高斯轨迹烟云扩散模型在贵阳空气质量预报中的应用

选择在复杂地区应用较好的高斯轨迹烟云扩散模型,作为贵阳市空气质量预报的数学扩散模式,并利用贵阳市现有的污染源排放资料和气象资料,对贵阳市的大气污染物分布进行了模拟计算,经与实测结果比较表明:实测值与监测值基本一致,相关性较好。该模式可以作为贵阳市空气质量预报的数学扩散模式,对其他城市也具有一定的借鉴作用。      

应用OSPM模式进行澳门街区峡谷污染评价

采用ＯＳＰＭ模式计算澳门城区街区峡谷内污染物浓度，进行污染评价．计算结果表明，对于高宽比较大的街区峡谷，ＯＳＰＭ模式有良好的适用性；在考察的时段内，澳门街区峡谷内机动车污染已经达到相当严重的程度，必须通过相应的措施进行控制．     

Dispersion of vehicular emission in street canyons,Guangzhou City,South China (P.R.C.)

The concentrationof vehicular pollutants, wind, turbulence and traffic volume were measured in three different typical street canyons in Guangzhou City. Air dispersion in different types of urban canyons was compared. The configuration of a street is an important factor that influences air dispersion. In low wind conditions, it is rare that a stable vortex is formed in a canyon with irregular configuration. The movement of vehicles may dominate the flow near the surface of the narrow street canyon when tee wind at roof-level is weak. Simple operational models have been proposed. They performed well in predicting the air pollution due to vehicular emission in different street canyons in Guangzhou City.     

基于GA-ANN改进的空气质量预测模型

基于人工神经网络的空气质量预测模型优于传统的逐步回归模型,但由于性能差异不明显而较少在空气质量预报中应用. 设计了将遗传算法和神经网络算法相结合的基于GA_-ANN的空气质量预测模型,并利用天津市2003—2007年气象和污染物监测资料对该模型进行验证. 对2007年全年的ρ(SO₂),ρ(NO₂)和ρ(PM₁₀₎进行预测,预测值与实测值的相关系数分别为0.899 6,0.828 3和0.600 0. 与一般的人工神经网络预测模型相比较,GA_-ANN模型将空气质量等级预报的准确率从77.57%提高到79.67%. GA_-ANN模型可结合其他方法进行日常空气质量预报.      

Applying integrated assessment methodologies to air quality plans: Two European cases

Air pollution Integrated Assessment Models (IAM) can be used for determining how emissions should be reduced to improve air quality and to protect human health in a cost-efficient way. The application of IAM is also useful to spread information to the general public and to explain the effectiveness of proposed Air Quality Plans. In this paper, the application of the RIAT+ system to determine suitable abatement measures to improve the air quality at a regional/local level is presented for two European cases: the Brussels Capital Region (Belgium) and the Porto Urban Area (Portugal). Both regions are affected with PM10 or NO₂ concentrations that exceed the limit values specified by the European Union legislation. To properly assess air quality abatement measures a surrogate model was used, allowing the implementation of an efficient optimization procedure. This model is derived in both cases through a set of simulations performed using a Chemistry Transport Model fed with different emission reduction scenarios. In addition, internal costs (due to the implementation of emission reduction measures) and external costs (due to population exposure to air pollutant concentrations) of policy options were considered. The application of this integrated assessment modelling system in scenario (Brussels case) and optimization (Porto) modes contributes to identifying some advantages and limitations of these two approaches and also provides some guidance when urban air quality has to be assessed.     

