闪石族晶体化学类型的X射线研究

闪石族至今未能建立全面的用X射线粉末数据判别晶体化学类型的方案,这是与这族矿物在地学中的重要性不相称的.但是由于闪石族晶体化学的复杂性,建立有效的判别方案确实难度很大.Zussman·J在1955年曾断言,闪石族是不可能用X射线粉末数据判别其种属的.在过去三十年内,国际上有些学者对此问题作了不懈的努力,取得了一定的成果。特别值得一提的是Mottana·A与Edgar·A·D在1970年提出的β—d_(100)图,此图对于划分三大亚族是有效的,而后Klein在1976年又提出用几条特征反射的衍射角鉴别铁镁闪石的成分图表.尽管还有学者提出碱闪石及钙质闪石的某些图表,但一般的说还不实用.因此,就整体而言,特别是钙质闪石亚族的种属鉴别,至今还未能提出任何有效的鉴定方案.     

斜硅镁石的生成实验

引言含(F,OH)的硅镁石族矿物主要出现在变质的碳酸盐岩石中。其最常见的代表,即斜硅镁石和粒硅镁石主要是与镁橄榄石、透辉石,透闪石、黑云母、绿泥石以及方解石和白云石伴生。在有关泥灰质变质岩     

江西邹家山铀矿绿泥石形成温度及其成矿关系

本文采用电子探针分析技术,对产于邹家山火山岩型铀矿床深部的绿泥石进行蚀变特征、化学组成、形成环境研究,并初步探讨该矿床中的绿泥石的形成环境与铀矿化关系。指出绿泥石的形成温度为217.64~295.30°C。矿脉中与铀矿物共生的绿泥石主要是鲕绿泥石,而围岩中则是蠕绿泥石和铁镁绿泥石。含矿溶液沉淀时是一个还原环境,绿泥石不仅活化了火山岩中的铀,还为铀矿化提供了良好的沉淀环境。     

绿泥石缺失条件下盖层封闭性的变化规律

为进一步探究绿泥石对CO2-水-岩石相互作用的影响,结合鄂尔多斯盆地深部地层的黏土矿物组成,利用先进的数值模拟软件TOUGHREACT,研究了绿泥石缺失条件下盖层封闭性的变化规律,并揭示了其封闭性变化的机理。结果表明:绿泥石缺失使盖层中的地球化学反应发生了极大的变化,矿物体积分数的变化量减小,盖层的自溶蚀效应减弱;矿物的化学行为(由沉淀为主转化为以溶解为主或由溶解为主转化为以沉淀为主)发生了逆转;CO2-水-岩石的地球化学进程大幅减缓;CO2的矿化捕集作用明显减弱,且CO2矿化捕集量一直小于0,不利于CO2地质封存。     

冠醚化合物在海洋环境科学中的应用与前景

自1967年Pedersen发表一批有关冠醚化合物的文章以来,有关专著逐渐增多,冠醚种类激增至几百种。常见的有,脂肪族冠醚、芳香族冠醚、脂环族冠醚、杂环族冠醚、氮杂、硫杂冠醚、含亚氨基、酯基等的冠醚、穴醚、手征性冠醚、开链冠醚、聚假冠醚、高分子冠醚等。冠醚的结构形状类似王冠,有一定大小的孔穴。冠醚具有选择络合大多数阳离子,甚至阴离子、中性分子的特性和增溶性,因而用途广泛,在海洋环境科学中它也将是一类颇有前途的新材料.     

硼酸盐矿物新的晶体化学分类

本文回顾了硼酸盐矿物晶体化学分类的发展历史,比较了几种比较重要的和有特点的分类法。提出了一个新的分类方案。将127种硼酸盐矿物分为岛状、群状或环状、链状、层状、架状五个亚类。每个亚类再按配阴离子类型以及是否含附加阴离子分族。     

亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮工艺细菌形态及多样性研究

采用电镜观察和分子生物学手段16S rDNA克隆文库方法对亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮工艺中的细菌进行了形态和多样性研究,从16S rDNA克隆文库中随机挑选60(61)个克隆子进行序列测定(约500bp),对测序结果进行BLAST比对和系统发育分析.结果表明,亚硝化段内的细菌主要为球状和椭球状的氨氧化细菌,以亚硝酸氮作为进水基质时,电化学反硝化生物段内细菌主要为短杆状和椭球状的脱氮菌.亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化脱氮系统中蕴藏着特有的微生物新资源.亚硝化段细菌类群的优势顺序为β-Proteobacteria类群(60.00%)、Bacteroidetes类群(28.33%)和Chloroflexi类群(11.67%).当电化学生物反硝化段进水氮基质为亚硝氮(429～543mg.L-1)和氨氮(412～525mg.L-1)时,细菌优势类群顺序为β-Proteobacteria(78.33%)类群和ε-Proteobacteria类群(21.67%);当电化学生物反硝化段进水氮基质为亚硝氮(519～578mg.L-1)时,细菌优势类群顺序为β-Proteobacteria类群(81.97%)、ε-Proteobacteria(16.39%)类群和γ-Proteobacteria类群(1.64%);优势类群变化不大,但每种类群中细菌的种类和数量变化较大,这主要是由进水基质变化导致.     

低渗透岩石结构体风化初期的水气分子扩散

低渗透岩石具有孔隙狭窄、连通性差、流动阻力大等特点,这致使地下水渗流速度极低。本文以二长岩及玄武岩结构体的核心及紧靠核心的外环区域为对象对低渗透岩石结构体的初期风化机理进行研究。二长岩及玄武岩核心区的渗透率分别为0.0047×10-3μm2和0.0081×10-3μm2,孔隙度分别为1.58%和0.24%。对两种岩石的核心及外环进行化学全分析表明两个区域的主要元素含量无明显变化,外环烧失量有所增加,Fe2+与Fe3+变化敏感。薄片鉴定发现二长岩核心及外环的斜长石及钾长石均发生了强烈风化,外环中的辉石变为绿泥石。玄武岩的核心区矿物基本无变化,外环的长石及辉石发生了皂石化,部分基质绿泥石化。微观结构上,两种岩石核心区均致密坚硬,外环不同程度地出现了长石及辉石的晶内溶孔。风化初期,水以气态形式扩散进入低渗透岩石内部。水气的扩散方式为介于菲克型扩散与Knudsen扩散之间的过渡型扩散。计算得二长岩和玄武岩中的水气扩散系数分别为48.09×10-8m2/s和3.74×10-8m2/s。     

额尔古纳地区中生代火山岩形成的动力学环境

通过对额尔古纳地区中生代火山岩新的岩石化学、微量元素、构造等方面的分析， 表明该地区中生代火山岩（主要指塔木兰沟组（Ｊ_３ｔ）火山岩、上库力组（Ｋ_１ｓ）火山岩是形成在的明 显的挤压环境中；再结合区域构造、区域岩浆作用、古地磁特征和稳定同位素分析，笔者得出以 下认识；１、该区中生代火山岩岩浆来源较深（幔源）；岩浆是挤压背景下，“减压－剪切”作用的产 物，而不是裂谷环境中的产物，从而使得岩浆在演化过程中混入了大量的壳源物质；２、中生代火 山活动大致分两个亚族回，其中塔木兰沟组（Ｊ_３ｔ）火山岩和上库力组（Ｋ_１Ｓ）火山岩是同一岩浆亚 族回的产物，并构成一个完整的亚族回。     

沿同沉积断层产出的Na-Mg-Fe-Si喷气岩和Cu-Fe硫化物带状及重复沉积

在摩洛哥布莱达新元古代边缘盆地中，有若干铜矿化层产出。在主要矿体中，利用厚度和岩和变化的证据重建了一个热波同沉积体系：沿走向与大陆边缘正交的同沉积正断层出现、一个半地垒，其两侧有两个富硫化物的盆地。在相邻的盆地中，均产出由铁质碧玉岩、含硫化物长奖质疑灰岩和浊积岩三种岩石组成的序列，而在轴部半地垒地区仅出现绿泥石岩和钠长石岩层。在朝轴部断层带方向，铁质碧玉岩变成了富磷灰石和绿泥石的，然后在侧向上渐变为富含绿泥石和拥长石的纳长石岩。而且，在同一方向上，含硫化物层出现矿物分带（黄铁矿一黄铜矿一斑铜矿）…     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.