Seasonal variation of transport pathways and potential source areas at high inorganic nitrogen wet deposition sites in southern China

This study attempts to identify the dominant transport pathways, potential source areas, and their seasonal variation at sites with high inorganic nitrogen (IN) wet deposition flux in southern China. This is a long-term study (2010–2017) based on continuous deposition measurements at the Guangzhou urban site (GZ) and the Dinghushan Natural Reserve site (DHS) located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. A dataset on monthly IN concentration in precipitation and wet deposition flux were provided. The average annual fluxes measured at both sites (GZ: 33.04±9.52, DHS: 20.52±10.22 kg N/(ha∙year)) were higher, while the ratios of reduced to oxidized N (GZ: 1.19±0.77, DHS: 1.25±0.84) were lower compared with the national mean level and the previous reported level throughout the PRD region. The dominant pathways were not always consistent with the highest proportional trajectory clusters. The transport pathways contributing most of deposition were identified in the north and north-northeast in the dry season and in the east-southeast, east, and south-southwest in the wet season. A weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) value >0.3 was determined reasonably to define the potential source area. Emission within the PRD region contributed the majority (≥95% at both sites) of the IN deposition in the wet season, while the contribution outside the region increased significantly in the dry season (GZ: 27.86%, DHS: 95.26%). Our results could help create more effective policy to control precursor emissions for IN fluxes, enabling reduction of the ecological risks due to excessive nitrogen.     

东印度洋南部春季网采浮游植物群落特征及长期变化

于2013年3月至5月采集了东印度洋南部（10.0°S－4.0°N,83.0°E－102.0°E）浮游植物样品,分析了其种类组成、生态类型、优势种类和细胞丰度等群落结构特征参数。为探寻全球气候变化影响下的热带印度洋浮游生态系统的长期变化,收集整理了该相近区域1960年、2016年的浮游植物数据,综合分析了其浮游植物种类组成和优势种的变化规律。结果表明:本研究共鉴定浮游植物4门350种（含变种、变型）,其中,硅藻48属162种,甲藻24属183种,金藻2属4种。生态类型以热带外洋性种、暖水性种为主。优势种组成中硅藻种类占明显优势,如美丽漂流藻Planktoniella formoa、菱形藻Nitschia spp、角毛藻Chaetoceros spp.、佛朗梯形藻Climacodium frauenfeldianum和距端假管藻Pseudosolenia calcaravis,甲藻有夜光梨甲藻Pyrocystis noctiluca和波状新角藻Neoceratium trichoceors。细胞丰度分布不均,调查区东南部细胞丰度较高为140.3×103 cells/m3,低值区的细胞丰度多在103cells/m3,赤道临近水域在104 cells/m3。与60 a前相比,浮游植物种类总数、甲藻和硅藻种类数均有所上升,甲藻种类数均高于硅藻;几次研究均显示硅藻类群是东印度洋海域的优势类群,角毛藻属的优势种类明显增加。     

西印度洋地区海草生态系统

海草是海洋被子植物,广泛分布在温带和热带的海岸带水域,是地球上水生生态系统中最具生产力的生物之一.     

西印度洋地区海草生态系统

海草是海洋被子植物,广泛分布在温带和热带的海岸带水域,是地球上水生生态系统中最具生产力的生物之一.     

渤海海峡北部沿岸流季节变化特征

本文基于渤海海峡北部沿岸一观测站点长时间序列海流观测数据分析了海峡北部沿岸流的季节变化特征。冬夏两季余流平均流速均呈现表层最大,中层最小,底层较中层略微增大的分布态势。冬夏底层余流均存在跨等深线向岸的分量,表明底层水向岸的运动是两季都存在的现象。对余流用矢量经验正交分解得到的第一模态空间分量显示,两季余流主要是沿着等深线变化的,冬季各层余流主体变化步调一致,夏季表层与其他各层变化位相相反。风应力是引起余流变化的因素之一,但并不是主要因素。交叉谱分析亦表明,冬季余流变化滞后风应力18 h,与风应力在周期为6 d的波动成分上相关性显著;夏季余流变化滞后风应力9 h,与风应力在周期为0.8 d的波动成分上相关性显著。     

