Source-receptor relationships for wet SO42− and NO3− production

Precipitation chemistry data for the years 1982–1985 from 110 stations distributed across the continental U.S. and southern Ontario Province are used to describe the geographic distributions of SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ in precipitation. Volume-weighted, wet SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ concentrations, averaged over the 4 years of observation by season and annullly, show coherent patterns with maxima in the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada about ten times greater than the minima observed in the Intermountain and Pacific Northwest regions.Tests for empirical source-receptor relationships indicate that, in land areas with relatively low emissions of SO₂ and NO_x, the associations between wet SO₄²⁻ concentrations and SO₂ emissions and between wet NO₃⁻ concentrations and NO_x emissions within 560 km of each precipitation chemistry station are weak or nonexistent (r²⩽0.42). The remaining land areas show moderate to strong associations between SO₂ and SO₄²⁻ and NO_x and NO₃⁻ during the spring and summer, but only weak to nonexistent associations during the winter. The associations between emissions and concentrations, e.g. SO₂ and SO₄²⁻, are equally well represented by either a linear or a power law function. However, at the level of aggregation employed, the data do not substantiate a linear-proportional relationship between concentrations and anthropogenic emissions. Furthermore, emissions of SO₂ and NO_x are highly correlated, as are the emissions of RHC and NO_x.     

基于CMAQ源同化反演方法的京津冀局地污染源动态变化特征模拟研究

利用"Nudging"源同化技术反演了京津冀地区2014年1、3、7、11月SO_2、NO_x的局地动态污染源,并分析其排放源强、特征及地理分布,对比其与初始源的差异,同时检验了反演源的模拟效果.结果表明,SO_2、NO_x污染源存在明显的季节变化,冬季或采暖期排放强度最大.由唐山、北京、天津、廊坊、保定、石家庄、邢台、邯郸构成东北-西南走向的带状污染物高排放区,最高排放中心主要集中在太行山、燕山山前区域,且排放具有典型的"城市化"特征,即各个城市市区及附近强度最大,周边郊县稍弱.与初始源模拟结果相比,采用反演源更能反映出污染物的时空变化特征,模拟值与实测值较接近,而且对于重污染过程亦具有较好的模拟效果.     

The stem-II regional scale acid deposition and photochemical oxidant model—IV. The impact of emission reductions on mesoscale acid deposition in the lower ohio river valley

Assessment of the effect of reduction in emissions of primary sources on eventual levels of pollutants, pH of precipitation and total wet deposition is crucial in designing acid-rain control strategies. The STEM-II/ASM model is used to investigate the effect of reduction in emissions on the ultimate deposition patterns and amounts of major acidic pollutants in a mesoscale region. This work also investigates the effect of background levels of primary pollutant species on the eventual levels and deposition amounts of SO₄⁼ and NO₃⁻. A series of mesoscale simulations were conducted in which emissions of primary sources of NO_x and SO₂ were reduced and/or background concentrations of certain key species were changed. The results indicate that the dominant effect on the eventual deposition amounts of SO₄⁼ and NO₃⁻ is due to background concentrations of key precursor species such as SO_x and NO_x. With relatively high background concentrations, reducing SO₂ emissions by 50% and NO_x emissions by 40% resulted in reductions of 2–3% for SO₄⁼ wet deposition aand about 15% for NO₃⁻ wet deposition. However, reducing the background concentrations of SO₂ and SO₄⁼ by 50% and NO, NO₂ and HNO₃ by 40% resulted in substantial reductions in wet deposition; SO₄⁼ deposition was reduced by 40–50% and NO₃⁻ deposition was reduced by approximately 35%.     

