relevance and potential of cash transfers as part of the disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) assistance packages provided to ex-combatants in transitions from war to peace. To this end, a theoretical framework is established that permits the identification of the advantages and disadvantages of using cash in DDR. Subsequently, an empirical analysis is carried out to compare selected theoretical assumptions on the use of cash with the reality of lessons learned from recent experience in Sierra Leone and other African countries. The study shows that some theoretical drawbacks commonly associated with the use of cash in DDR processes may indeed bear out in practice. At the same time, though, the paper argues that the utility of cash transfers in DDR is affected by a variety of factors that go far beyond the simple choice of employing cash, most notably decisions on payment location, eligibility criteria and targeting.