成都市区降雨中主要低分子有机酸及来源分析

为了解成都市区降水中有机酸的化学组成特征及来源,2011年3月至9月共采降水36次,用液相色谱法检测了降水中的无机阴离子及低分子有机酸,同时测定样品的pH、电导率。用SPSS软件统计得到：有机酸的含量占总阴离子量的20．19％,对自由酸度的平均贡献值分别为31．55％。相比安顺、贵阳等地,成都市区降水中单位有机酸的酸度贡献值较小,可能是降水中的大量碱性杂质削弱了有机酸对酸度的影响。甲、乙酸占有机酸含量的93．6％,表明最主要的低分子有机酸是乙酸、甲酸。相关分析显示有机酸与所有阴离子显著相关,表明有机酸来源较复杂,多样化。进一步分析得到：甲酸与乙酸的相关系数（0．900）和偏相关系数（0．822）都很高,表明甲酸与乙酸有相似的来源或者不同来源的相似源强;甲酸与NO^3-始终显著相关表明主要来自人为活动;乙酸与nss-SO4^2-。始终显著相关表明主要来自间接源;草酸与甲酸、乙酸的偏相关系数很大程度上小于相关系数表明主要来自与甲、乙酸来源相似的前体物的光化学反应。     

济南市大气降水化学特征分析

为了解济南市大气降水化学特征,于2015年1~12月在山东大学采集了降水样品,测定了p H值、电导率及水溶性无机离子、水溶性有机酸。结果表明,观测期间降水p H雨量加权均值为5.45,电导率均值为78.5μS/cm。降水中离子总浓度为1 189.07μeq/L,污染程度较为严重,其中SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-是浓度较高的阴离子,NH4+和Ca2+是主要的阳离子。降水中SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~-为2.18,表明济南市大气污染向混合型转变趋势明显。济南市降水中有机酸浓度较低,甲酸和乙酸是主要的有机酸种类。     

云为什么总能浮在天空

天空中的云有高有低，高的有1万多米，低的只有几十米，甚至跟地面上的雾连成一片。形成云的主要原因，是潮湿空气的上升运动。空气经常由于热力作用、锋面作用或地形的作用，产生上升运动，由于高处的大气压力比低处小，空气在上升的过程中，就逐渐膨胀，空气的体积膨胀是要消耗热量的，而这种热量是取自上升空气的内部，从而降低了它本身的温度。一旦上升空气的温度降到与其露点温度相同时，就会有一部分水汽附着在烟尘微粒上凝结成小水滴。如果凝结高度上的温度在0以下，水滴就冻结成冰晶。‘这些水滴或小冰晶的体积非常小，它们的横断面直径通常只有千分之几到百分之几厘米，统称为云滴。云滴的体积虽然微小，但它的密度却比空气大800倍，按理在地球引力的作用下。它们应该落到地面上来，为什么人们所看到的云总是浮在空中呢？     

三氯杀螨醇的雌激素效应及其机制的研究进展

三氯杀螨醇(dicofol，DCF)是现代农牧业生产中广泛使用的一种杀虫剂，许多实验证据表明它对动物和人体有雌激素效应，如导致美洲鳄(Alligator mississippiensis)发生雌性化现象、使美洲鹰(Falco sparverius)的卵壳变薄、引起小鼠子宫增重、促进人类乳癌细胞(MCF7)增殖等。有关它的作用机制研究目前主要集中在下丘肛-垂体-性腺轴中的激素受体上，本文对DCF的雌激素效应及其作用机制研究进展做了回顾。     

