Measurements of ammonia flux to a spruce stand in Denmark

This work demonstrates the existence of a linear relation between the deposition velocity of ammonia and the friction velocity measured above a spruce stand in the western part of Denmark. In order to estimate the ammonia deposition velocity and flux to a Norway spruce forest, concentration gradients of ammonia and several meteorological parameters were measured in a meteorology tower during two periods, 1 week in spring and 1 week in late summer 1991. The estimated deposition velocities lie in the range −0.125 to 0.201 m s⁻¹, with a mean of 0.026 m s⁻¹. The deposition velocity and the flux were generally largest in the afternoon. On the basis of 24-h measurements of ammonia and routine meteorological measurements the relation between deposition velocity and friction velocity is extrapolated to an estimate of the average flux for the growing season May to September 1991. The estimate gave an average flux of 87 μg NH₃N m⁻² h⁻¹ (=0.02 μg NH₃N m⁻² s⁻¹). The average deposition velocity for the period was 0.045 m s⁻¹.     

Determinations of methyl iodide in the Antarctic atmosphere and the south polar sea

Methyl iodide (CH₃I) concentrations were determined in the atmosphere and in surface sea water near the Antarctic Peninsula with a GC/ECD system during October–December 1987. The mean air concentration of methyl iodide was 2.4 pptv with a corresponding seawater concentration of 2.6 ng l⁻¹. In addition chloroiodomethane (CH₂ClI) was detected in some of the seawater samples as a second volatile organoiodine species. No relationship between methyl iodide and biogenic brominated methanes was found. From this it follows that methyl iodide has a different pathway of biogenic production in marine organisms than the brominated methanes. Based on a two-phase model a global sea-to-air flux for methyl iodide of 8 × 10¹¹ g yr⁻¹ was calculated. This is important for the balance of the global biogeochemical iodine cycle assuming that methyl iodide is by far the dominant volatile organoiodine species in the environment.     

The transport of Cu and Zn from agricultural soils to surface water in a small catchment

Long-term manure-borne copper and zinc inputs (18–324 mg Cu m⁻² yr⁻¹ and 100–800 mg Zn m⁻² yr⁻¹) to grassland soils resulted in their catchment in water concentrations that often exceeded the surface water quality criteria (2 μg Cu l⁻¹ and 5 μg Zn l⁻¹). This paper compares retention and release of Cu and Zn by two types of soil, a mineral soil (MS) and a dark colored soil rich in organic matter (OS). On the basis of dry soil mass, the OS has a higher retention/affinity for Cu and Zn than the MS, but much less Zn accumulated in the MS when compared on an areal basis. This is largely because of the much smaller bulk OS density and larger dissolved metal concentrations in the OS drainage than that for the MS. However, because of the greater water retention capacity of the OS, elevated metal concentrations in the soil solution do not necessarily cause greater loss to water. It is concluded that artificially drained OS can contribute significantly to the observed elevated Cu and Zn concentrations of the river, especially during relatively dry weather conditions when the contribution of water seeping from OS to the total river water discharge becomes increasingly important.     

The investigation of air quality and acid rain over the Gulf of Mexico

A research cruise was conducted in the summer of 1986 by a group of scientist from the U.S.A. and Mexico to investigate air chemistry over the Gulf of Mexico. Chemical, physical, meteorological and oceanographic measurements were carried out to survey temporal and spatial variations of diverse parameters throughout the Gulf. Emphases were placed on air-sea-land exchange of gases and aerosols, natural air quality, transport of anthropogenic air pollution, and acid rain deposition to the Gulf. Although the prevailing winds were easterly from the sea during the cruise, the air was highly polluted with continental aerosols, probably caused by local shifting winds and the oscillation between sea breeze and land breeze. Aerosol number concentrations were measured from 10⁵ cm⁻³ at ports to 10³ cm⁻³ in the open Gulf. The average aerosol mass concentration was ∼25μg M⁻³, consisting of 60% insoluble crustal particles that contained Si, Al, Fe; 30% seasalt particles that contained Na⁺ and Cl⁻; and 10% anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate particles. Samples of rain water collected near the coast were acidic (pH ∼4). The concentrations of dimethyl sulfide correlated with bio-particle concentrations in surface seawater and could be a significant precursor of atmospheric SO₄²⁻ particles. The life cycles of the aerosols in the Gulf, including sources, transport, transformation, and wet and dry deposition are discussed.     

