压力容器气体非稳态泄漏模型研究

为计算气体在非稳态泄漏过程中的泄漏率,提高危害后果评估的量化水平,对压力容器失效后气体泄漏过程进行了研究。基于现有的初始泄漏率模型,结合实际泄漏过程中压力容器内各项状态参数的动态变化规律,构建气体非稳态泄漏模型,并通过计算实例进行分析和验证。结果表明,该模型可计算压力容器气体非稳态泄漏过程中(包括音速泄漏阶段和亚音速泄漏阶段)任意时刻容器内的各项状态参数值和孔口处气体的平均泄漏率;同时,对于储存压力较高(大于3.0 MPa)的容器,提出近似计算总平均泄漏率的2种简化方法。     

水平管分层流下微孔泄漏特性数值模拟和实验分析

在油气田开发过程中,通常采用气液相混输模式,管道受腐蚀等因素影响容易出现穿孔而发生两相流泄漏。为分析两相流泄漏特性,对管内常见流型分层流下的微孔泄漏特性进行数值和实验分析;采用VOF耦合Level set算法分析了不同影响因素下的气液两相泄漏特性,设计了1种管道泄漏收集装置,进行室内两相流泄漏实验,并验证了数值预测模型的准确性。研究结果表明:气液两相流经过管壁泄漏口时会发生相分离,泄漏特性受小孔方位、管路内外压差、气液相流速影响较大;泄漏口位于管路侧壁时的泄漏特性与其他角度下的泄漏特性有所不同,可用泄漏影响区内的气液分布进行解释;当泄漏口位于管路底部时,存在临界液相分流系数,当液相分流比小于此临界值时,泄漏流体为单相液体。VOF耦合Level set算法的数值方法可为管路泄漏量预测和相分离特性分析提供参考。     

Evaluation of hazard range for the natural gas jet released from a high-pressure pipeline: A computational parametric study

In the present study, the hazard range of the natural gas (NG) jet released from a high-pressure pipeline was investigated. A one-dimensional integral model was combined with a release model to calculate the length and width (i.e., size), and the shape of NG jet release. The physical parameters affecting the jet release of NG were categorized into three types: source release, environmental and time parameters. The effects of each type of parameters on the gas jet release rate, size and shape were evaluated systematically. The results show that all of these parameters have important influence on the hazard range of NG jet release. The source release parameters, including the pipeline length, the operation pressure of the pipeline, the release hole diameter and the pipe diameter, dominate the gas release rate through a hole and therefore the length and width of gas jet release. The gas jet release rate and size are found to be highly correlative with these parameters in terms of power curve regression analysis. The environmental parameters including the atmospheric stability, the ambient wind speed and the source height, have no influence on the gas jet release rate but have influence on the hazard range of gas jet by the turbulent mixing and dilution of NG with air. The time parameters including the concentration averaged time and the valve closing time which are related to the unsteady state jet release of NG, also show the influence on the hazard range of gas jet release. The results show that the decreasing valve closing time and increasing gas concentration averaged time are in favor of reducing the length and width of gas jet release. In addition, these computational parametric studies indicate that the parameters of source release and time have no significant influence on the shape of gas jet release (i.e., jet length/width ratio, LWR) which can maintain the values between 7 and 8. However, the environmental parameters have influence on the shape of gas jet release. These comprehensive investigations provide useful database of evaluating the hazard range for NG jet released from a hole on a high-pressure pipeline and also provide the foundation of decision-making for further fire and/or explosion evaluation and people evacuation.     

Estimating sonic gas flow rates in pipelines

This paper presents a detailed review and analysis of sonic gas flow in pipelines, adding considerably more detail to the analysis, particularly for long pipelines. Our results show that (1) the mass flow rate is asymptotic as the velocity head pipe loss increases (2) the asymptotic value is identical for both adiabatic and isothermal conditions and (3) a maximum is found in the gas flow, although this maximum is near the asymptotic value. A graphical method for isothermal flows and a simple, shortcut formula is presented using asymptotic analysis which accurately estimates gas flow rates in long pipelines under both adiabatic and isothermal conditions. Process safety applications are provided.     

