基于克里格法的地下水流数值模拟模型的替代模型研究

以内蒙古乌拉特中旗金泉工业园区水源地为研究区,建立了研究区地下水流数值模拟模型.采用拉丁超立方方法得到输入(抽水量)输出(水位降深)数据集,运用克里格法建立了地下水流数值模拟模型的替代模型—克里格模型.将克里格模型输出结果与地下水流数值模拟模型输出数据集进行对比发现,克里格模型和地下水流数值模拟模型得到的地下水位降深均值的拟合平均相对误差为0.22%,地下水位降深剩余标准差的拟合平均相对误差为0.03%,拟合误差很小.表明克里格模型可以有效地替代地下水流数值模拟模型,这为大幅减小优化模型在优化迭代求解过程中多次调用模拟模型造成的巨大计算负荷提供一种有效的替代方法.     

Scavenging ratios and deposition of sulphur,nitrogen and chlorine species in eastern England

Measurements of wet deposited NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻, as well as airborne concentrations of these species and gaseous HNO₃, HCl and NH₃, have been made at a site in eastern England. Scavenging ratios based solely upon aerosol-associated species and upon aerosol plus gaseous airborne species are presented and compared with literature values. It appears that HCl and HNO₃ have only a rather minor influence upon wet deposition at our site. Gaseous NH₃ influences ground-level air chemistry appreciably, but scavenging ratios for NH₄⁺ are low, even when based upon aerosol NH₄⁺ concentrations alone, presumably due to altitudinal gradients in this species. The problems inherent in interpretation of scavenging ratios are discussed. Deposition of nitrogen in various chemical forms is estimated from rainwater and air composition. If a transport-limited deposition velocity is assumed for ammonia gas, dry deposition of this species accounts for around 40% of total nitrogen deposition to the ground.     

Comparison of measurements and integral model predictions of hot water plume behaviour in a crossflow

Measurements of the trajectory and dilution rate of a hot water jet entering vertically into a crossflow have been made in a water flume. Under various source conditions, thermistor probes at selected downstream locations were used to map out the cross-sectional extent of the plume, and thus to establish mean plume altitude and cross-sectional area as functions of distance from the source. These measurements were compared against the predictions of a simple integral model, similar to well-established models in the literature but modified for use in the flume study by the inclusion of an equation of state for water and an empirical correlation for the length of the potential core. An approximate analytical solution of the integral conservation equations, valid for both gaseous and water plumes, is presented. With entrainment and added mass constants very close to those previously estimated for gaseous plumes, good agreement between measured and predicted plume trajectory and dilution rate was found over the range of source conditions tested.     

A comparison of the corrosive action on Pentelic marble of nitrates and sulphates with the action of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide

A comparison of the action on Pentelic marble of nitrates and sulphates with that of NO_x and SO₂ was achieved by passing the polluted ambient air through a filter pack before it entered the reactor chamber holding the marble grains. As a consequence the air reaching the marble was free of nitrates and sulphates, while it contained all the NO_x and SO₂. The effects on the marble grains were quantified and compared with those from a reactor through which unfiltered ambient air was passed simultaneously and under the same conditions. It was found that the action of the acids was much greater than that of the oxides, despite the fact that the concentrations of the latter were much greater.     

Nitrogen source-receptor matrices and model results for eastern Canada

The long-range transport sulphur/nitrogen model of the Atmospheric Environment Service of Environment Canada was used to compute nitrogen source-receptor matrices for 1980 at 12 receptor sites in eastern Canada and 3 in the eastern U.S.A. There were 40 emission regions used to produce the 40 × 15 matrices of concentration and deposition of nitrogen species. The model used nonlinear chemical reactions and the nonlinear effects could be estimated by running each emission region regions combined. For wet deposition the nonlinear effects were less than 10%. For the total annual deposition (wet and dry), the nonlinearity was less than 5%.At each receptor, the matrices showed the contribution to nitrogen concentration and deposition from each emission region. The Canadian contribution to nitrogen concentration/deposition was greatest at Gander, Newfoundland (60–70%) and least at Algoma, Ontario (7–12%). Of the total North American emissions, Canada contributed about 8–9%. Model results that were compared to the limited amount of observed data showed reasonably good agreement (within factors of 2–3).In spite of the model nonlinearities, deficiencies and uncertainties, these matrices provide a first quantitative estimate of the magnitude and relative contributions of Canadian and U.S. source regions to the nitrogen concentration and deposition at several receptors in eastern Canada.     