九龙江河口湾区冬季海水二甲基硫浓度的分布特征

以九龙江河口湾区为研究区域探寻受人为干扰严重的河口湾区DMS排放规律.2001年冬季采样调查发现在九龙江河口和湾口区叶绿素、盐度和营养盐等环境因子呈现出区域差异,海水DMS也存在明显的空间分布特征,平均浓度分别为101.0和242.1 ng·L^-1.随着海水盐度从低到高,DMS浓度出现先降低后升高的现象,DMS高值出现在九龙江最大浑浊带的河口峰面处.     

Vertical distributions of COS,CS2, DMS and other sulfur compounds in a loblolly pine forest

Measurements of atmospheric COS, CS₂, DMS, SO₂ and aerosol sulfate and methanesulfonate (MSA) concentrations were conducted in a loblolly pine forest in central Georgia between July and September 1990. The daytime profiles obtained for the reduced sulfur gases (COS, CS₂, DMS) often showed significantly higher concentrations at the canopy level than above the forest canopy, indicating a net emission of these gases from the tree tops. No evidence was found for a net uptake of COS by the canopy during daytime. With one exception, all COS concentrations measured during the day were significantly higher than corresponding nighttime values. These results appear to be in conflict with recent studies suggesting a net uptake of atmospheric COS by plants during photosynthetic activity. Possible explanations for these different findings are discussed. Nighttime profiles indicated no major biosphere-atmosphere exchange of COS, CS₂ or DMS. Nighttime DMS concentrations were significantly higher than corresponding daytime values. A clear inverse relationship between the diel variations of DMS and MSA was observed, consistent with rapid photochemical oxidation of DMS under the given conditions.     

Chemical characterization of acid precipitation in Albany,New York

Chemical composition of precipitation in Albany, NY from July 1986 to December 1988 has been studied. Mean volume-weighted concentrations (μeq^ℓ−1) were: acidity, 104.0; alkalinity, −63.7; SO₄²⁻, 52.8; NO₃⁻, 29.8; Cl⁻, 5.6; F⁻, 0.50; NH₄⁺, 19.3; Ca²⁺, 6.5; Mg²⁺, 2.8; Na⁺, 3.5; and K⁺, 1.4. Mean pH was 4.2 . Seasonal patterns were pronounced for most species. Concentrations of H⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺ peaked in the summer and spring. Deposition was related to rainfall amount by a power law relationship in which the exponent of the equation was ∮.6. Wet SO₄²⁻ deposition was 2.35 keq ha⁻¹ over a 30-month period. The SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ deposition rates observed at Albany indicate that transport from midwestern sources have a major influence at this site. On the average, free H⁺ ion concentrations determined from pH measurements accounted for 51% of the measured total acidity. There were unknown species, most likely organic acids, that could contribute to the acidity. Correlation and regression analyses indicated that major anions, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻, were closely associated with H⁺ and NH₄⁺ ions. Factor analysis revealed four common factors which are related to fossil-fuel combustion, sea spray, cement factory and biomass burning.     

人工湿地设计及运行参数对挥发性烷基硫化物去除的影响

以中试规模的潜流人工湿地水处理试验场为对象,研究了床体长宽比、填料粒径、水位、水力负荷和温度(季节)等设计及运行参数对二甲基硫(DMS)及二甲基二硫(DMDS)等挥发性烷基硫化物去除的影响.通过1 a的运行及监测分析,结果表明,当湿地系统水力负荷为12~86 cm.d-1时,人工湿地系统对所研究的挥发性烷基硫化物具有很好地去除作用,对DMS及DMDS的去除率分别为86%及95%;方差分析表明,水力负荷和温度(季节)是影响所研究的污染物去除的2个主要因素;水力负荷对出口水中DMS的浓度有显著性影响(p0.01);温度(季节)对出口水中DMS及DMDS的浓度有显著性影响(p0.01);床体长宽比、填料粒径大小及水位对出口水中DMS及DMDS的浓度无显著性影响(p0.05).通过溶解氧和氧化还原电位的分析,发现本湿地系统内为强还原环境(Eh-300 mV),结合硫酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐等电子受体及溶解有机物(如TOC及乙酸)浓度在湿地系统中的变化趋势,推测DMS及DMDS的去除主要是通过硫酸盐还原及产甲烷化作用进行的.     