2013年1月华北地区重霾污染过程SO2和NOx的CMAQ源同化模拟研究

以2006年中国地区的INTEX-B排放清单为基础,采用CMAQ模式污染源同化方法,反演更新了2013年1月重霾污染过程华北地区的SO₂和NO_x排放源;应用WRF-CMAQ模式以及2006年INTEX-B初始排放源和2013年1月改进的排放源,分别模拟了1月9-15日和28-31日两次持续重霾污染过程的SO₂和NO₂浓度,并与华北地区47个环境监测站点实测值进行对比,重点分析了基于初始源和同化反演源的模拟效果及其改进原因;本文亦采用2012年清华大学编制的东亚地区MEIC排放清单评估了SO₂和NO_x同化反演源的合理性.分析结果表明:①CMAQ模式污染源同化方法可适用于重霾污染过程,即采用同化反演源模拟的SO₂、NO₂浓度时空变化特征与实测值较一致,而且可反映SO₂、NO_x排放源强的动态变化特征;②基于同化反演源的SO₂、NO₂浓度模拟效果明显优于2006年INTEX-B排放源,其时间变化趋势与实测值较一致,而且可模拟重霾污染过程SO₂、NO₂浓度的峰值;③采用反演源模拟的SO₂、NO₂浓度空间区分布特征与实测值较一致,而且可较好反映重污染区的极值分布特征;④经污染源同化改进后SO₂、NO₂模拟浓度与实测值的相关系数有所提高,误差明显减小;SO₂的改进效果略优于NO₂,这与污染源对两种污染物浓度的影响差异有关;⑤初始源中SO₂、NO_x排放源的空间分布和强度与2012年清华大学编制的排放源强差异较大,而同化反演源的空间分布和强度均接近于上述2012年排放源,较好反映出重点地区的高污染源分布特征.本文研究结果将为改进重霾污染过程的空气质量预报、减小自下而上建立的排放源清单不确定性、评估SO₂、NO_x等排放源的影响效应以及不同气象条件下区域排放源的动态调控等提供新技术途径和研究思路.     

1997~2011年北京市空气中酸性物质与降水组分变化趋势的相关性分析

依据北京市环境保护监测中心1997～2011年降水监测资料、大气环境质量监测资料,结合北京经济发展和能源结构变化,分析了酸雨前体物的排放与环境空气中酸性物质及降水中组分的相关性,为政府部门评定大气污染治理效果,制定未来防控政策和规划提供科学决策依据.研究表明,环境空气中NO2、NOx、SO2年均浓度显著相关,说明北京地区环境空气中氮与硫的来源基本相同,均来自化石燃料燃烧排放,这也是酸雨形成的根本原因.北京市大气中的污染物主要来自局地排放源,而降水中硫、氮的湿沉降量与环境空气中SO2、NO2、NOx浓度变化趋势的相关性较差,表明降水中各离子浓度受局地源和外来大气输送共同作用的影响.同时发现降水中硝酸根浓度与机动车数量呈现相同变化趋势,反映出机动车尾气排放的NOx与降水中硝酸根浓度增长密切相关.     

An overview of emissions of SO2 and NOx and the long-range transport of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen pollutants in East Asia

The long-range transport of oxidized sulfur(sulfur dioxide(SO_2) and sulfate) and oxidized nitrogen(nitrogen oxides(NO_x ) and nitrate) in East Asia is an area of increasing scientific interest and political concern. This paper reviews various published papers, including ground- and satellite-based observations and numerical simulations. The aim is to assess the status of the anthropogenic emissions of SO_2 and NO_x and the long-range transport of oxidized S and N pollutants over source and downwind region. China has dominated the emissions of SO_2 and NO_x in East Asia and urgently needs to strengthen the control of their emissions, especially NO_x emissions. Oxidized S and N pollutants emitted from China are transported to Korea and Japan, due to persistent westerly winds, in winter and spring.However, the total contributions of China to S and N pollutants across Korea and Japan were not found to be dominant over longer time scales(e.g., a year). The source–receptor relationships for oxidized S and N pollutants in East Asia varied widely among the different studies. This is because:(1) the nonlinear effects of atmospheric chemistry and deposition processes were not well considered, when calculating the source–receptor relationships;(2) different meteorological and emission data inputs and solution schemes for key physical and chemical processes were used; and(3) different temporal and spatial scales were employed. Therefore, simulations using the same input fields and similar model configurations would be of benefit, to further evaluate the source–receptor relationships of the oxidized S and N pollutants.     