茂名文昌鱼自然保护区浮游植物数量的季节变动

2003年8月、12月,2004年2月、5月对茂名文昌鱼自然保护区进行了四次浮游生物调查,对本海域的浮游植物种类组成、不同季节各站位的细胞数量分布、优势种、群落结构进行了分析.共鉴定出浮游植物2个门34属57种,硅藻占80.70%;浮游植物细胞数量在放鸡岛北面较为丰富,而南面的相对较小,空间分布由北向南逐渐递减.近岸水域高,远岸水域低.浮游植物细胞数量的变化为8月＞12月＞5月＞2月.浮游植物群落以硅藻为主导型,角毛藻属、麦细柱藻、脆根管藻和尖刺菱形藻为全年优势种.     

我国酸性降水来源探讨

我国的酸性降水存在着大气污染物的局地冲刷和中、长距离传输双重来源机制。我国南方重污染城市的酸性降水主要来源于城市高浓度大气污染物的局地冲刷;广阔区域和清洁地区的酸性降水则主要来源于大气污染物的中、长距离传输。酸性降水中局地来源和传输作用的贡献,因地而异,主要取决于当地的大气污染条件和气象条件。     

宁南山区两种灌木林土壤矿化过程中PLFA指纹季节变化特征

研究土壤矿化过程中土壤微生物群落结构的变化特征,对深入理解土壤中物质转化和养分迁移机理、提高土壤质量具有重要意义.因此,本文以宁南山区典型的两种人工灌木林-柠条和山桃林地土壤为研究对象,采用PVC顶盖埋管法进行1年的原位矿化实验,每隔2个月采样测定土壤基本理化性质和磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)含量,探讨土壤在矿化过程中微生物群落结构的变化特征.结果显示:土壤矿化过程中,柠条林地土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和土壤含水率显著高于山桃林地(p0.05);两种灌木林地有机碳含量在矿化240 d和360 d时较低,显著小于其他矿化时期(p0.05),硝态氮、铵态氮含量均在矿化240 d时最低,全氮和土壤pH随时间变化不显著.柠条林土壤各菌群PLFA含量高于山桃林土壤;两种土壤各菌群PLFA随矿化时间大体呈现出夏季春、秋季冬季的趋势,且差异显著(p0.05);土壤细菌与真菌、革兰氏阳性(GP)和阴性菌(GN)的PLFA比值差异显著(p0.05),柠条林土壤细菌与真菌PLFA比值随矿化时间呈现出夏、秋季春、冬季的趋势,而山桃林土壤细菌与真菌PLFA比值在冬季最低,两种土壤革兰氏阳性和阴性菌PLFA比值在春季最大.PLFA主成分分析表明,柠条和山桃林土壤微生物群落结构不同,并且土壤微生物群落结构随矿化时间逐步发生变异,微生物结构的变化主要由以16∶0、16∶1ω9c、16∶1ω9t、17∶0、10Me18∶0和cy19∶0所代表的细菌及以18∶2ω9,12c所代表的真菌的变化引起.土壤微生物PLFA与土壤有机碳、硝态氮和土壤含水率显著相关,与土壤pH值不相关,说明土壤微生物PLFA与土壤理化性质联系紧密.     

Solubility of major species in precipitation: Factors of variation

The soluble and insoluble fractions of Cl, S, K, Ca, Zn, Al and Fe have been analyzed in six and 29 precipitation events collected in two rural sites in France, in Brittany and in the Vosges, respectively. The results are compatible with those of previous studies: Cl and S are soluble to the extent of more than 97%; K, Ca and Zn are more variable, with insoluble fractions up to 13%; Al and Fe are present in insoluble forms to the extent of about 80%.Large solubility variations are found for K, Zn and Al, with significant correlation with the pH for the latter. In the same way, the soluble percentages of K and Al are greater in the Vosges for precipitation events associated with air masses originating from the north and east sectors with high anthropogenic activities and high acidities.Finally, for a sequentially collected snow event, it is shown that although the pH is stable, the soluble and insoluble Al forms evolve differently, indicating differentiated enrichments and/or scavenging phenomena.     