Heterogeneous sulfur conversion in sea-salt aerosol particles: the role of aerosol water content and size distribution

Meteorological and chemical conditions during the July 1988 Bermuda-area sampling appear to have been favorable for conversion of sulfur gases to particulate excess sulfate (XSO₄). Observed average XSO₄ and SO₄ concentrations of 11 and 2.1 nmol m⁻³, respectively, at 15 m a.s.l. in the marine boundary layer (MBL) upwind of Bermuda, indicate that conversion of SO₂ to XSO₄, over and above homogeneous conversion, may be necessary to explain the > 5.0 average molar ratio of XSO₄ to SO₂. Given an observed cloud cover of <15% over the region and the <3 nmol m⁻³ SO₃ concentrations observed by aircraft, heterogeneous conversion mechanisms, in addition to cloud conversion of SO₂, are necessary to explain the observed 11 nmol XSO₄ m⁻³.Aerosol water content, estimated as a function of particle size distribution plus consideration of SO₂ mass transfer for the observed particle size distribution, shows that SO₂ was rapidly transferred to the sea-salt aerosol particles. Assuming that aqueous-phase SO₂ reaction kinetics within the high pH sea-salt aerosol water are controlled by O₃ oxidation, and considering mass-transfer limitations, SO₂ conversion to XSO₄ in the sea-salt aerosol water occurred at rates of approximately 5% h⁻¹ under the low SO₂ concentration, Bermuda-area sampling conditions. All of the 2 nmol XSO₄ m⁻³ associated with sea-salt aerosol particles during low-wind-speed, Bermuda-area sampling can be explained by this conversion mechanism. Higher wind speed, greater aerosol water content and higher SO₂ concentration conditions over the North Atlantic are estimated to generate more than 4 nmol XSO₄ m⁻³ by heterogeneous conversion of SO₂ in sea-salt aerosol particles.     

Entry and toxicity of organic pesticides and copper in vineyard streams: Erosion rills jeopardise the efficiency of riparian buffer strips

The present study was performed to characterise in-stream pesticide exposure within the Palatinate vineyard region in south-west Germany, evaluate the influence of buffer strip widths and identify mitigation measures for the relevant entry pathways. In-stream water and sediment samples that were taken at nine sampling sites of different buffer widths following intense rainfall, and edge-of-field runoff that were sampled in erosion rills were analysed regarding 28 active ingredients of pesticides including copper. In-stream samples contained a mix of 8 ± 4 pesticide compounds, resulting in total pesticide concentrations of 1.4-8.9 μg l⁻¹ for water and 16-670 μg kg⁻¹ dw for sediment. Following an exceptional rainfall event with a previous 34-day drought period, pesticide concentrations reached 7.0-83.4 μg l⁻¹. Fungicides were the most important pesticides found and were significantly correlated with the pesticide application frequency and rate. The calculated toxicity values per sample (TU_max) indicated that both organic pesticides and copper concentrations likely cause ecotoxicological effects in the field. The buffer strip width was of little importance for pesticide in-stream concentrations because pesticide entry occurred mainly via the field path network and erosion rills. Pesticide in-stream concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with the concentrations detected in erosion rills (R² = 0.56). As possible risk mitigation measures, we suggest the implementation of grassed field paths and vegetated ditches or wetlands.     

Assessing the likelihood of catchments across England and Wales meeting ‘good ecological status’ due to sediment contributions from agricultural sources

This paper is concerned with estimating the gap between current and compliant losses of suspended sediment from the agricultural sector in England and Wales in relation to achieving ‘good ecological status’ (GES) in freshwaters by 2015. Given the emphasis on strategic information for policy support, the assessment necessitated a novel modelling methodology for predicting mean annual total suspended sediment loads (SSL) and time-weighted suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). GES was defined as the guideline annual average SSC of 25 mg l⁻¹ cited by the EC Freshwater Fish Directive. Total suspended sediment inputs to all rivers across England and Wales were estimated using a national sediment source apportionment exercise detailing the contributions from diffuse agricultural and urban sources, eroding channel banks and point sources. The total SSL estimated for each Water Framework Directive (WFD) sub-catchment (n = 7816) across England and Wales was used in conjunction with predicted flow exceedance to derive corresponding SSC time-exceedance plots. Spatial variations in modelled time-averaged SSC compared well with available monitoring data. Given the focus upon national scale, the predictive power of the SSC model (r² = 33%) was considered realistic. The modelling approach provided a means of mapping the probability of annual average SSC being less than the 25 mg l⁻¹ standard for GES due to sediment losses from all potential, as well as from agricultural sources only. In order to meet GES in non-compliant catchments, suspended sediment losses from diffuse agricultural sources will typically need to be reduced by up to 20%, but by as much as 80% in isolated cases.     