Uncertainties in the Norwegian emission inventories of acidifying pollutants and volatile organic compounds

The uncertainties in the Norwegian emission inventory data for SO₂, NO_x, NH₃ and non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) have been estimated based on expert judgements of uncertainties in input data and stochastic simulations. The SO₂ inventory is uncertain by about 4%, the NO_x inventory by about 12% and the NMVOC and NH₃ inventories by about 20%. Several possible systematic errors were identified; the SO₂ inventory is most likely overestimated, while the NH₃ and NMVOC inventories can be underestimated. Domestic shipping (for SO₂ and NO_x), crude oil loading (for NMVOC) and manure (for NH₃) are the sources that are most important for the overall uncertainty. These findings indicate that the inventory methodologies can be improved, leading to changes in the whole time series (recalculations). The robustness of emission obligations formulated as emission ceilings and percentage reductions have been compared with respect to uncertainties in input data. The formulation of obligations as emission ceilings is not very robust for any methodological improvements influencing the end year estimates. Relatively, small changes in the emission estimates can mean that obligations apparently are met without measures or that obligations hardly can be met at all. Obligations formulated as percentage reductions are on the other hand more robust, except when recalculations unequally affect the base and end year.     

Multi-process and multi-pollutant control technology for ultra-low emissions in the iron and steel industry

The iron and steel industry is not only an important foundation of the national economy, but also the largest source of industrial air pollution. Due to the current status of emissions in the iron and steel industry, ultra-low pollutant emission control technology has been researched and developed. Liquid-phase proportion control technology has been developed for magnesian fluxed pellets, and a blast furnace smelting demonstration project has been established to use a high proportion of fluxed pellets (80%) for the first time in China to realize source emission reduction of SO₂ and NO_x. Based on the characteristics of high NO_x concentrations and the coexistence of multiple pollutants in coke oven flue gas, low-NO_x combustion coupled with multi-pollutant cooperative control technology with activated carbon was developed to achieve efficient removal of multiple pollutants and resource utilization of sulfur. Based on the characteristics of co-existing multiple pollutants in pellet flue gas, selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) coupled with ozone oxidation and spray drying adsorption (SDA) was developed, which significantly reduces the operating cost of the system. In the light of the high humidity and high alkalinity in flue gas, filter materials with high humidity resistance and corrosion resistance were manufactured, and an integrated pre-charged bag dust collector device was developed, which realized ultra-low emission of fine particles and reduced filtration resistance and energy consumption in the system. Through source emission reduction, process control and end-treatment technologies, five demonstration projects were built, providing a full set of technical solutions for ultra-low emissions of dust, SO₂, NO_x, SO₃, mercury and other pollutants, and offering technical support for the green development of the iron and steel industry.     

珠江三角洲非道路移动源排放清单开发

根据收集到的珠江三角洲非道路移动源活动水平数据,采用适合各类非道路移动源污染物排放量的估算方法和排放因子,建立了珠江三角洲地区2006年非道路移动源排放清单.结果表明,珠江三角洲地区2006年非道路移动源排放SO2为6.52×104t,NOx为1.24×105t,VOC为4.54×103t,CO为2.67×104t,PM10为4.51×103t.其中船舶为最大的SO2、NOx、CO和PM10排放贡献源,分别占非道路移动源排放总量的96.4%、73.8%、39.4%和50.5%.在船舶排放源中,SO2、NOx、VOC、CO和PM10排放量的89.8%、81.8%、77.3%、79.5%和81.7%来自货轮和散装干货船.非道路移动源已成为该地区第三大SO2和NOx排放贡献源,分别占珠江三角洲大气污染源SO2和NOx排放总量的8.6%和13.5%.     

海峡西岸经济区大气污染物排放清单的初步估算

以2009年为基准年,结合污染源普查数据、统计年鉴及工业活动、居民生活等多个方面对海峡西岸经济区包括SO2、NOx、PM2.5、VOCs和NH3在内的大气污染物的排放量进行了估算,建立了海西区大气污染物排放清单.结果发现,上述5类污染物基准年的排放量分别为40.67×104、55.84×104、50.57×104、152.26×104和26.18×104t.其中,SO2、NOx及PM2.5的排放主要来自电厂,占排放总量的比例分别为25.58%、34.89%和38.75%;VOCs和NH3的主要排放源分别来自植被排放和养殖业,其贡献量分别为49.12%和47.07%.采用GIS对排放清单进行网格化处理,得出SO2、NOx及PM2.5的高排放强度区域与固定源的空间分布较为一致.此外,结合国家和地方"十二五"发展规划,采用情景分析方法估算了2015年海西区大气污染物的排放清单.与基准年相比,SO2、NOx和NH3的排放量呈下降趋势,PM2.5和VOCs的排放量呈大幅度增加.基准年排放清单的不确定性分析显示,VOCs排放估算的不确定度最大,为225%.     

