Sensitivity analysis of surface ozone to emission controls in Beijing and its neighboring area during the 2008 Olympic Games

The regional air quality modeling system RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)-CMAQ (Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system) is applied to analyze temporal and spatial variations in surface ozone concentration over Beijing and its surrounding region from July to October 2008. Comparison of simulated and observed meteorological elements and concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ozone at one urban site and three rural sites during Olympic Games show that model can generally reproduce the main observed feature of wind, temperature and ozone, but NOx concentration is overestimated. Although ozone concentration decreased during Olympics, high ozone episodes occurred on 24 July and 24 August with concentration of 360 and 245 μg/m³ at Aoyuncun site, respectively. The analysis of sensitive test, with and without emission controls, shows that emission controls could reduce ozone concentration in the afternoon when ozone concentration was highest but increase it at night and in the morning. The evolution of the weather system during the ozone episodes (24 July and 24 August) indicates that hot and dry air and a stable weak pressure field intensified the production of ozone and allowed it to accumulate. Process analysis at the urban site and rural site shows that under favorable weather condition on 24 August, horizontal transport was the main contributor of the rural place and the pollution from the higher layer would be transported to the surface layer. On 24 July, as the wind velocity was smaller, the impact of transport on the rural place was not obvious.     

Characteristics of ozone vertical profile observed in the boundary layer around Beijing in autumn

In the autumn of 2008, the vertical profiles of ozone and meteorological parameters in the low troposphere (0–1000 m) were observed at two sites around Beijing, specifically urban Nanjiao and rural Shangdianzi. At night and early morning, the lower troposphere divided into two stratified layers due to temperature inversion. Ozone in the lower layer showed a large gradient due to the titration of NO. Air flow from the southwest brought ozone-rich air to Beijing, and the ozone profiles were marked by a continuous increase in the residual layer at night. The accumulated ozone in the upper layer played an important role in the next day’s surface peak ozone concentration, and caused a rapid increase in surface ozone in the morning. Wind direction shear and wind speed shear exhibited different influences on ozone profiles and resulted in different surface ozone concentrations in Beijing.     

A field study of photochemical smog formation under stagnant meteorological conditions

Photochemical air pollution episodes during 15–20 July 1981, covering the Tokyo Metropolitan Area under the stagnant meteorological conditions, were analyzed. Three-dimensional (3-D) pollutant and meteorological observations showed that polluted air masses followed sea and land breeze circulation patterns. Aged secondary pollutants were detected aloft from midnight until early morning. These pollutants subsequently entrained into the daytime mixed layer and affected O₃ formation. To understand this stagnating system, a simple trajectory model was used. Simulated results showed good qualitative agreement with observations, but the model overestimated the surface concentration and underestimated the aircraft observations. This was mainly caused by the assumption of vertical uniformity within the model.     

北京夏季典型臭氧污染分布特征及影响因子

为研究北京地区O₃分布特征及其影响因子,利用AML-3车载式大气环境污染激光雷达系统(下称AML-3)对北京地区2011年5月7日—6月9日的φ(O₃)进行观测. 通过AML-3自带的污染物地面观测系统和差分吸收激光雷达,分析近地面、高空φ(O₃)时空分布特征,并将φ(O₃)与温度、风速及风向3个气象要素进行相关分析. 结果表明:近地面φ(O₃)日变化明显,06:00左右为低谷,下午14:00左右达到峰值. 高空φ(O₃)的空间分布很不均匀,上层气流易使O₃富集层向下输送造成污染,同时稳定边界层对大气扩散的不利影响也是形成O₃污染的重要原因. φ(O₃)的日变化趋势与温度的日变化趋势呈显著正相关,R(相关系数)为0.74;上下层湍流交换使风速与近地面φ(O₃)呈正相关,而水平扩散使二者呈负相关;通过分析风向的分布规律发现,东北风易造成北京地区O₃污染.      

Impact of chronic ozone on soybean growth and biomass partitioning

This study evaluated yield production and changes in the patterns of functional growth analysis parameters of greenhouse-grown soybeans exposed to low concentrations of ozone (O₃). Plants were exposed over a 113-day interval for 341 h to four concentrations of O₃ (2.0, 4.6, 7.0 and 9.7 pphm O₃) on an intermittent basis. Destructive harvests were periodically taken from all treatments to monitor plant response and to provide the basis for growth analysis techniques. Relative to the ambient greenhouse air control treatment (2.0 pphm O₃), 7.0 and 9.7 pphm O₃ typically reduced plant biomass accumulation, leaf area and expansion, relative growth rate, unit leaf rate, seeds per plant (35% reduction), and other yield components; however, the growth and yield parameters of the 4.6 pphm O₃ treatment were often stimulated. With this one exception, O₃ reduced soybean vegetative growth and altered the pattern of biomass partitioning. As a consequence, the soybean yields were also reduced.     