成都市冬季一次重污染过程大气颗粒物粒径谱分布

为探究重污染天气过程中颗粒物数浓度水平和分布特征,利用电迁移粒径谱仪(SMPS)和空气动力学粒径谱仪(APS)等,对成都市2020年12月21～28日的大气颗粒物(12.2nm～20μm)数浓度谱进行观测分析。结果表明,污染期间颗粒物数浓度主要集中在积聚模态粒径段,数浓度谱呈三峰分布,主峰值出现在723nm左右,积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的增加是导致此次污染过程颗粒物数浓度快速升高的主要原因。各模态数浓度日变化特征明显,凝结核模态呈单峰分布,浓度高值出现在午间;爱根核模态与积聚模态呈双峰分布,浓度高值分别出现在午间和晚间。受站点周边交通源和生活源影响,颗粒物数浓度高值区主要分布在西北和东南风向1.0～1.5m/s风速下,相对湿度和能见度与积聚模态颗粒物数浓度相关性最为显著。因此,降低积聚模态数浓度有助于缓解颗粒物污染并提高大气能见度。     

开远市空气污染与气象条件关系及污染等级预报方法

为探究空气污染与气象条件的关系，以及基于气象条件的空气污染等级报方法，以开远市为例，利用相关性分析、数值统计预报方法及《空气污染扩散气象条件等级》标准进行了分析。结果表明：(1)开远空气污染具有“冬春高夏秋低”的鲜明特点，影响污染物主要有SO₂、PM₁₀、O₃、PM_2.5,其中O₃为首要污染物；(2)影响开远市空气质量的气象条件主要有降水、相对湿度和风向。夏季降水的湿清除作用对改善当地空气质量有重要作用，尤其是在调节降低SO₂、PM₁₀、CO、PM_2.5浓度中作用显著。相对湿度与空气质量呈负相关，影响开远市空气污染扩散的风向主要为南向风；(3)根据《空气污染扩散气象条件等级》标准建立的基于气象条件的空气污染等级预报方程，比数值统计预报方法建立的AQI逐步回归预报方程具有更好的适用性，预测AQI等级对比实测AQI预报等级正确率达79.4%,对开远市空气污染防治具有一定的科学指导意义。     

西安高空温度气候变化的基本特征

应用西宁气象台1961－2000年的探空资料,统计分析了700、600、500、400、300hps等各层高空温度的长年代变化趋势以及显著性周期,示了40年来西宁高空温度演变的基本特征。指出西宁地面至对流层底层呈增温趋势,对流层中下部的600－300hpa在制冷,对流层中上部200－100hpa又明显变暖,50－30hpa臭氧层呈降温趋势。地面至30hpa整层气温总体呈增温趋势,波动式上升,升值不大;高空气温变化主要存在3．3a的显著性变化的基本周期。     

西宁高空温度气候变化的基本特征

应用西宁气象台 196 1～ 2 0 0 0年的探空资料 ,统计分析了 70 0、6 0 0、5 0 0、40 0、30 0hpa等各层高空温度的长年代变化趋势以及显著性周期 ,揭示了 40年来西宁高空温度演变的基本特征。指出西宁地面至对流层底层呈增温趋势 ,对流层中下部的 6 0 0～ 30 0hPa在变冷 ,对流层中上部 2 0 0～ 10 0hPa又明显变暖 ,5 0～ 30hPa臭氧层呈降温趋势。地面至 30hPa整层气温总体呈增温趋势 ,波动式上升 ,升值不大 ;高空气温变化主要存在3 3a的显著性变化的基本周期     

离子色谱法应用于杭州地表水中有机酸及无机阴离子分布研究

建立了离子色谱-抑制电导法同时检测杭州市地表水中的有机酸及无机阴离子,并对地表水中有机酸及无机阴离子的含量进行探讨.该方法的重现性(RSD)为0.15％ ～4.92％,相关系数r2为0.9990 ～ 0.9999,加标回收率为84.36％～111.05％,最低检出限为0.003～0.028 mg/L.利用该建立的方法,...     