Comparison of filter materials used for sampling of mutagens and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient airborne particles

The filter material used in high-volume sampling of ambient airborne particles was investigated for its influence on mutagenicity and PAH content of the particles.The particles were collected simultaneously with glass-fibre filters (G filters) and Teflon filters (T filters) or Teflon-coated filters (Tc filters). Sampling was carried out 17 times at different locations in The Netherlands.The use of G filters lead to slightly higher mutagenicity in almost all experiments. In addition every sample collected with this filter material contained substantially higher concentrations of the lower molecular weight PAH which are partly present in the vapour phase. In contrast some experiments revealed slightly lower concentrations of non-volatile PAH which are sensitive to chemical conversion under atmospheric conditions.A multivariate analysis of the concentrations did hardly show any influence of the filter material. The main factor affecting the PAH profile was volatility; factor analysis revealed chemical reactivity as a second factor.The differences between the concentrations of the volatile PAH can be explained by the lower pressure drop across the G filters, resulting in less artifactual evaporation. In addition, adsorption of these compounds from the gas phase on this filter material was found.The latter phenomenon may also explain the differences in mutagenicity, as it has been shown that PAH adsorbed on glass-fibre material react with gaseous air components to form mutagens. The lower concentrations of non-volatile PAH on the G filters points directly to conversion which may also have contributed to the differences in mutagenicity.It is not possible to decide whether the chemical conversion on the T and the Tc filters (demonstrated with factor analysis) has an artifactual origin or takes place in the ambient air before the air reaches the filter.It is concluded, that the differences in mutagenicity between the filter materials are too small to support the use of T or Tc filters instead of G filters in mutagenicity studies.The adsorption of volatile PAH on filter material makes it uncertain to what extent high-volume sampling by filtration leads to over- or underestimation of the volatile PAH present in the particulate phase of the air.     

细菌气溶胶粒径分布特征的检测方法

采用分粒径撞击法监测细菌气溶胶的粒径分布特征,并与沉降法检测结果进行比较.研究结果显示,分粒径撞击法和自然沉降法测得空气细菌总数间存在显著的正相关关系;自然沉降法获得的细菌总数约占撞击法18%,并与撞击法第一级采集的细菌总数基本一致(P＞0.05).约70%的细菌分布在撞击法3-6级,该粒径范围的细菌与人体下呼吸道疾病密切相关.结果表明,计数空气中细菌数量可能能够反映与细菌性疾病流行的关系,而细菌在不同粒径的气溶胶中分布可能对特定疾病如呼吸道细菌感染更为重要.分粒径进行细菌计数可能对监测空气质量更有意义.     

Size-resolved carbonaceous components and water-soluble ions measurements of ambient aerosol in Beijing