海风环流对上海一次臭氧污染过程影响的数值模拟研究

本文针对上海2017年夏季的一次臭氧污染过程,利用WRF-Chem模式模拟了海风环流在臭氧输送、聚集和消散过程中所起的作用.结果表明,白天的海风在沿海区域对500 m高度以下的近地面大气起到清洁作用,但海风环流上支离岸气流也会将海风辐合带的高浓度臭氧输送回到近海的边界层中上部,同时,海风环流和热岛环流的加强效应有助于臭氧前体物（VOC和NO₂）在辐合带和近海边界层中上部的聚集,从而加快生成臭氧的光化学反应,进一步地加剧臭氧高值区的臭氧污染.在此基础上设计的敏感性实验分析了城市化和海温的贡献.结果发现,城市化会加重上海地区边界层上部的臭氧污染,白天城市热岛环流对海风环流存在正向叠加作用,增强近地面的向岸风;而海温升高会削弱海风,对臭氧的分布产生很大的影响,进一步证明海风环流在臭氧分布的变化中起到了重要的作用.     

Long-period modelling of photochemical oxidants in Europe. Model calculations for July 1985

A Lagrangian model for photochemical oxidants has been developed in order to study ozone formation in the boundary layer over Europe for periods of one month to one year. The model has so far been applied during July 1985. Modelled ozone concentrations agree favourably with measured concentrations at most sites. The sensitivity of the calculated ozone concentrations to assumptions concerning natural volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions, boundary conditions, cloud effects and a number of other processes is illustrated. The effects of changes in emissions of anthropogenic VOC and nitrogen oxides on maximum and monthly mean ozone concentrations are calculated.     

Ultraviolet radiation received in Antarctica in comparison with the Indian region

The decrease in atmospheric ozone over Antarctica during September–October 1987 implies enhanced u.v. radiation received at the ground in the region of the ozone hole. At the ozone hole in Antarctica the decrease in total ozone is enormous and sometimes the ozone level reaches as low as 120–130 DU, whereas the normal value of total ozone is around 300 DU. The decrease in ozone will not only increase u.v.B radiation several-fold but will also shift the cut-off wavelength to lower wavelengths. A model calculation for u.v.B radiation reaching ground level for different total ozone content (100–340 DU) has been carried out for several solar zenith angles appropriate to Indian as well as Antarctic stations. The u.v.B radiation received at Antarctica during the ozone-hole period are comparable to our equatorial stations over the summer period.     

近地层O3污染对作物产量与经济损失的影响——以江苏省冬小麦和水稻为例

利用2015年冬小麦和水稻主要生长季期间江苏省各城市逐时O₃浓度观测资料,分析了O₃浓度和AOT40的变化特征,评估了O₃对冬小麦和水稻产量的影响,并估算了其造成的经济损失.结果表明：①冬小麦和水稻主要生长季期间,江苏省平均O₃浓度分别为80.1μg/m³和83.8μg/m³,呈单峰型的日变化规律.空间上,O₃呈现南低北高,东部沿海地区高于西部内陆地区的特征.②冬小麦主要生长季期间,江苏省各市AOT40指数范围为3.08~14.47μL/L·h.水稻主要生长季期间,江苏省各市AOT40指数范围为10.79~21.67μL/L·h.③在当前O₃浓度水平下,近地层O₃对江苏省冬小麦和水稻平均相对产量的损失率分别为23.9%和16.5%,产量总损失分别为368.7万t和385.8万t,经济总损失分别为87.01亿元和106.48亿元.因此,急需采取有效控制措施,降低O₃污染造成的农业损失.     