Estimation of inorganic particulate matter in the atmosphere of Isa Town,Bahrain, by dry deposition

Inorganic particulate matter was sampled weekly during the period April 1985–April 1986 in Isa Town, Bahrain. The mean annual conductivity of water-soluble inorganic particulate matter was 59.99 μScm⁻¹; pH 7.5; total suspended solid 0.06 gdm⁻³; total dissolved solid 63.79 ppm; total hardness as MgCO₃ 86.80 ppm; as CaCO₃ 208.05 ppm; Cl⁻ 111.27 ppm; Na⁺ 2.18 ppm; and NO₃⁻ 0.006 M. Each shows seasonal variations in concentration. The average aerosols maxima were recorded in summer. The total suspended solid (TSS) mode of aerosol displays some change, with a mean in winter of 0.039 gdm⁻³ and a mean value in summer of 0.044 gdm⁻³. The aerosols data were influenced differently by some atmospheric parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction.     

Surveillance of Enteric Viruses and Thermotolerant Coliforms in Surface Water and Bivalves from a Mangrove Estuary in Southeastern Brazil

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological quality of a mangrove estuary in the Vitória Bay region, Espírito Santo, Brazil. We analyzed the presence and concentration of enteric viruses and thermotolerant coliforms in water, mussels (Mytella charruana and Mytella guyanensis), and oysters (Crassostrea rhizophorae), collected over a 13-month period. Human adenovirus, rotavirus A (RVA), and norovirus genogroup II were analyzed by quantitative PCR. The highest viral load was found in RVA-positive samples with a concentration of 3.0 × 10⁴ genome copies (GC) L⁻¹ in water samples and 1.3 × 10⁵ GC g⁻¹ in bivalves. RVA was the most prevalent virus in all matrices. Thermotolerant coliforms were quantified as colony-forming units (CFU) by the membrane filtration method. The concentration of these bacteria in water was in accordance with the Brazilian standard for recreational waters (< 250 CFU 100 mL⁻¹) during most of the monitoring period (12 out of 13 months). However, thermotolerant coliform concentrations of 3.0, 3.1, and 2.6 log CFU 100 g⁻¹ were detected in M. charruana, M. guyanensis, and C. rhizophorae, respectively. The presence of human-specific viruses in water and bivalves reflects the strong anthropogenic impact on the mangrove and serves as an early warning of waterborne and foodborne disease outbreaks resulting from the consumption of shellfish and the practice of water recreational activities in the region.

     

Off-flavor compounds from decaying cyanobacterial blooms of Lake Taihu

The effect of cyanobacterial bloom decay on water quality and the complete degradation of cyanobacterial blooms in a short period were examined by an enclosure experiment in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu,China.Water quality parameters as well as taste and odor compounds during the breakdown of cyanobacterial blooms were measured.Results showed that the decay of cyanobacterial blooms caused anoxic water conditions,decreased pH,and increased nutrient loading to the lake water.The highest concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS),dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS),and β-cyclocitral were observed in the anoxic water,at 62331.8,12413.3,and 1374.9 ng/L,respectively.2-Methylisoborneol was dominant during the live growth phase of cyanobacterial blooms,whereas DMS and DMTS were dominant during the decomposition phase.Dissolved oxygen,pH,and chlorophyll a were negatively correlated with DMS,DMTS,and β-cyclocitral,whereas total phosphorus,total nitrogen,and ammonium (NH4+-N) were positively correlated with DMS,DMTS,β-cyclocitral,and β-ionone.The experimental results suggested that preventing the anaerobic decomposition of cyanobacterial blooms is an important strategy against the recurrence of a malodor crisis in Lake Taihu.     

山地城市新建湖库氮磷营养盐时空特征研究

重庆市园博园龙景湖是一新建的山地河道型深水湖库.通过为期一年对龙景湖水库氮磷营养盐的监测,研究龙景湖水库氮磷营养盐的时空格局、变化特点和相互关系,分析园博园旅游区人为活动的特点以及上游流域来水水质对水库水质的影响.结果表明,龙景湖水库整体总氮和总磷年均浓度分别为(1.42±0.46)mg·L-1和(0.09±0.03)mg·L-1,存在丰水期平水期低于枯水期的季节性波动.湖库主水体区、开阔水体区和库湾区受所在区域影响因素不同,氮磷浓度分布存在时空异质性:主水体区季节变化特征与湖库整体基本一致;两个开阔水体区将主水体区分别与上游、库湾连接,顺水流方向的氮磷浓度沿程逐渐降低,开阔水体区氮磷营养盐受上游来水水质和周围园区功能布设影响;典型库湾区营养盐浓度高于主水体区和开阔水体区.湖库丰水期颗粒态的氮、磷占总氮、总磷质量分数分别为51.7%和72.8%,枯水期硝酸盐氮、活性磷酸盐分别占总氮、总磷质量分数为42.0%和59.4%,氨氮和溶解态有机氮占总氮质量分数相对稳定;氮磷比全年均值为18.429±7.883,营养物限制情况上,氮、磷为主要限制因素的时段分别为5.3%、21.2%.     