Evaluation of a model for hourly spatial concentration distributions

A time-dependent finite difference model in three levels combined with a puff model to account for subgrid effects close to single sources was used to calculate hour-to-hour concentration distributions. Measurements from several selected stations were used to account from time variation in background concentrations. For each hour, weight was given to observed values in areas that were not influenced by local sources.Results of concentration calculations based on hourly data on emission and dispersion are validated by measured time series of SO₂ and NO_x at five stations. A combination of hourly nephelometer readings and 12-h measurements of small particles at three stations are compared with calculated values.Hourly observed and calculated values from two periods (3 January–15 March 1988 and 18 April–24 June 1988) were used for the evaluation of the model for calculating hourly pollution concentrations in each square kilometre. The results showed that prediction of short-term average concentrations (e.g. hourly data) are usually poorly correlated with observations at the same time and location. Slight displacement errors may cause point-to-point correlation to be poor as a result of errors in input data.The pattern of NO_x concentration variation with time was reproduced well at all stations. A subgrid model taking into account the influence of nearby roads would probably improved the model for NO_x at some stations. For SO₂ and small particles, industrial sources have the dominant influence and the correspondence between observed and calculated values were improved by taking into account spatial uncertainty and an hourly variation in background concentrations.     

液相氧化-吸收脱除模拟烟气中NOx的研究

分别采用Na Cl O2和Na2SO3溶液作为氧化液和吸收液,在自行设计的鼓泡塔反应系统进行了液相氧化-吸收脱除模拟烟气NOx的研究,考察了气相SO2浓度、Na Cl O2和Na2SO3投加量以及p H值等因素对NO氧化和NOx脱除的影响.结果表明,SO2会优先于NO与氧化剂反应,从而增大氧化剂消耗量.偏酸性条件有利于NO氧化,但酸性太强会导致Na Cl O2分解为Cl O2逸出.碱性吸收液对NO几乎不具吸收脱除效果,但共存NO2能促进NO的吸收脱除.SO2对NO2吸收脱除具有促进作用.     

SO2 and NOx emissions due to fossil ruel combustion in Saudi Arabia: A preliminary inventory

Phenomenal economic growth during the last two decades, as a result of oil wealth, has led to a dramatic increase in the demand for fossil fuel in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In this paper a preliminary inventory for sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emitted into the atmosphere as a result of fossil fuel combustion by various economic sectors in KSA in the year 1986 is presented. Emissions are discussed in relation to major source categories (major fuel consuming economic sectors) and on the basis of type of fuel combusted. The data are also geographically disaggregated according to major economic and population centers in KSA in order to show the spatial distribution of emissions. Also, SO₂ and NO_x emission trends (1971–1990) were estimated from 1986 data and historical and projected fuel consumption figures.     

Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx in Asia: emission inventories

The anthropogenic emissions of SO₂ and NO_x for 25 Asian countries east of Afghanistan and Pakistan have been calculated for 1975, 1980, 1986, 1986 and 1987 based on fuel consumption, sulfur content in fuels and emission factors for used fuels in each emission category. The provincial- and regional-based calculations have also been made for China and India. The total SO₂ emissions in these parts of Asia have been calculated to be 18.3 and 29.1 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively. The calculated total NO_x emissions were 9.4 and 15.5 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively. The SO₂ and NO_x emissions in East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea and Taiwan) were 23.4 and 10.7 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively.     