基于OMI数据的西南地区对流层NO2浓度时空变化特征分析

利用OMI数据反演得到的多时相NO_2浓度产品(空间分辨率为0.125°×0.125°),分析了2005～2017年西南地区四省市(云南省、贵州省、四川省及重庆市)对流层NO_2柱浓度的时空分布特征,并对其影响因素进行了简单分析。结果表明:(1)2005～2017年间,西南地区NO_2柱浓度年均值较小,13年的年均值为1.801 5×10~(15)molec/cm~2。年变化整体表现为先增大后减小趋势;季节变化表现为:冬季秋季春季夏季,而月变化呈内凹型分布;(2)空间分布上呈东部高、西部低的特点,并且跨度较大,四川省东部和重庆市西部地区的NO_2柱浓度年均值大于10.0×10~(15)molec/cm~2,而四川省西部和云南省中西部地区的NO_2柱浓度低于1.0×10~(15)molec/cm~2;(3)云南省的NO_2柱浓度最低,重庆市的NO_2柱浓度远远高于其他3个省;此外,云南省的年变化最为平缓,而重庆市的变化幅度最大;(4)研究区的地理位置及地形特征、气象要素、人口密集度及经济发展状况等因素都直接影响对流层NO_2柱浓度的时空分布。     

Trihalomethane reactivity of water- and sodium hydroxide-extractable organic carbon fractions from peat soils

Certain organic carbon moieties in drinking source waters of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta can react with chlorine during disinfection to form potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic trihalomethanes. The properties of reactive organic carbon in Delta waters, particularly those of soil origin, have been poorly understood. This study attempts to characterize trihalomethane reactivity of soil organic carbon from three representative Delta peat soils. Soil organic carbon was extracted from all three soils with either deionized H2O or 0.1 M NaOH and sequentially separated into humic acids, fulvic acids, and nonhumic substances for quantitation of trihalomethane formation potential. Water-extractable organic carbon represented only 0.4 to 0.7% of total soil organic carbon, whereas NaOH extracted 38 to 51% of total soil organic carbon. The sizes and specific trihalomethane formation potential (STHMFP) of individual organic carbon fractions differed with extractants. Fulvic acids were the largest fraction in H2O-extractable organic carbon, whereas humic acids were the largest fraction in NaOH-extractable organic carbon. Among the fractions derived from H2O-extractable carbon, fulvic acids had the greatest specific ultraviolet absorbance and STHMFP and had the majority of reactive organic carbon. Among the fractions from NaOH-extractable organic carbon, humic acids and fulvic acids had similar STHMFP and, thus, were equally reactive. Humic acids were associated with the majority of trihalomethane reactivity of NaOH-extractable organic carbon. The nonhumic substances were less reactive than either humic acids or fulvic acids regardless of extractants. Specific ultraviolet absorbance was not a good predictor of trihalomethane reactivity of organic carbon fractions separated from the soils.     

Use of an exchange method to estimate the association and dissociation rate constants of cadmium complexes formed with low-molecular-weight organic acids commonly exuded by plant roots

Organic acids released from plant roots can form complexes with cadmium (Cd) in the soil solution and influence metal bioavailability not only due to the nature and concentration of the complexes but also due to their lability. The lability of a complex influences its ability to buffer changes in the concentration of free ions (Cd); it depends on the association (, m mol s) and dissociation (, s) rate constants. A resin exchange method was used to estimate and (m mol s), which is the conditional estimate of depending on the calcium (Ca) concentration in solution. The constants were estimated for oxalate, citrate, and malate, three low-molecular-weight organic acids commonly exuded by plant roots and expected to strongly influence Cd uptake by plants. For all three organic acids, the and estimates were around 2.5 10 m mol s and 1.3 × 10 s, respectively. Based on the literature, these values indicate that the Cd- low-molecular-weight organic acids complexes formed between Cd and low-molecular-weight organic acids may be less labile than complexes formed with soil soluble organic matter but more labile than those formed with aminopolycarboxylic chelates.     