A building-based data capture and data mining technique for air quality assessment

Recently, a building-based air quality model system which can predict air quality in front of individual buildings along both sides of a road has been developed. Using the Macau Peninsula as a case study, this paper shows the advantages of building-based model system in data capture and data mining. Compared with the traditional grid-based model systems with input/output spatial resolutions of 1–2 km, the building-based approach can extract the street configuration and traffic data building by building and therefore, can capture the complex spatial variation of traffic emission, urban geometry, and air pollution. The non-homogeneous distribution of air pollution in the Macau Peninsula was modeled in a high-spatial resolution of 319 receptors·km⁻². The spatial relationship among air quality, traffic flow, and urban geometry in the historic urban area is investigated. The study shows that the building-based approach may open an innovative methodology in data mining of urban spatial data for environmental assessment. The results are particularly useful to urban planners when they need to consider the influences of urban form on street environment.     

基于CMAQ的大气环境容量计算方法及控制策略

利用空气质量模型CMAQ建立了真实条件下基于不同达标率的大气环境容量计算方法,为大气环境质量管理提供了科学依据。采用CMAQ建立研究区域的空气质量模型系统,设置多层嵌套网格(最小网格分辨率3km),获得了2006年1月、4月、7月、10月(四季代表月)的小时污染物浓度值。通过调整研究区域的污染源排放量,并结合空气质量监测数据和环境空气质量标准,建立了不同污染物的达标率与环境容量关系曲线。研究证明,该方法可以确定可吸入颗粒污染物、二氧化硫和二氧化氮在不同达标率下的大气环境容量,并充分反映三种污染物环境容量的季节性变化特征。研究结果不仅有利于环境管理者制定针对研究区域的空气总量控制方案,还有助于构想基于季节性变化的污染控制策略。     

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.     

基于微信公众平台的空气质量显示系统的设计与实现研究

空气质量的好坏直接影响着人类的出行和健康,创建便于查询的空气质量显示系统,可以使人们简单直观的了解当日的空气质量指数(AQI).随着互联网的迅猛发展,"微信"逐渐成了人们日常通信的重要工具.本系统利用物联网技术与微信公众平台相结合,提出了空气质量显示系统的设计与实现方案,来建设空气质量显示系统.该系统可从各个区内监测点得到空气质量指数数据,进而将每日各个时段的空气质量指数(AQI)以动态图的方式直观清晰的展示给用户,为人们的出行带来了方便.     

深街道峡谷内高架桥对污染物传播特性影响的模拟研究

城市化进程导致在城市中出现通风条件较差的深街谷,建设于深街谷内的高架桥会加重周边街谷内空气污染.用计算流体力学模拟方法（CFD）探索在不同环境风速下的深街谷中,高架桥的高度和宽度对街谷内气流组织与污染物扩散的影响.结果表明:高架宽度小于0.8倍街谷宽度时的高架桥不会抑制桥下空间的流动;桥宽增加会改变桥下空间的涡旋结构和涡旋方向,近地面流动方向由之前的从右至左流动变为从左至右流动,因而桥下空间污染分布也发生明显改变;高架桥宽度的增加导致两侧低层住户受到较大影响,对背风面住户的影响更为明显;但高架宽度为0.5倍街谷宽度的高架桥能对迎风面中层住户造成影响;增加高架桥的高度,其下方污染物浓度增加;当高架桥位于街谷冠层时,下部空间的污染物浓度急剧增加;冠层处及涡旋交界面高架桥对两侧住户产生较大影响,而其他高度高架桥对两侧住户影响不大;随着环境风速的增加,高架桥对近地面源污染物扩散的阻碍作用逐渐减弱.研究显示,深街谷中增加高架桥的宽度、高度都会导致街谷内空气质量的恶化,而高架桥会阻碍因环境风速增加对街谷内空气质量的改善.      