2005~2016年中国大气边界层SO2的时空变化趋势

利用臭氧观测仪（OMI）卫星遥感反演的大气边界层（PBL）SO₂柱含量（PBL SO₂）数据分析了自2005年以来中国PBL SO₂柱含量数据的空间分布特征、变化趋势及其影响的原因.从长时间尺度上,PBL SO₂柱含量呈现明显的下降趋势.2005年中国区域年平均PBL SO₂柱含量为0.317DU,2016年为0.276DU,减少了0.041DU,大约为13.2%.SO₂柱含量呈现明显的周期变化特征.冬季浓度较高,夏季较低,最小值和最大值分别出现在7和12月,分别为0.246和0.404DU.小波分析显示SO₂的变化在10个月的尺度水平上存在明显的主振荡周期,在40个月的尺度水平上存在明显的次周期变化.中国区域SO₂污染严重的高值区主要出现在京津冀鲁环渤海地区、关中平原（山西省和陕西省）、河南省大部分地区、四川盆地、长江三角洲地区和珠江三角洲.最大的SO₂柱含量值可达1.1DU以上.京津冀鲁环渤海地区的高值区已经延伸到长江三角洲地区,有向南延伸和珠江三角洲连在一起的趋势.由于地形和天气特征的影响,四川盆地地区SO₂出现次高值区.在青藏高原和西北地区,SO₂浓度较低,呈现背景值特征,多年平均的SO₂约在0.05DU的水平.中国区域SO₂变化趋势在空间分布上存在明显的区域差异,变化的范围在-0.70~0.15DU之间.SO₂出现逐渐减少的地区主要是在高值区,如京津冀鲁环勃海地区、关中平原、四川盆地,长江中下游和珠江三角洲.减幅最大的是四川盆地和珠江三角洲,大约减少了61%.四川盆地2005~2016年约减少了0.55DU;珠江三角洲约减少了0.45DU.出现增长的地区主要是西部和北部地区,以及东南沿海除珠三角外的大部分区域,最大增长大约为0.15DU.     

黑河流域水汽输送及收支特征

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料对黑河流域的水汽输送和收支特征进行了计算分析,结果表明:西风环流使得源于大西洋和北冰洋的水汽成为黑河流域空中水汽的主要来源,流域内水汽输送以自西向东的纬向输送为主,东边界输出强度强于西边界输入强度,纬向净输入量为负;经向输送为自北向南且在强度上不及纬向输送,北边界输入强度强于南边界输出强度,经向净输入量为正。700 hPa气层流域南部的水汽辐合辐散特征随季节变化显著,冬季为水汽辐散区,夏季为水汽辐合区;流域北部没有明显的水汽辐合辐散特征。全流域多年平均水汽输入量为997.3 km³,输出量为1 046.1 km³,净输入量-48.8 km³,20世纪60年代中期以后流域水汽净输入量呈现增加趋势。黑河流域北部荒漠区年内各季均为水汽输出期,中低层大气(地面~500 hPa)为主要的水汽输出层;南部山区年内6-9月为水汽输入期,低层大气(地面~700 hPa)为水汽输入层,中高层大气(700~300 hPa)为水汽输出层。据大气水平衡原理,黑河流域多年平均蒸发量约为84 km³。     

过去300a长江中下游异常丰梅事件变化与洪涝灾害

2016年6—7月,长江流域发生重大洪涝灾害,给社会生产和人民生活带来严重损失。而该时段内梅雨因其强降水过程频繁、持续时间长、雨量集中等特点成为主要致灾因子。论文利用历史文献和观测资料,构建了1736年以来异常丰梅事件年表,分析了其长期变化特征及与El Ni?o事件的统计关系,并诊断了El Ni?o造成异常丰梅事件的大气环流背景。结果表明:1736—2016年间共发生44次异常丰梅事件(含21次特大梅雨事件),其中1900年代、1910年代、1990年代是异常丰梅事件最为频繁的3个时段;与2016年梅雨特征相近的特大梅雨事件有21次。过去300 a间,异常丰梅事件与El Ni?o存在较好的对应关系,44次异常丰梅事件中37次发生在El Ni?o的当年或次年;在21次特大梅雨事件中16次伴随El Ni?o出现。伴随El Ni?o事件而发生的异常丰梅事件环流特点是中高纬经向环流偏强,我国境内水汽输送通道偏西、偏北,大量水汽滞留在长江流域,并与南下的冷空气交汇,从而形成持续性降水;而在El Ni?o次年,低纬存在较强且稳定的副热带高压,水汽输送路径偏北,长江中下游水汽输送通量显著增强,更容易导致异常丰梅事件的发生。     

2014—2016年四川盆地重污染大气环流形势特征分析

利用2014—2016年四川盆地7个主要城市国家环境空气监测子站资料,结合2015—2016年MICAPS常规气象数据、NECP和ERA Interim再分析资料,统计分析四川盆地细颗粒物（PM_2.5）浓度时间分布特征及重污染期间的气象要素和环流背景.结果发现,2014—2016年四川盆地大气重污染主要发生在冬季,重污染日数分别为41、30和16 d,呈逐年降低的趋势.大气重污染期间,温度廓线出现多层逆温,逆温层大多出现在近地面925 hPa以下和700~600 hPa之间.四川盆地大气重污染主要对应两种环流形势,一种为500 hPa高空盛行西风气流,850 hPa高空等值线稀疏,另一种为四川盆地受到500 hPa高空槽后西北气流控制,地面为弱高压.以上两种环流形势下,四川盆地850 hPa高空附近气压梯度小,污染物不易扩散,导致重污染天气发生.本研究结论可为四川盆地大气重污染预报预警提供科学依据.     