煤与瓦斯突出两相流传播特性实验研究*

为了探究煤与瓦斯突出后煤粉-瓦斯两相流传播规律,利用自主搭建的煤与瓦斯突出管网实验系统,研究突出后冲击气流压力衰减规律、煤粉运移分布特征。结果表明:在初始压力为0.4 MPa时共突出煤粉3.12 kg,管道内煤粉质量呈正态分布,管道前部煤粉分布较少,占突出煤粉质量33.7%,多为小粒径煤粉;管道中部煤粉分布最多,占突出煤粉质量61%,粒径分布范围广;后部煤粉分布质量最小,仅占突出煤粉质量的5.3%,但多为大颗粒粒径煤粉。煤粉在管道内测点处依次为分层流、均匀流、大颗粒流3种流态,每种流动形态所对应的运移速度与煤粉打击压力均呈现逐渐衰减的规律。突出后冲击气流压力沿管道呈现衰减趋势,冲击气流对管道内所造成的压力扰动可持续 4 s左右。     

A New Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium Model to Compute Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Critical Pressure Ratios of Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Mixtures

The critical pressure ratio (η_c) is an essential parameter for computing the vapor-liquid two-phase critical pressure and mass flow rate of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures flowing through valves and leakage orifices. The Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium Diener-Schmidt (HNE-DS) model widely used to calculate η_c assumes that the fluid's volume linearly changes with the pressure (using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation), which is not suitable for multicomponent gas mixtures. In this paper, a new Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium (new-HNE) model is proposed to calculate η_c of gas mixtures. Firstly, a new critical flow compressibility factor (ω_c) is developed from its thermodynamic definition and the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS), overcoming the inherent limitations of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Then, η_c is correlated to the newly derived ω_c by fitting experimental data at various pressures and gas mass fractions of both single-component and multicomponent gas mixtures, yielding the new HNE-DS model. Results show that, for the water-steam and air-water two-phase flow, the average relative deviations (ARD) between the calculated critical pressure ratios and experimental values are equal to 2.8% and 4.93%, respectively, which represents a significant improvement in comparison with the original HNE-DS model. Moreover, this new model is extended to the applications of Liquefied natural gas (LNG)/liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fluids, and will further contribute to the calculation of the leakage mass flow rate of fluid flowing through the orifices/valves.     

The influence of gas storage parameters on gas emission rate from borehole

Gas emission rate from borehole is one of the most important indexes for the coal and gas outburst prediction. The mathematical model of gas flow in the coal seam, gas flow into the measuring chamber, gas pressure change in the measuring chamber, and gas flow out of the chamber through the pipe is established. Gas migration in the coal seam, gas pressure in borehole chamber and gas flow in pipe is simulated using the finite difference method. Gas emission rate is obtained under dynamic boundary conditions. The influence of gas storage parameters on gas emission rate from borehole is analyzed. Results show that: the gas pressure and the permeability coefficient have great impacts on the value of gas flow quantity in borehole. The larger the original gas pressure of coal seam and the permeability coefficient of coal seam are, the greater the maximum value of gas emission rate form borehole and the later the maximum appears.     

输气管道泄漏压力波的频谱特性模拟

为了研究输气管道泄漏压力波的频谱特性,基于大涡模拟对管道泄漏进行了非稳态分析。模拟了不同管道压力、不同泄漏孔径以及不同管道气体流速下的泄漏压力波频谱分布,探讨了不同条件对压力波频谱特性的影响。所得结论对各类管道泄漏压力波的频谱分析具有一定的借鉴作用。     

管道结构对氢/空预混气体爆炸特性影响研究

为研究管道结构对氢-空预混气体爆炸特性影响,采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,分析不同管道结构内氢-空预混气体燃爆时火焰传播进程、爆炸压力、湍流动能变化及流场分布.结果表明:90°弯管对氢-空预混气体爆炸强度增强作用明显高于T型分岔管和直管.火焰阵面在结构突变处褶皱变形较明显,并出现大尺度强湍流和涡团,气团脉动速度与湍流...     