空气质量预测系统

空气质量预测系统,是通过空气质量预测模式来实现的。系统中包括20多个大气环境质量模式。系统采用中文菜单管理,数据用全屏幕方式输入,结果输出有屏幕输出、打印机输出和绘浓度等值线图等方式。      

Air Quality Action Plans: early indicators of urban local authority practice in England

The delivery of improved local ambient air quality in the UK has emerged through the implementation of the Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland [DETR, Welsh Office, Scottish Office, Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland, The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, CM 4548, London, The Stationery Office, 2000] by the air quality management (AQM) regime. Local authorities now have the responsibility to undertake a review and assessment of air quality in their area and to identify locations where health-based objectives are likely to be exceeded. If relevant public exposure exists, an air quality management area must be designated. Air Quality Action Plans (AQAPs) provide the mechanism by which local authorities, in collaboration with national agencies and others, will state their intentions for working towards the air quality objectives through the powers they have available and by collaboration with other bodies who are in the position of implementing solutions to their air quality hot spots. This management regime will require a new way of local authority working, involving not only local authority joint working but also regional collaboration and co-operation with outside agencies and authorities such as health authorities, regulators of industry and highways managers. Management aspects of the AQM process have been investigated through the data collection from a series of questionnaire surveys. It is argued that the extent to which a local authority is able to show integration of its air quality management responsibilities is an indicator of their capability for delivering AQAPs. Although local authorities appear to be making moves towards a more integrated approach to managing environmental issues, there are still significant gaps in joint working identified through questionnaire surveys and case studies undertaken by the authors. Some recommendations for the successful implementation of AQAPs are also included.     

北京夏季SO_2-NO_2-O_3的DOAS观测结果及变化特征

利用实施北京市奥运空气质量保障计划"北京市与周边地区空气污染物的输送、转化及北京市空气质量目标研究"项目的有利时机,2006年8月对北京城区空气污染物进行加强观测。文章利用SO2、NO2和O3等污染气体的差分吸收光谱仪(DOAS)的观测数据,初步分析这些污染气体的变化特征,得到了一些有价值的结果:2006年8月空气质量总体较好,但NO2和O3小时平均浓度有时超标;北京8月份主导风向是东南风,空气对流活动及降水可明显降低大气中的污染物浓度;NO2污染主要来自局地污染源排放,O3污染来自光化学反应和大气输送;DOAS观测结果与北京市环境保护局发布的空气污染指数间具有比较好的一致性。     

武昌区环境空气质量变化趋势及治理对策

分析2001年-2008年武汉市武昌紫阳、东湖梨园两个空气质量自动监测点空气质量状况,并运用spearman秩相关系数法判断监测点环境空气质量年变化趋势,2001年-2008年武昌区两个测点的环境空气质量总体趋向好转,优良率上升显著,但东湖梨园测点近三年空气质量优良率逐年下降,武昌紫阳测点空气质量优良率虽呈显著上升趋势,但在近三年上升趋缓。影响环境空气优良率高低的主要污染物是可吸入颗粒物,而造成可吸入颗粒物日均值超标的主要原因是建筑工地、拆迁工地的施工扬尘及运输扬尘。建议采取着重治理扬尘污染、加快产业布局调整、注重季节特点、建立空气质量预警机制及其他综合治理措施改善武昌区环境空气质量状况。     

城市街道峡谷空气质量的初步研究

介绍了街道峡谷的定义及特征,通过对其空气质量进行初步研究,分析影响街道峡谷空气质量的因素,选择采样点位及监测技术,探讨了污染物迁移扩散的规律,提出今后街道峡谷研究的方向.     

Uncertainty in dispersion modelling and urban air quality mapping

The ADMS-urban atmospheric dispersion modelling system has been applied to review of air quality in central London in 1996/1997 and assessment of future air quality against air quality objectives in 2005. Model performance is assessed by in situ validation against monitoring data. This case study illustrates how scientific uncertainty needs to be considered when using model output in such a policy context. Model precision, carefully defined, is ±10% with bias between 0 and +12% (model over-prediction) for annual mean nitrogen dioxide and respirable particulate (PM₁₀) concentrations and for the 90th percentile of daily mean PM₁₀. As expected, the model is less accurate for the maximum and 99.8th percentile of hourly mean nitrogen dioxide concentrations and for total NO_x. We propose probabilistic mapping techniques should be used to formalise and clarify how uncertainty is translated into the definition of an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) on a map. This also identifies the extent to which air quality objectives have been defined for which current dispersion model performance is inadequate. It is recommended that the capabilities of modelling alongside measurement need to be considered at an early stage in the formulation of future air quality management policy.     

