根据含水硅酸盐的氢同位素资料研究水在花岗岩岩浆中的行为

<正> 本文对各种花岗岩中共生含水矿物对,例如黑云母(+)和角闪石(o)的化学组成(包括水的含量)和 D/H 比值作了分析。Suzuoki 和 Epstein(1976)发现,含水硅酸盐与水之间 D/H 的分馏不仅取决于温度,并且也与八面体上的阳离子组成有关。二价铁使得矿物的氘显著减少,镁的程度要小些,而铝则稍微富集氘。他们对云母和闪石类给出如下经验方程:10~3lnα_=-22.4×10~6T~(-2)+28.2+(2X_(A1)-     

三氧化二铁的氧同位素:矿物-水的分馏系数

在本实验室中获得的实验数据表明,平衡时针铁矿和赤铁矿在同位素特征上是相似的。根据25—120℃范围内5个温度条件下的合成实验得出赤铁矿(针铁矿)-水的氧同位素分馏的表达式为:1000ln~(18)α_(矿物-水)=1.63×10~6T~(-2)-12.3这个方程预示了在91℃处通过“转换点”。本次工作的赤铁矿(针铁矿)-水曲线与Blattner等≤200℃温度下的磁铁矿-水曲线大致平行。而且,赤铁矿(针铁矿)-水的曲线表明,按Blattner等的曲线,赤铁矿比共沉淀的磁铁矿多富集约2.5‰—3.0‰的~(18)O。这预示着赤铁矿-磁铁矿间的氧同位素分馏对温度不灵敏,而且赤铁矿相对富集~(18)O一般来说与以前Clayton和Epstein从天然样品中观察到的赤铁矿-磁铁矿氧同位素分馏特征是一致的。     

水镁石-水体系氢同位素分馏系数的低温实验研究

分别以氯化镁和氮化镁作为起始物料，在低温（25～90℃）溶液中采用化学方法合成水镁石．然后分别测定水镁石和水的氢同位素组成，得到水镁石-水体系的氢同位素分馏方程为：103lna=－4．88×106／T2－22．54。由于矿物-水体系氢同位素分馏的压力效应，本研究通过大气压力下的实验得到的分馏系数值，系统地低于根据高温（510～100℃）高压（100～103MPa）热液交换实验结果向低温方向外推获得的分馏系数值。与已知的其它含羟基矿物-水体系低温氢同位素分馏曲线比较的结果表明，在热力学平衡条件下，水镁石相对于高岭石和伊利石／蒙脱石亏损D，但相对于外铁矿富集D。因此，合羟基矿物存在如下D富集顺序：Al－OH＞Mg－OH＞Fe－OH。     

石英羟基水-分子水的分馏系数与常规混合水δD分析的关系

采集了 4个不同地区花岗岩石英、热液脉石英 ,分析其中包裹体分子水与结构羟基水的含量、包裹体分子水的δDinclusion、结构羟基水的δDOH,计算了结构羟基水 包裹体分子水之间的D/H分馏系数αOH inclusion。考查了混合水 (结构羟基水 +包裹体分子水 )δDwhole water与单独包裹体水δDinclusion之间的差别 ,分析了这种差别与分馏系数αOH inclusion的关系。结果表明 :花岗岩样品中两种水之间的分馏系数小 ,分馏程度大 ,在常规分析中 ,若采用测定混合水δDwhole water值代表实际流体 (包裹体水 )δDinclusion值时 ,二者间有较大的差异。热液石英脉样品总体来说分馏系数接近于 1,分馏程度小 ,常规分析中引起的二者之间差异小。常规的分析方法用于分馏程度小的热液脉石英是可行的 ,但进行花岗岩石英水的氢同位素分析时有必要区分出包裹体水与羟基水。     

二氧化钛-水体系氧同位素分馏系数的实验研究

对TiO2的两种常见同质多像变体金红石和锐钛矿与水之间的氧同位素分馈系数的实验研究进行了系统的总结和评述。水热品化法（575～775℃）和水热氧化法（300～700℃）以及低温水解（22～50℃）获得的实验金红石－水体系分馏系数与增量方法理论计算结果相一致。低温水对法获得的锐钛矿－水体系分馏可能是一种不平衡分馏，其分馏系数的大小决定于锐钛矿的形成机制。同时，低温水解实验还揭示．在低温矿物形成和同质多像转变过程中可能存在氧同位素继承性，这对解释低温环境氧同位素数据具有重要的地球化学意义。     