浙北地区真菌气溶胶示踪物季节分布特征

于2014年12月—2015年11月收集了浙江北部地区4个采样点的PM2.5样品,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪分析获得真菌气溶胶示踪物阿糖醇和甘露醇的浓度,研究了浙北地区真菌气溶胶的季节性变化特征及其来源.观测结果显示,浙北地区阿糖醇和甘露醇的年均浓度分别为(5.6±0.7)和(5.7±1.3)ng·m-3.真菌气溶胶示踪物夏季浓度最高,可能是由于当地夏季频繁的生物质燃烧和温暖湿润的气候条件促进了真菌孢子的释放;另外,在该地区真菌孢子对气溶胶中有机碳(OC)的贡献并不显著(1%).主成分分析显示,真菌气溶胶示踪物(阿糖醇、甘露醇)和生物质燃烧示踪物(左旋葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、半乳聚糖、nss-K+)在整个采样过程中都包含在同一个因子中,表明浙北地区大气中真菌气溶胶持续受到生物质燃烧排放源的影响.     

北京市气溶胶的时间变化与空间分布特征

以MODIS气溶胶遥感数据与同期AERONET监测数据为基础,应用统计分析、对比分析、时间序列分析等技术手段,研究了北京地区气溶胶的时间变化和空间分布特征.结果表明,气溶胶MODIS遥感反演数据和同期AERONET监测数据吻合较好,Pearson积矩相关系数为0 789,误差为ΔAOT550 = -0.077AOT 0.03.北京地区气溶胶550 nm光学厚度AOT和细粒比η的时间变化规律性明显:夏季以城市污染气溶胶为主,光学厚度最高,且具细粒特征;春季城市污染气溶胶和春季沙尘共存,光学厚度比较高,且粗粒占一定比例;冬季以采暖燃煤气溶胶为主,光学厚度不高,但是粗粒占较大比例;秋季大气清澈,气溶胶平均光学厚度仅为0.34.空间分布方面,主要受植被覆盖和产业结构等因素影响,位于西部北部山区的延庆、密云、怀柔和门头沟区气溶胶的光学厚度低,位于东南部平原地区的昌平、顺义、通县、大兴和房山区气溶胶光学厚度总体较高.     

湄洲湾水质季节变化特征及评价

根据2005年1月～2005年11月间4个航次的调查资料,阐述了湄洲湾海域营养盐的变化特征,并对NH4-N、NO3-N、NO2-N、PO4-P、pH、盐度、DO、COD和叶绿素等进行了分析,对海域进行了富营养化评价及有机污染评价.结果表明:该海域N、P营养盐随月份呈现不同的变化规律.不同季节的N/P值变化较大.根据有机污染评价,湄洲湾海域属于水质较好类型;富营养化评价的结果显示,湄洲湾海域秋季和冬季处于富营养化状态.     

广州市大气气态总汞含量季节和日变化特征

利用高时间分辨率自动测汞仪(tekran 2537B),于2010-11~2011-11对广州市大气气态总汞(TGM)进行了连续1a的观测.结果表明,广州市大气气态总汞的年平均含量为(4.86±1.36)ng/m3,表明该地区受到了一定程度的大气汞污染.TGM浓度按季节表现为:春季>冬季>秋季>夏季.TGM污染呈现春高夏低的现象,气象因素如边界层、静止风是影响其季节分布不同的主要原因.日变化趋势为中午最低,早晚出现2个高峰,边界层和温度对TGM日变化有很大影响.对广州市大气气态汞的可能来源分析结果表明,TGM主要来源于本地人为排放,其中市内燃煤电厂和水泥厂等人为源排放可能是广州市大气气态总汞的主要来源.     

太湖水体中胶体相痕量金属浓度的季节变化

利用切向流超滤技术分离了太湖梅梁湾与贡湖湾2 个不同生态类型湖区水体中Cd、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn 和Zn 等痕量金属的胶体相(1kD~1µm),研究了其浓度在不同季节的变化.结果表明,除了胶体Cd,太湖水体中胶体Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn 和Zn 的浓度均有显著或极显著季节变化(P<0.05 或P<0.01),其中胶体Cu、Fe、Mn 和Zn 浓度在冬季较高,胶体Pb 浓度在春季最高,在冬季也保持在较高水平.太湖水体中各痕量金属的总量是影响其胶体相浓度的主要直接因素,而季节变化则是一个重要的间接因素.     