A study of Taipei ozone problem

A high level of ozone has been a serious problem in Taipei. At one station there were concentrations of hourly O₃ 127 and 60 time > 120 ppbv in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The diurnal O₃ variation is mainly governed by a single-peaked (SP) pattern with a major peak near noontime, and a double-peaked (DP) pattern with a primary peak near noontime and a secondary peak in the early morning. The analyses of observed NO_x, NO₂ and NMHC distributions suggest that the photochemical production of ozone is responsible for the primary peak but not the secondary peak. In January, DP occurs more frequently than SP, while in June the SP pattern dominates. Analyses of the surface meteorological data suggest that a unique localized circulation may be responsible for the occurrence of the secondary peak of the DP pattern. A simplified quasi-three-dimensional model is developed to analyze the effect of land-sea breeze on the temporal and spatial variation of O₃.     

The role of atmospheric aerosol composition in climate change

The chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols has been investigated. Contributions ofsulfate and soot in aerosols to the atmospheric extinction are studied. Discussions are made on the problems of aerosol emitted from volcano, forest fires in northern China, 1987 and oil field fires in Kuwait, 1991. It is indicated that the changes in concentration, particle size, and chemical composition of aerosol after those events could have impacts on the climate change either regionally or globally and that the impact of aerosol particles on climate change could compensate for some temperature increase caused by greenhouse gases and the increase of surface intensity of ultraviolet radiation due to ozone layer depletion.     

Microanalysis of the aerosol collected over south-central New Mexico during the alive field experiment,May–December 1989

Thirty-eight size-segregated aerosol samples were collected in the lower troposphere over the high desert of south-central New Mexico, using cascade impactors mounted onboard two research aircraft. Four of these samples were collected in early May, sixteen in mid-July, and the remaining ones in December 1989, during three segments of the ALIVE field initiative. Analytical electron microscope analyses of aerosol deposits and individual particles from these samples were performed to physically and chemically characterize the major particulate species present in the aerosol.Air-mass trajectories arriving at the sampling area in the May program were quite different from those calculated for the July period. In general, the May trajectories showed strong westerly winds, while the July winds were weaker and southerly, consistently passing over or very near the border cities of El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Aerosol samples collected during the May period were predominantly fine (0.1–0.5 μm dia.), liquid H₂SO₄ droplets. Samples from the July experiment were comprised mostly of fine, solid (NH₄)₂SO₄ or mostly neutralized sulfate particles. In both sampling periods, numerous other particle classes were observed, including many types with probable terrestrial or anthropogenic sources. The numbers of these particles, however, were small when compared with the sulfates. Composite particle types, including sulfate/crustal and sulfate/carbonaceous, were also found to be present. The major differences in aerosol composition between the May and July samples (i.e. the extensive neutralization of sulfates in the July samples) can be explained by considering the different aerosol transport pathways and the proximity of the July aerosol to the El Paso/Juarez urban plume.Winds during the December experiment were quite variable, and may have contributed to the widely varying aerosol compositions observed in these samples. When the aircraft sampled the El Paso/Juarez urban plume, high concentrations of carbonaceous particles were collected. These C-rich particles were of three distinct types, two of which showed combustion morphologies and the third an irregular morphology. Concurrent aethalometer measurements of aerosol black carbon concentration were well correlated (r = 0.83) with the total carbonaceous particle fraction in the aerosol samples. Carbonaceous particles were not observed in abundance in any of the May or July samples (even when the winds passed over El Paso), and we attribute the high concentrations in December to increased wintertime burning of wood, fossil fuels and other combustibles in the urban area.     