利用SPAMS研究石家庄市冬季连续灰霾天气的污染特征及成因

2014年11月18~26日石家庄市发生了连续的灰霾天气.利用位于石家庄市大气自动监测站(20 m)的单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)分析了细颗粒物的化学组成,根据石家庄市大气污染物排放源谱库对主要成分进行了来源解析,并结合颗粒物质量浓度和气象条件研究了该地区冬季灰霾天气成因.结果表明,石家庄市大气细颗粒物来源分为7类,各源示踪离子:燃煤源为Al,工业源为OC、Fe、Pb,机动车尾气源为EC,扬尘源为Al、Ca、Si,生物质燃烧源为K和左旋葡聚糖,纯二次无机源为SO-4、NO-2和NO-3,餐饮源为HOC.灰霾期间大气中主要含有OC、HOC、EC、HEC、ECOC、富钾颗粒、矿物质和重金属等8类颗粒,其中OC和ECOC颗粒最多,分别占到总数的50%和20%以上,OC颗粒主要来自燃煤和工业工艺,ECOC颗粒主要来自燃煤和机动车尾气排放.灰霾发生时含有NH+4、SO-4、NO-2和NO-3等二次离子的颗粒物占比升高,其中含NH+4颗粒增幅最大;EC、OC与NO-3、SO-4、NH+4在灰霾天气下的混合程度均比干净天气高,其中与NH+4的混合程度加剧最为明显.冬季采暖期煤炭的大量燃烧、医化行业工艺过程及机动车尾气等污染源排放的一次气态污染物(SO2、NOx、NH3、VOCs)和一次颗粒物在静稳天气中难以扩散而迅速累积,气态污染物发生二次转化形成硝酸铵、硫酸铵,而颗粒物之间通过碰撞形成二次颗粒物并发生不同程度的混合,从而导致大气能见度下降,以上是石家庄市冬季灰霾形成的主要原因.     

南昌市固定燃烧点源大气污染物排放清单及特征

大气污染物排放清单是了解区域污染物排放特征、准确模拟空气质量的重要资料,而工业点源是大气污染的重点排放源.通过收集相关活动水平信息和合理的排放因子,采用"自下而上"的方法建立了南昌市2014年点源大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和VOC排放总量分别为29576.2、17115.1、25946.6、4689.4、922.9和1190.4 t,其中,金属炼制行业对SO_2、CO和VOC的贡献最高,分别占37.75%、30.59%和38.45%;火电行业是NO_x的主要来源,其贡献率为47%;水泥等建材制造行业对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)排放贡献最高,分别为26%和25%.根据排放源污染物排放量及地理坐标信息,建立了0.4 km×0.4 km的污染物排放量空间分布特征图,结果表明,南昌市大气污染物排放较为集中,青山湖区北部和新建区北部是SO_2、NO_x、CO和VOC的主要排放区,而PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的排放量相对分散,并在安义县出现排放高值区.通过将计算结果与统计数据结果进行对比,了解所估算清单的准确程度.对SO_2和NO_x的计算值和统计值进行统计分析,结果显示,NMB(标准化平均偏差)和NME(标准化平均误差)值均小于50%,清单计算精度较高.同时,为了解清单数据质量,对清单的不确定性进行定量分析,结果显示,SO_2和VOC不确定性较低而PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的不确定性相对较高,清单整体不确定性与其他研究结果相差不大.建议后期研究可以从提升基础数据质量和建立具有区域代表性的排放因子数据库着手,从而减小排放量的不确定性,获得精准可靠的大气污染物清单并应用于空气质量模型预报等更深入的研究.     

京津冀污染物跨界输送通量模拟

发展了关键影响因子加权人为源分配方法(WKIF),增添了依赖于气象条件和下垫面类型的生物源,动态更新了气象场和浓度场的边界条件.然后利用WRF-CAMx模式定量给出了四季北京、天津和河北大气边界层中PM2.5、O3、CO、SO2、NO2和NO跨界输送通量和北京净输入或输出通量.结果表明WKIF方法合理反映了中小城市人为源的空间分布特征,模式重要输入参量、初值与边界条件的改进显著改善了WRF-CAMx模式对京津冀地区6个观测站点近地面NOx、O3和PM2.5浓度的模拟.北京向天津冬、春季主要通过西北方向,夏、秋季主要经过偏西方向输入NO、NO2、SO2、CO、O3、PM2.5,输送通量夏季均最小,冬季均最大,且四季北京向天津输入的CO、O3、PM2.5通量显著高于NO、NO2、SO2通量.河北的污染物冬、春季主要通过西北方向,夏季主要经由偏南方向,秋季主要途径偏西方向进入北京;四季北京向河北输入NO和NO2,但跨界输送通量小于20t·d-1;四季河北向北京输入的CO、O3、PM2.5通量远高于北京向河北输送的NO、NO2通量,明显大于北京向河北输送的SO2通量,且河北向北京输入CO、O3、PM2.5通量夏季均最小,冬季均最大;四季北京大气边界层中NO、NO2、SO2最大净输出通量小于50t.d-1,CO、O3、PM2.5净输入或输出通量分别为111～2309、567～6244、715～1778t·d-1.这些定量结果为京津冀区域污染源调控对策的制定提供了科学依据.     