套管环空压力恢复与泄压预测模型研究

针对气井套管环空带压问题,通过研究气体在套管水泥环内的渗流规律,建立了气体渗流的连续性方程和运动方程,并求解出气体在水泥环中的渗流速率。通过分析井口泄压时针型阀处的气体流动状态,得出泄压时的气体泄放速率。以气体渗流速率和泄放速率为基础,结合井口的气体状态方程,分别建立了套管环空压力恢复与泄压预测模型。根据现场A气井实际数据进行实例计算,研究结果表明:所建模型计算的套管环空压力值与现场实测数据吻合,验证了模型的准确性。研究结果对套管环空带压的诊断评估和环空压力的控制具有重要意义。     

天然气管道直管段结垢速率数值模拟研究

为了探究天然气集输管道运行中结垢速率的影响因素,基于FLUENT软件建立了天然气集输管道结垢速率数值模拟模型。结合川西北天然气管网的实际运行参数,定量分析了管道压力、温度、垢粒子浓度和流速对结垢速率的影响。结果表明,管道压力、介质流速与结垢速率呈负相关关系,介质温度、粒子浓度与结垢速率呈正相关关系。在实际生产过程中,可以通过适当增大气田采出水的压力和流速,降低介质温度来达到抑制结垢发生的目的;并且还分析了CaCO3颗粒在直管段处的生成与沉积规律。     

Odor fading in natural gas distribution systems

Since natural gas is odorless, to assure the customer safety, odorants are added to it to alarm the consumer in the case of a gas leak. Although the odorization is a common practice in natural gas distribution systems, odor fading has been reported in pipelines, which is a great safety risk. This paper summarizes results of experiments conducted to investigate possible chemical and physical mechanisms responsible for odor fading. In these experiments, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and gas chromatography were used to check the possible interactions of tertiary butyl mercaptan (TBM) as odorant with the pipe material. Evidences of chemisorption, adsorption and desorption of TBM on the iron oxide inside the pipe were observed. It was found that by increasing pressure, rusted surface of the pipe, and temperature or by decreasing the gas flow rate and odorant concentration the mercaptan removal was increased.     

吸气式火灾探测系统采样管网优化设计

对吸气式火灾探测报警系统中采样管网进行优化设计是提高其探测性能的重要手段。基于流体动力学原理,建立管网内气体运动数学模型,给出各状态参数之间的关系式。分析常见管网布置方式的优缺点,提出吸气式采样管网的优化设计方案:视每个采样孔为1个点型感烟探测器,采样孔间距基本一致,调整孔径使各采样孔进气量相同,孔数较多时,可增设末端孔,以缩短气体样本传输时间。从理论上分析管网参数对探测性能的影响,并利用Fluent 6.3进行相应的数值模拟。结果表明,样本传输时间与管长、管径、开孔数成正比,与总流量和末端孔孔径成反比。     

人工煤气管道萘颗粒沉积规律研究

针对萘在人工煤气管道中沉积会造成管道堵塞,影响管道的安全运行的这一问题,以昆明人工煤气管道为例,运用计算流体动力学软件Fluent,选用离散相模型和雷诺应力模型,对水平直管、水平弯管和三通管进行萘颗粒沉积的数值模拟,对于不同的管径、弯曲比、管径比,分别分析萘颗粒直径、入口速度、温度及压力对萘颗粒沉积的影响。研究结果表明:水平直管、水平弯管、三通管中的萘颗粒沉积率与颗粒粒径成正相关关系,而与气流入口速度、压力成负相关关系;萘颗粒在人工煤气管道中的沉积率主要受颗粒直径、气流入口速度的影响;萘颗粒的沉积率随着水平直管的管径增大而增大,随着水平弯管的弯曲比增大而增大,随着三通管的管径比增大而先增大后减小;可通过适当增大管内煤气输送速度、压力,降低温度来降低萘颗粒在人工煤气管道中的沉积速度,进而减少萘颗粒沉积的发生。     

中压天然气管道泄漏扩散模拟研究

建立了埋地中压天然气管道发生泄漏时时的数学模型,将土壤视为各向同性的多孔介质,采用FLUENT对天然气在土壤中的扩散规律及浓度分布进行模拟,分析不同时刻地表的危险区域范围,并对比了不同管道压力、泄漏孔径大小、泄漏位置等工况下危险半径随时间的变化。结果表明:管道压力越大,泄漏的体积流量越大,同一时间危险范围越大;相同的泄漏压力下,泄漏孔径对危险半径没有很大影响;不同泄漏孔位置,泄漏初期向上开口时危险半径最大,一段时间后向下开口危险半径最大。     