Wintertime measurements of aerosol acidity and trace elements in Wuhan,a city in central China

A 2-week intensive ambient aerosol study was conducted in December 1988 in Wuhan (Hubei Province), a city of nearly 2 million located on the Yangtze River in central China (P.R.C.). This is an industrial region where soft coal burning is widespread, and emission controls for vehicles and industrial facilities are minimal. The sampling site was located in one of the civic centers where residential and commercial density is highest. An Andersen dichotomous sampler was operated with Teflon membrane filters to collect fine (d_p < 2.5 μmad) and coarse (2.5 ⩽ d_p < 10 μmad) particles for total mass and element determinations. An annular denuder system (ADS) was used to collect fine fraction aerosols for analyses of ionic species including strong acidity (H⁺).The study was conducted between 18 and 30 December, which was rainless, consistently cool (3–10°C) and overcast, but without fog or acute stagnation. Fine particulate mass (PM, as μ m⁻³) averaged 139 (range 54–207); coarse PM averaged 86 (range 29–179). Trace element concentrations were also high. Crustal elements (Si, Al, Ca and Fe) were found primarily in the coarse fraction, while elements associated with combustion (S, K, Cl, Zn and Se) were enriched in the fine fraction. The concentrations of arsenic and selenium were evidence of a large source of coal burning, while vanadium levels (associated with fuel oil use) were not especially enriched.Despite the seemingly high PM loadings, ionic concentrations were not especially high. The average composition of soluble fine aerosol species (in neq m⁻³) were SO₄²⁻: 520 (range 180–980), NO₃⁻: 225 (range 50–470), Cl⁻: 215 (range 20–640), and NH₄⁺: 760 (range 280–1660). A deficit in accountable FP components (total mass compared to the total of ionic plus element masses) as well as the black appearance of collected materials indicate an abundance of carbonaceous aerosol, as high as 100 μ m⁻³. (total mass compared to the total of ionic plus element masses) as well as the black appearance of collected materials indicate an abundance of carbonaceous aerosol, as high as 100 μ m⁻³Aerosol acidity was negligible during most monitoring periods, H⁺: 14 (range 0–50 neq m⁻³, equivalent to 0–2.5 μm m⁻³ as H₂SO₄). Sulfur dioxide, measured by the West-Gaeke method for part of the study, concentrations were low. Although not directly measured, the aerosol measurments suggested that gaseous HCl (from refuse incineration) and NH₃ (animal wastes) concentrations might have been high. Higher aerosol acidity might be expected if HCl sources were more prominent and not neutralized by local ammonia or other base components.     

The vertical distribution of aerosols and acid related compounds in air and cloudwater

Vertical profiles (surface to 5 km) of aerosol particle number concentration, NO_y′ mixing ratio, and cloudwater SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ equivalent concentration were obtained in three field studies: North Bay, Ontario, during the summer of 1982 and the winter of 1983–1984, and Syracuse, New York, during the fall of 1984. The measurements from these locations and different seasons are compared. Generally, airborne concentrations are highest with air-mass back trajectories from the south and lowest with back trajectories from the north. For the southerly trajectories, median particle number concentrations (0.2–2 μm) near ground level (950 mb) vary from 1700 cm⁻³ during the summer project to 800 cm⁻³ during the winter project. At 700 mb, the south trajectory particle number concentration ranged between 60 and 170 cm⁻³. Median NO_y′ mixing ratios for southerly back trajectories were approximately 6 and 9 ppb at 950 mb and 0.4 and 0.8 ppb at 700 mb for the fall and winter projects, respectively. Comparison of particle number concentration profiles outside of cloud with cloud droplet plus interstitial aerosol particle number concentrations inside cloud indicate that cumulus clouds can transport aerosols vertically from below cloud base. In contrast, stratiform clouds have similar concentrations inside the clouds as outside at the same altitude. The vertical variations of cloudwater sulphate and nitrate concentrations and the NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ equivalent concentration ratio are discussed for each of the three field studies.     