Traffic source emission and street level air pollution in urban areas of Guangzhou,South China (P.R.C.)

Street level air pollution due to traffic emission is a cause of concern in Guangzhou City. During the winter and summer of 1988, the traffic-related air pollutant concentrations, wind field, traffic volume and vehicle speed were measured extensively in three types of street canyons in Guangzhou City. Various types of motor vehicle emission in idle condition were measured and the composite emission factors of vehicles were derived. The variation of traffic volume and vehicle speed in 223 mainstreets were also investigated. The annual air pollutant concentration levels of traffic source emission were calculated. Using CO as a traffic emission tracer for air pollution on the street, the contributions of traffic emission to street level air pollution were determined by the receptor method. Ground level air pollution in Guangzhou has changed from coal combustion emission type into traffic source emission type. The average contributions of traffic source emission to the concentration of CO and NO_x on the street in 1988 are about 87% and 67%. The most significant pollutant of ambient air quality that traffic source emission influences in NO_x.     

基于气象因素和改进支持向量机的空气质量指数预测

空气污染已成为人类社会面临的严峻挑战,为了构建准确的空气质量预测模型,文章首先运用统计分析方法进行相关性分析,探讨气象要素变化对空气质量的影响;针对传统支持向量机预测精确度受输入变量影响较大的弊端,采用基于熵权理论对变精度粗糙集约简进行了改进,以处理支持向量机的输入变量,提高支持向量机的预测精度;最后以沈阳市的历史气象数据和空气质量指数进行验证。与传统方法相比,所提方法能够将预测准确率由71.28%提高到77.83%,空报率和漏报率也有降低,与实际基本吻合。     

上海城市街道峡谷道路绿化模式研究

街道峡谷在上海城市中普遍存在,街道峡谷中污染气体的扩散受到屋顶风向、风速、高宽比、峡谷两侧建筑物的对称性、高度分布和街区形状等因素的影响。文章对适合于不同街道峡谷形式的、较为典型的道路绿化模式进行了研究。结果表明,上海城市街道峡谷中的道路绿化模式可归纳为:梯级递进式、斑块复合式、疏朗开敞式、模纹花镜式和独立行道树式5种。当街道峡谷与主导风垂直:(1)街道峡谷的W/H>5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或疏朗开敞式;(2)街道峡谷的W/H为0.6～5且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用流朗开敞式、背风侧采用模纹花镜式,或者两侧都采用模纹花镜式;(3)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为平行型峡谷时,绿化模式应采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(4)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递升型峡谷时,绿化模式在迎风侧采用斑块复合式或模纹花镜式,背风侧采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;(5)街道峡谷的W/H<0.6且为递降型峡谷时,绿化模式可采用模纹花镜式或独立行道树式;当街道峡谷与主风向平行:宽、高比大的街道绿化模式应采用梯级递进式或斑块复合式,当街道峡谷的高度是宽度的倍数时,道路绿化宜采用疏朗开敞式或独立行道树式。     

环境规制效果与中国城市空气污染

中国不同城市的空气污染现状与年际变化存在巨大的差异,但总体而言正在经历着明显的改善。城市空气污染是政府环境规制效果的体现,论文从影响环境规制的多种途径和渠道出发,将影响政府环境规制执行效果的原因分为三种因素,包括来自企业等利益攸关者的环境规制执行阻力、来自社会的空气污染改善受益方的环境规制执行压力和政府本身的环境规制执行能力。论文着重阐述了这三种动力内容,并利用空气污染指数(API)数据制作非平衡面板模型,对这三种动力因素与规制执行效果的关系进行了验证,发现环境规制执行阻力和环境规制执行能力显著地影响规制执行效果。教育等社会因素通过提升环境规制压力也能够对环境规制执行进行一定的推动。