瓦斯压力测定时间及其受控因素分析

提前掌握瓦斯压力测定所需时间,对准确高效地测定煤层瓦斯压力非常重要。以被动式岩巷测压为例,在初步分析测压钻孔周围煤体初始瓦斯压力分布规律、游离瓦斯与吸附瓦斯的关系、瓦斯流量衰减规律及瓦斯流场平衡条件的基础上,从理论上推导出瓦斯压力测定时间计算公式。将该公式与现场瓦斯压力测定监测数据进行对比分析,并研究瓦斯压力测定时间的影响因素。结果表明,理论分析结果与现场瓦斯压力测定情况基本一致,测压时间的误差仅为6%;改变测压钻孔初始气体压力(主动式测压)是唯一有实用价值的方法。     

高压天然气非恒定速率泄漏扩散数值模拟研究

为保障天然气工业安全生产与运营,以某天然气储配厂为例,采用等效喷嘴和过程模型,利用FLACS软件对罐区高压天然气非恒定速率泄漏扩散进行数值模拟,考察环境风速及泄漏时间对气体泄漏扩散的影响.结果表明:储存压力为1.05 MPa的天然气储罐发生泄漏会产生欠膨胀射流,泄漏初期具有447.44 kJ的高动能,并在近场扩散起主导...     

非金属管道微小泄漏动力学数值模拟和试验对比

为了探索非金属输送管道泄漏规律,从数值模拟和试验两个角度,对液体PE管道发生泄漏前后管道内流体与泄漏口的流动状态进行了对比分析,为判定管道泄漏提供了依据。运用FLUENT软件针对PE液体管道泄漏,在不同孔径、不同压力下,构建管道泄漏模型分别进行仿真,分析不同泄漏情景下压力梯度的分布规律。同时在近似相同条件下进行PE管道两点泄漏模拟试验。结果显示:数值模拟与试验结果基本一致,泄漏孔处压力、流速均与管内初始压力成正相关;初始压力和孔径的增大,会导致管内压力下降速度上升,但最终会趋于稳定值。     

Numerical investigation of flow erosion and flow induced displacement of gas well relief line

High-pressure particle-laden gas flow should be discharged through relief line of gas well timely to ensure safe test and exploitation. Erosion and vibration usually take place on the bend in relief lines, bringing a potential safety hazard to field operation. The majority of this paper investigates the factors affecting the erosion of bend and displacement of relief line in the downstream of bend using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology. A three-dimensional elbow pipe is selected as computational domain in this investigation. The kinematics and trajectory of discrete solid particles and liquid droplets are described by discrete phase model (DPM) while the hydrodynamic characteristics of continuous phase are obtained based on Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. An empirical erosion model is employed to predict the erosion rate of bend, and a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) model is adopted to calculate the displacement of relief line. The effects of types of multiphase flow (such as gas–solid two-phase flow and gas–liquid–solid three-phase flow), inlet flow rate and pipe diameter on erosion and displacement are discussed. The results show that large displacement and severe erosion present with large inlet flow rate in minor diameter pipe. The increase in liquid droplet content has less effect on flow erosion than that by the same increase in sand particle content.     

Experimental research of LNG accidental underwater release and combustion behavior

Evaluating potential hazards caused by accidental LNG release from underwater pipelines or vessels is a significant consideration in marine transportation safety. The aim of this study was to capture the dynamic behavior of LNG jet released under water and to analyze its vapor dispersion characteristics and combustion characteristics on the water surface during different release scenarios. Controlled experiments were conducted where LNG was jet released from a cryogenic storage tank. The dynamic process of LNG being jet released from orifices of different sizes and shapes, as well as the rising plume structure, were captured by a high-speed camera. The leakage flow rate and pipeline pressure were recorded by a flow meter and pressure gauge, respectively. The concentration distribution that emanated from the water surface was measured utilizing methane sensors in different positions with various wind speeds. The flame combustion characteristics of LNG vapor clouds, which immediately ignited upon the enclosed water tank, were also recorded. Additionally, the mass burning rate of the flame on the water surface was evaluated, and a new correlation between the ratio of flame length and width was established. The results indicated a large dimensionless heat release rate (Q*) and a continuous release flow rate in a limited burning area. This study could provide greater understanding of the mechanisms of LNG release and combustion behavior under water.