利用遥感监测青藏高原上空臭氧总量30 a的变化

利用多源卫星遥感数据,分析了自1979年以来青藏高原上空臭氧总量的时空动态特征.结果表明,青藏高原上空的臭氧总量还在持续下降,而且下降速度高于全球和北半球平均水平,青藏高原、全球和北半球每年大约平均减少0.23%、0.19%、0.12%.但是自2000年后,下降的速度有所减缓,1979～1989、1990～1999和2000～2008年3个时期每年减少大约分别为0.51%、0.49%、0.31%.30a来青藏高原上空臭氧总量低于240DU的天数有34d.在2005年后,没有出现大面积的臭氧总量低值区(低于240DU);臭氧总量的季节变化呈正弦曲线变化,最大和最小值分别出现在3和10月,平均值分别大约为304.59和265.45DU.但是每年的极小值常出现在11月或12月.臭氧总量波动最大和最小分别出现在2月和9月,标准差为17.28和5.88DU;臭氧总量与海拔高度呈反相关,低值区出现在高海拔的上空,特别是在青藏高原区,与同纬度圈的平均值相比,青藏高原臭氧总量大约低了19DU,形成臭氧低谷.     

Aerosol structure and vertical distribution in a multi-source dust region

The vertical distribution of aerosols was directly observed under various atmospheric conditions in the free troposphere using surface micro-pulse lidar (MPL4) at the Zhangye Station (39.08°N, 100.27°E) in western China in the spring of 2008. The study shows that the aerosol distribution over Zhangye can be vertically classified into upper, middle and lower layers with altitudes of 4.5 to 9 km, 2.5 to 4.5 km, and less than 2.5 km, respectively. The aerosol in the upper layer originated from the external sources at higher altitude regions, from far desert regions upwind of Zhangye or transported from higher atmospheric layers by free convection, and the altitude of this aerosol layer decreased with time; the aerosols in the middle and lower layers originated from both external and local sources. The aerosol extinction coefficients in the upper and lower layers decreased with altitude, whereas the coefficient in the middle layer changed only slightly, which suggests that aerosol mixing occurs in the middle layer. The distribution of aerosols with altitude has three features: a single peak that forms under stable atmospheric conditions, an exponential decrease with altitude that occurs under unstable atmospheric conditions, and slight change in the mixed layer. Due to the impact of the top of the atmospheric boundary layer, the diurnal variation in the aerosol extinction coefficient has a single peak, which is higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning.     

气象因素和前体物对中国东部O3浓度分布的影响

采用重心模型、空间自相关分析和地理探测器,研究了2016年中国东部O₃浓度的时空变化规律,揭示了气象因素和前体物对中国东部O₃浓度空间分布格局及其演变的影响.结果表明：（1）O₃浓度变化可分为3个阶段：1~3月为低值上升阶段、4~9月为高值波动阶段、10~12月为低值下降阶段,O₃污染主要发生在高值波动阶段,超标天数占全年的96.0%.（2）气象因素是影响O₃年均浓度空间分布格局的主导因素,受降水、相对湿度南高北低和日照时数北高南低的影响,O₃年均浓度总体呈北高南低的态势;前体物对O₃年均浓度分布也有显著影响,是城市群核心城市形成局部O₃污染中心的原因.（3）O₃月均浓度分布格局经历了由北高南低到南高北低的演变过程,1~6月O₃浓度总体重心和高值重心向北迁移,6月达到最北,北高南低的特征最强,环渤海地区成为O₃污染最严重的区域;7~12月,O₃浓度总体重心和高值重心向南迁移,12月达到最南,O₃浓度分布格局演变为南高北低.3~9月雨季期间,O₃浓度分布主要受降水和相对湿度的影响,其余时间主要受气温的影响.（4）前体物对O₃浓度分布的影响主要通过气象条件实现,气温越高,光化学反应越强,前体物的正向影响力越大;气温越低,光化学反应越弱,NO_x、CO、SO₂等化学性质活跃的前体物对O₃可能起消耗作用.     

Structure of the Indian southwesterly pre-monsoon and monsoon boundary layers: Observations and numerical simulation

Characteristics of pre-monsoon and monsoon boundary layer structure and turbulence were studied in New Delhi and Bangalore, India during the summer of 1987. Micrometeorological towers were installed and instrumented at these locations to provide mean and turbulent surface layer measurements, while information on the vertical structure of the atmosphere was obtained using miniradiosondes. Thermal structures of the pre-monsoon and monsoon boundary layers were quite distinct. The daytime, pre-monsoon boundary layer observed over New Delhi was much deeper than that of the monsoon boundary layer observed over Bangalore and at times was characterized by multiple inversions. Surface, turbulent sensible heat fluxes at both sites were approximately the same (235 and 200 Wm⁻² for New Delhi and Bangalore, respectively). Diurnal variations in the monsoon boundary layer at Bangalore were more regular compared to those under pre-monsoon conditions at New Delhi. One-dimensional numerical simulations of the pre-monsoon boundary layer using a turbulent energy closure scheme show good agreement with observations.