不同物质对垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的吸附研究

垃圾渗滤液是一种有毒有害的高浓度有机废水,其中含大量腐殖酸。腐殖酸具有离子交换能力、吸附能力和脱除杂质能力,因此在很多方面有实用价值。活性碳、土壤、堆肥对废水中的有机物有一定的吸附能力。本文采用正交设计的方法,研究了活性碳、土壤、堆肥在不同温度,液／固,腐殖酸初始浓度的条件下对垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的吸附效果。实验结果表明：四种实验因素对吸附剂的吸附能力的影响程度为：吸附剂类型〉腐殖酸的初始浓度〉吸附反应温度〉液固比。在温度为25℃,液固比为50／0．5（mL/g）,腐殖酸初始浓度为41．99（mg／L）,吸附剂类型为活性碳时,腐殖酸吸附量最大,为40．86mg。同时分析了响应指标随因素的变化趋势。     

Organic acids and aldehydes in throughfall and dew in a Japanese pine forest

We analyzed low molecular weight organic acids and aldehydes in throughfall under pine forest, and organic acids in dew on chemically inert surfaces and pine needle surfaces at urban- and mountain-facing sites of pine forest in western Japan. Low molecular weight organic acids and aldehydes accounted for less than 5% of the dissolved organic carbon in throughfall at both sites. Formaldehyde at both sites and formate at the mountain-facing site were found at significantly lower concentrations in throughfall than in rainfall, which may be explained by the degradation and/or retention of these components by the pine canopy as the incident precipitation passed through it. The oxalate concentration in throughfall was significantly higher than those in rainfall at both sites, suggesting that oxalate was derived from leaching from the pine foliage. At both sites, organic acid concentrations were higher in dew on the pine needles than in throughfall or dew on chemically inert surfaces. This could be due to the long contact time of dew on pine needles, during which leached substances from pine needles and dry deposits accumulated on their surfaces can dissolve into the small volume of dew. The role of enhanced concentrations of oxalate in an aqueous phase on the plant surfaces (e.g., dew) is discussed in relation to hydroxyl radical formation via the photo-Fenton reaction.     

Effects of feeding time and organic loading in an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR) treating diluted whey

An investigation was carried out on the performance of an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (ASBBR) treating diluted cheese whey when submitted to different feed strategies and volumetric organic loads (VOL). Polyurethane foam cubes were used as support for biomass immobilization and stirring was provided by helix impellers. The reactor with a working volume of 3 L treated 2 L of wastewater in 8-h cycles at 500 rpm and 30 degrees C. The organic loads applied were 2, 4, 8 and 12 g COD L(-1) d(-1), obtained by increasing the feed concentration. Alkalinity was supplemented at a ratio of 50% NaHCO(3)/COD. For each organic load applied three feed strategies were tested: (a) batch operation with 8-h cycle; (b) 2-h fed-batch operation followed by 6-h batch; and (c) 4-h fed-batch followed by 4-h batch. The 2-h fed-batch operation followed by 6-h batch presented the best results for the organic loads of 2 and 4 g COD L(-1) d(-1), whereas the 4-h fed-batch operation followed by 4-h batch presented results slightly inferior for the same organic loads and the best results at organic loads of 8 and 12 g COD L(-1) d(-1). The concentration of total volatile acids varied with fill time. For the higher fill times maximum concentrations were obtained at the end of the cycle. Moreover, no significant difference was detected in the maximum concentration of total volatile acids for any of the investigated conditions. However, the maximum values of propionic acid tended to decrease with increasing fill time considering the same organic load. Microbiological analyses revealed the presence of Methanosaeta-like structures and methanogenic hydrogenotrophic-like fluorescent bacilli. No Methanosarcina-like structures were observed in the samples.     