伊利石矿物中不同部位氧的同位素分馏:一种潜在的单矿物温度计

Hamza和Epstein的实验结果表明,含水硅酸盐内部的氧同位素分馏可作为一种潜在的单矿物温度计。本文介绍了测定硅酸盐矿物中羟基组分氧同位素比例的方法研究。用真空提取法和改进的、Hamza和Epstein首次介绍的氟化技术对参考物质商品高岭石进行了检验,结果的一致性证明,在脱羟基过程中不存在氧同位素分馏。因此真空析出法可用于测量不含亚铁矿物的内部分馏。为了标定内部同位素分馏,对加拿大隆格尔(Lone Gull)铀矿床和瑞士洛伊格尔恩(Leuggern)勘探钴孔中热液成因的伊利石进行了研究。热液矿化的形成温度可由矿物共生组合、伊利石的结晶程度及共生矿物相中氧同位素分馏来确定。对从这两个地区挑选出的几个伊利石样品中不同部位氧的同位素分馏进行了分析,结果表明,伊利石-OH间的氧同位素分馏与温度存在线性关系,并可用下述方程来表示: 1000lnα(伊利石-OH)=-0.076t+30.42(t为温度,℃)。 利用这个第一次标定的伊利石-OH分馏,可确定热液矿物集合体的形成温度。为了检验该标定曲线,测量了纳米比亚纳马(Nama)统伊利石样品的内部分馏。据测定出的分馏计算出的温度与根据矿物共生顺序和伊利石结晶度估计的温度是一致的。用Schütze的增长法也计算出了相似的伊利石-OH分馏。     

人工合成P型沸石对NH4^＋交换特性研究

应用由粉煤灰合成的P型沸石研究对NH_4~ 交换的热力学和动力学特性。结果表明,P型沸石阳离子交换总量为264meq/100g,在其整个阳离子组成范围内对进入的NH_4~ 具有高的选择交换性,该交换过程能自发沿着正方向进行,随着温度的增高,其交换能力也增强。Na~ =NH_4~ 交换过程具有较优越的动力学特性,在16℃和32℃时,P型沸石中NH_4~ 自扩散系数分别为7.14×10~(-10)和1.12×10~(-9)cm~2·s~(-1);活化能为20.74kJ·mol~(-1);活化熵分别为-88.26和-88.71J·(mol·°K)~(-1);自由能分别为43.85和45.26kJ·mol~(-1)。     

实验研究铀在碱性硫化物-碳酸盐热水溶液中的行为

<正> 实验查明,在成分上与内生铀矿床沥青铀矿中最典型包裹体溶液相当的弱碱性硫化物-碳酸盐热水(473.15°K)溶液中,依pH值的不同可存在有n×10~(-1)克/升的、结合进络合物～UO_2(CO_2)_3~(4-)的铀。平衡固相以含氧系数为2.06—2.42的沥青铀矿为代表,并且含氧系数随介质碱度和氧化-还原电位的增高而增加。在473,15°k时的-1gfH_2-pH图上,可获得沥青     

氧同位素温度计校正

矿物A和矿物B之间平衡的氧同位素分馏可表达成两个函数f_A和f_B之代数差,f_A和f_B是这两种矿物的简化同位素配分函数比(reduced isotopic partition function ratios)的对数。利用很宽的温度区间的实验室实验和统计热力学计算相结合的方法,获得了这些函数。对几种主要的造岩矿物,以下多项式在温度高于400K时非常接近于这些矿物的简化同位素配分函数比:方解石 f_(ca)=11.781x-0.420x~2+0.0158x~3石英 f_(Qz)=12.116x-0.370x~2+0.0123x~3钠长石 f_(Ab)=11.134x-0.326x~2+0.0104x~3钙长石 f_(An)=9.993x-0.271x~2+0.0082x~3透辉石 f_(Di)=9.237x-0.199x~2+0.0053x~3镁橄榄石 f_(Fo)=8.326x-0.142x~2+0.0032x~3磁铁矿 f_(Mt)=5.674x-0.038x~2+0.0003x~3式中 x=10~6T~(-2)(T用K度量)。     

工业用防锈铝合金板材的超塑性能研究

此文主要对工业牌号防锈铝合金板LF3、LF21进行了组织超塑性研究.结果表明,LF3防锈铝合金,在变形温度为470～510℃、ε_0=(5.56～11.1)×10~(-4)s~(-1)的试验条件下可实现超塑性;LF21防锈铝合金,在变形温度为510～540℃、ε_0=(5.56～8.83)×10~(-4)s~(-1)的试验条件下具有超塑性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.