Nutrient flows in small-scale peri-urban vegetable farming systems in Southeast Asia—A case study in Hanoi

In many peri-urban areas of Southeast Asia, land use has been transformed from rice-based to more profitable vegetable-based systems in order to meet the increasing market demand. The major management related flows of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were quantified over a 1-year period for intensive small-scale aquatic and terrestrial vegetable systems situated in two peri-urban areas of Hanoi City, Vietnam. The two areas have different sources of irrigation water; wastewater from Hanoi City and water from the Red River upstream of Hanoi. The first nutrient balances for this region and farming systems are presented. The main sources of individual elements were quantified and the nutrient use efficiency estimated. The environmental risks for losses and/or soil accumulation were also assessed and discussed in relation to long-term sustainability and health aspects.The primary source of nutrient input involved a combination of chemical fertilisers, manure (chicken) and irrigation water. A variable composition and availability of the latter two sources greatly influenced the relative magnitude of the final total loads for individual elements. Despite relatively good nutrient use efficiencies being demonstrated for N (46–86%) and K (66–94%), and to some extent also for P (19–46%), high inputs still resulted in substantial annual surpluses causing risks for losses to surface and ground waters. The surplus for N ranged from 85 to 882 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, compared to P and K which were 109–196 and 20–306 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Those for Cu and Zn varied from 0.2 to 2.7 and from 0.6 to 7.7 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively, indicating high risk for soil accumulation and associated transfers through the food chain.Wastewater irrigation contributed to high inputs, and excess use of organic and chemical fertilisers represent a major threat to the soil and water environment. Management options that improve nutrient use efficiency represent an important objective that will help reduce annual surpluses. A sustainable reuse of wastewater for irrigation in peri-urban farming systems can contribute significantly to the nutrient supply (assuming low concentrations of potential toxic or hazardous substances in the water). Nutrient inputs need to be better related to the crop need, e.g. through better knowledge about the nutrient concentrations in the wastewater and improved management of the amount of irrigation water being applied.     

夏季黄渤海表层海水中二甲亚砜(DMSO)的浓度分布

根据2011年6月对黄渤海进行的大面调查,分析研究了夏季表层海水中颗粒态和溶解态二甲亚砜(DMSOp、DMSOd)的水平分布及其周日变化特征.海水中DMSO首先采用NaBH4将其还原为二甲基硫(DMS),再利用冷阱吹扫-捕集气相色谱法进行间接测定.结果表明,表层海水中DMSOp浓度的变化范围是5.43～18.35 nmol·L-1,平均值为(11.47±0.25)nmol·L-1;DMSOd浓度的变化范围是4.75～43.80 nmol·L-1,平均值为(13.42±0.58)nmol·L-1.相关性分析显示:DMSOp与叶绿素a(Chl-a)、温度、盐度等不存在相关性,而DMSOp/Chl-a比值与盐度存在一定的正相关,表明DMSO在藻细胞内具有渗透压调节功能;DMSOd与细菌、DMSOp浓度不存在相关性,而与DMS浓度存在一定的正相关,表明表层海水中DMSOd的主要来源是DMS的光化学氧化.另外,DMSOp与DMSOd均呈现出明显的周日变化规律,白天时段浓度明显高于夜间时段.     

Hydrophobic organic chemicals in urban fog

The concentrations and aqueous/particle distributions of three classes of hydrophobic organic chemicals, n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured during the autumn of 1986's fog events in the urban area of Zürich, Switzerland. Concentrations of the chemicals in fog were in the range of 10–110 ng ml⁻¹ for n-alkanes (C₁₉–C₃₅), 6–60 ng ml⁻¹ for PAHs (21 compounds) and 7–22 ng ml⁻¹ for PCBs (31 congeners). In many samples, the concentration of individual n-alkanes and PAHs exceeded their water solubility, probably due to their association with dissolved and/or colloidal organic matter. All of the PAHs, except for phenanthrene, were measured as part of the particulate phase. Both the n-alkanes and PCBs showed a trend of increasing particle association with increasing hydrophobicity, but the trends were distinctly different. The presence of PCBs, PAHs, and n-alkanes at these concentrations suggest that fog is an excellent scavenger of hydrophobic organic chemicals. For a forested area near Zürich, Switzerland, it was estimated that the deposition of n-alkanes and PAHs by fog may be about equal to deposition via rain, but that fog may be 100 times more important than rain for the deposition of PCBs.