Seasonal variation and size distribution of biogenic secondary organic aerosols at urban and continental background sites of China

Size-resolved biogenic secondary organic aerosols(BSOA) derived from isoprene and monoterpene photooxidation in Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau(a continental background site) and five cities of China were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Concentrations of the determined BSOA are higher in the cities than in the background and are also higher in summer than in winter. Moreover, strong positive correlations(R2= 0.44–0.90) between BSOA and sulfate were found at the six sites,suggesting that anthropogenic pollution(i.e., sulfate) could enhance SOA formation,because sulfate provides a surface favorable for acid-catalyzed formation of BSOA. Size distribution measurements showed that most of the determined SOA tracers are enriched in the fine mode( 3.3 μm) except for cis-pinic and cis-pinonic acids, both presented a comparable mass in the fine and coarse( 3.3 μm) modes, respectively. Mass ratio of oxidation products derived from isoprene to those from monoterpene in the five urban regions during summer are much less than those in Qinghai Lake region. In addition, in the five urban regions relative abundances of monoterpene oxidation products to SOA are much higher than those of isoprene. Such phenomena suggest that BSOA derived from monoterpenes are more abundant than those from isoprene in Chinese urban areas.     

Seasonal variation of indoor radon and its progeny concentration in a dwelling

Because of the pronounced seasonal variation in the indoor levels of Rn concentration, it is necessary to make measurements over the entire period to arrive at an average of annual dose to the occupants. This paper gives the results of a study made on the seasonal variation of indoor Rn and its progeny concentration in a house in Bombay. It has been observed that the indoor Rn concentration follows a specific trend of seasonal variation. An average annual effective dose equivalent of 0.48 mSv has been estimated for the occupants of the house.     

Seasonal variation of Microcystis in Lake Taihu and its relationships withenvironmental factors

In order to monitor the changes of Microcystis along with temporal and spatial variations, seasonal variation of Microcystis in Lake Taihu was investigated by 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (16S-23S rRNA-ITS DGGE) and microscopic evaluation. Samples were collected quarterly at four sites (River Mouth, Meiliang Bay, Cross Area, and Lake Center) from August 2006 to April 2007. Results showed that Microcystis dominated total phytoplankton abundance at the four sites in all seasons except winter. The average annual abundance of Microcystis was relatively high at River Mouth and Meiliang Bay, reaching 81.22×106 and 61.32×106 cells/L, respectively. For temporal variations, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') according to DGGE profile revealed the richness of Microcystis in summer (H'=1.375±0.034) and winter (H'=1.650±0.032) was lower than that in spring (H'=2.078±0.031) and autumn (H'=2.365±0.032) (P<0.05). While for spatial variations, the richness of Microcystis at River Mouth (H'=2.015±0.074) was higher than at other sites during four seasons (P<0.01). Very few differences of Microcystis diversity in the same season were observed among the other three sites (P>0.05). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed to elucidate the relationships between Microcystis operational taxonomic units (OTUs) composition and the environmental factors. Results of CCA revealed that temperature was strongly positively correlated with the first axis (r=0.963), while TSS was negative correlated with the second axis (r=-0.716). Phylogenetic tree based on the sequencing results of target bands on DGGE gel indicated that samples collected in summer and winter constituted two separated clusters.     

长江有机碳通量的季节变化及三峡工程对其影响

2003年6月～2005年7月在长江口每月采集表层水样,测定溶解有机碳(DOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC).结果表明,DOC和POC平均浓度分别为1.59±0.21和0.91±0.42mg/L,其中枯季的DOC浓度较洪季高,而POC则呈相反趋势.POC浓度与水体中总悬浮颗粒物(TSM)浓度有显著性正相关关系,在TSM中的POC%随着TSM浓度的增加而减小.2003,2004年长江的DOC通量分别为1.32×10⁶t和1.20×10⁶t,POC通量分别为2.69×10⁶t和1.63×10⁶t,约76%的总有机碳在洪季输送入海,组成以颗粒态为主.2003～2004年间POC通量急剧减少,DOC通量与POC通量的比值迅速增大,可能与三峡水库对颗粒物的拦蓄、改造及富营养化有关.