Environmental fate of triasulfuron in soils amended with municipal waste compost

The amendment of soil with compost may significantly influence the mobility and persistence of pesticides and thus affect their environmental fate. Factors like adsorption, kinetics, and rate of degradation of pesticides could be altered in amended soils. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the addition of compost made from source-separated municipal waste and green waste, on the fate of triasulfuron [(2-(2-chloroethoxy)-N-[[4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide], a sulfonylurea herbicide used in postemergence treatment of cereals. Two native soils with low organic matter content were used. A series of analyses was performed to evaluate the adsorption and degradation of the herbicide in soil and in solution after the addition of compost and compost-extracted organic fractions, namely humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA), and hydrophobic dissolved organic matter (HoDOM). Results have shown that the adsorption of triasulfuron to soil increases in the presence of compost, and that the HA and HoDOM fractions are mainly responsible for this increase. Hydrophobic dissolved organic matter applied to the soils underwent sorption reactions with the soils, and in the sorbed state, served to increase the adsorption capacity of the soil for triasulfuron. The rate of hydrolysis of triasulfuron in solution was significantly higher at acidic pH and the presence of organic matter fractions extracted from compost also slightly increased the rate of hydrolysis. The rate of degradation in amended and nonamended soils is explained by a two-stage degradation kinetics. During the initial phase, although triasulfuron degradation was rapid with a half-life of approximately 30 d, the presence of compost and HoDOM was found to slightly reduce the rate of degradation with respect to that in nonamended soil.     

Persistence of fermentative process to phenolic toxicity in groundwater

The fermentation process is an important component in the biodegradation of organic compounds in natural and contaminated systems. Comparing with terminal electron-accepting processes (TEAPs), however, research on fermentation processes has to some extent been ignored in the past decades, particularly on the persistence of fermentation process in the presence of toxic organic pollutants. Both field and laboratory studies, presented here, showed that microbial processes in a groundwater-based system exhibited a differential inhibitory response to toxicity of phenolic compounds from coal tar distillation, thus resulting in the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and hydrogen. This indicated that fermentation processes could be more resistant to phenol toxicity than the subsequent TEAPs such as methanogenesis and sulfate reduction, thus providing us with more options for enhancing bioremediation processes.     

Influence of organic loading on an anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor (ASBBR) as a function of cycle period and wastewater concentration

The effect of organic loading on the performance of a mechanically stirred anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor (ASBBR) has been investigated, by varying influent concentration and cycle period. For microbial immobilization 1-cm polyurethane foam cubes were used. An agitation rate of 500 rpm and temperature of 30+/-2 degrees C were employed. Organic loading rates (OLR) of 1.5-6.0gCODl(-1)d(-1) were applied to the 6.3-l reactor treating 2.0 l synthetic wastewater in 8 and 12-h batches and at concentrations of 500-2000mgCODl(-1), making it possible to analyze the effect of these two operation variables for the same organic loading range. Microbial immobilization on inert support maintained approximately 60 gTVS in the reactor. Filtered sample organic COD removal efficiencies ranged from 73 to 88% for organic loading up to 5.4gCODl(-1)d(-1). For higher organic loading (influent concentration of 2000mgCODl(-1) and 8-h cycle) the system presented total volatile acids accumulation, which reduced organics removal efficiency down to 55%. In this way, ASBBR with immobilized biomass was shown to be efficient for organic removal at organic loading rates of up to 5.4gCODl(-1)d(-1) and to be more stable to organic loading variations for 12-h cycles. This reactor might be an alternative to intermittent systems as it possesses greater operational flexibility. It might also be an alternative to batch systems suspended with microorganisms since it eliminates both the uncertainties regarding granulation and the time necessary for biomass sedimentation, hence reducing the total cycle period.     

光致抗蚀剂乳化废水中有机物GC/MS分析

采用色谱－质谱（GC／MS）联用分析仪分析了电子工业光致抗蚀剂乳化废水中的有机化合物成份，测定了该废水中各种有机污染物的含量。分析结果表明：电子工业中光致抗蚀剂乳化废水的主要成份为有机酸类、醛类、酯类、胺类、芳香酮类、酸酐类、砜类、聚醚类、醇类、芳香烃类、杂环类十一大类有机化合物，其中聚丙二醇类、脂肪酸类、丁烯酸类、苯甲酸类、苯甲酸胺、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚类和噻吩类约占总有机碳含量的95％以上。有机污染物的分析测定对此类废水的处理工艺的研究具有重要的指导作用。