The impact of changing regional emissions on precipitation chemistry in the eastern United States

From 1975 to 1987 a 19% change in SO₂ emissions a 16% change in NO_x emissions have occurred over the eastern and mid-western U.S. Six continental precipitation chemistry sites from the MAP3S network, plus the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, show a direct relationship between emission levels and precipitation H⁺ and SO₄^2- concentrations, except for Penn State, PA. MAP3S sites at Illinois and Ohio, located closest to the major SO₂ source regions, demonstrates statiscally significant (P <0.05) linear regressions of SO₄^2- concentrations on SO₂ emissions. Whiteface Mt., NY, shows a weaker relationship (P <0.01), and Hubbard Brook shows the strongest relationship (P <0.01) between SO₂ emissions and SO₄^2- concentration in precipitation. No site shows a significant relationship (P <0.10) for NO_x emissions and NO₃⁻ concentrations in precipitation. Illinois, Ohio, Ithaca and Hubbard Brook show significant linear regressions of H⁺ concentrations on emissions of SO₂ + NO_x (P <0.10, 0.05, 0.01, and 0.01, respectively). Overall, for the entire region examined, decreasing SO₂ emissions levels appear to have decreased SO₄^2- concentrations with an efficiency of 74% ± 15% (s.e.). Decreasing SO₂ plus NO_x emissions (18%) have been accompanied by a decreasing H⁺ concentrations (18%) suggesting an efficiency of conversion of 100% ± 15% (s.e.) for the study region as a whole. While significant reductions in acid species have occured at Hubbard Brook, further reductions in excess of 50% of present deposition are necessary to protect acid-sensitive ecosystems.     

Comprehensive and high-resolution emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants for the northernmost cities agglomeration of Harbin-Changchun, China: Implications for local atmospheric environment management

Using a bottom-up estimation method, a comprehensive, high-resolution emission inventory of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants for multiple anthropogenic sectors with typical local sources has been developed for the Harbin-Changchun city agglomeration (HCA). The annual emissions for CO, NOx, SO₂, NH₃, VOC_S, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, BC and OC during 2017 in the HCA were estimated to be 5.82 Tg, 0.70 Tg, 0.34 Tg, 0.75 Tg, 0.81Tg, 0.67 Tg, 1.59 Tg, 0.12 Tg and 0.26 Tg, respectively. For PM₁₀ and SO₂, the emissions from industry processes were the dominant contributors representing 54.7% and 49.5%, respectively, of the total emissions, while 95.3% and 44.5% of the total NH₃ and NOx emissions, respectively, were from or associated with agricultural activities and transportation. Spatiotemporal distributions showed that most emissions (except NH₃) occurred in November to March and were concentrated in the central cities of Changchun and Harbin and the surrounding cities. Open burning of straw made an important contribution to PM_2.5 in the central regions of the northeastern plain during autumn and spring, while domestic coal combustion for heating purposes was significant with respect to SO₂ and PM_2.5 emissions during autumn and winter. Furthermore, based on Principal Component Analysis and Multivariable Linear Regression model, air temperature, relative humidity, electricity and energy consumption, and the urban and rural population were optimized to be representative indicators for rapidly assessing the magnitude of regional atmospheric pollutants in the HCA. Such indicators and equations were demonstrated to be useful for local atmospheric environment management.     

30年来中国民航运输行业的大气污染物排放

民航是我国重要的交通运输方式之一,但我国民航运输行业的大气污染物排放问题报道较少.根据中国民航统计部门逐年统计数据,采用基于燃料消耗量的排放因子法,估算了1980～2009年中国民航飞机的大气污染物排放量,并分析了大气污染物排放强度及其变化.结果表明,30年来中国民航飞机SO2、CO、NOx和HC排放量逐年增多,分别由1980年的0.031、0.189、0.225和0.314万t增至2009年的1.183、7.298、8.705和12.159万t,排放量年均增加分别为0.039 7、0.245、0.292和0.408万t.SO2、CO、NOx和HC的排放强度呈降低趋势,其值分别由1980年的0.624、3.806、4.53和6.322 g.(t.km)-1降至2009年的0.275、1.697、2.025和2.828 g.(t.km)-1.中国民航运输行业所排放的SO2、CO、NOx占全国总排放量的比重很低,与其他行业排放量相比,中国民航运输行业所排放的大气污染物量也较小.