A MOUDI-120 sampler was used in Beijing to collect multi-stage samples in the summer and winter of 2013 to 2015. Thirty-three sample sets were collected during the daytime,nighttime, and different pollution levels. The actual relative humidity in the impactors was calculated for the first time. The carbonaceous components(organic and elemental carbon,OC and EC, respectively) and water-soluble inorganic ions(Na~+, NH_4~+, K~+, Mg~(2+), Ca~(2+), Cl~-, NO_3~-,and SO_4~(2-)) were analyzed in each sample. The characteristics of the mass concentration distribution and charge balance were discussed. On the basis of relative humidity in the impactors, aerosols less than 1.0 μm were sampled under relatively dry conditions in most cases. The concentration levels for the chemical species were higher in the winter than in the summer. Three modes(condensation mode, droplet mode, and coarse mode) could be identified from the distributions of NH_4~+, NO_3~-, SO_4~(2-), Cl~-, K~+, OC and EC. The distribution characteristics for the pollution dissipation process were different from the pollution accumulation process. NO_3~-and NO_2~-contributed most of the negative electric charges in the stage below 0.1 μm. In the condensation mode, the cations were dominated by NH_4~+, which was sufficient to balance the anions. In the droplet mode of the heavily polluted samples,the ammonium was not sufficient to balance the anions. In the coarse mode, the positive electric charges were primarily composed of metal cations. The analyzed anions were not sufficient to neutralize the measured cations.     

湿地要素中碳氮同位素特征与水文连通的关系

为探究湿地三要素中碳氮稳定同位素分布特征与湿地水文连通的关系,选取黄河三角洲恢复区和潮汐区湿地典型样点,分析样点水文连通度、植物/土壤/水体悬浮颗粒物中碳氮稳定同位素分布特征及水文连通度与碳氮稳定同位素间的关系。结果表明：恢复区芦苇（Phragmite australis）、香蒲（Typha orientalis）和盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）三种植物地上及地下部分δ¹³C值存在显著差异。恢复区芦苇湿地水体悬浮颗粒物中的δ¹³C值比潮汐区芦苇湿地的更低。潮汐区三个芦苇样点土壤中δ¹³C值和δ¹⁵N值无显著差异,但与恢复区芦苇土壤存在显著差异;恢复区和潮汐区湿地区域水文连通度分别为0.0520和0.0484,不同样点间水文连通度差异较大;湿地水文连通度与植物地上部分及水体悬浮颗粒物中δ¹³C值呈显著负相关关系,说明水文连通对水体悬浮颗粒物的来源及植物的碳代谢和生长可能存在影响。     

The spatial distribution and particle size of some inorganic nitrogen,sulphur and chlorine species over the North Sea

The use of filter packs and a cascade impactor during a series of research cruises in the southern area of the North Sea has yielded detailed spatial distribution patterns of aerosol concentrations, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻¹ and NH₄⁺ and gaseous concentrations, HCl, HNO₃ and NH₃. The overall distribution of the atmospheric concentrations closely parallels published modelled results for metallic species. The chemical transformations of these aerosols and gases are investigated together with their interactions with the seasalt aerosol. Aerosol chloride loss is greatest in the more polluted areas, whilst concentrations products of NH₃ with HNO₃ and HCl appear insufficient to sustain the existence of NH₄NO₃ and NH₄Cl. Nitrate is associated predominantly with larger particles and appears to be present substantially as a surface coating on marine aerosol. The total dry deposition input for nitrogen species is calculated for the southern sector with extrapolation to the whole of the North Sea, using particle size weighted deposition velocities of 0.63 and 0.21 cm s⁻¹ for NO₃⁻¹ and NH₄⁺, respectively, and literature-derived values for the gaseous constituents. Finally the use of air-mass back trajectories illustrates the role of source regions in influencing the chemical composition of the North Sea atmosphere.     

普通及指示克里格法在水稻禁产区筛选中的应用

在对农产品产地进行监测基础上,以川东南水稻生产区为研究对象,探讨了普通克里格法及指示克里格法在农产品产地禁产区筛选中应用的可行性.研究区土壤监测统计结果表明,川东南水稻生产区以重金属Cd污染为主,区域Cd最高值为0.53mg·kg-1;监测点超过<土壤环境质量标准>(GB 15618-1995)2级标准值的比例达34.98%.探索性分析结果显示,研究区土壤Cd异常值较少,土壤Cd监测值及指示值实验半变异函数均为各向同性,采用人工干预条件下的基台值自动拟合法拟合普通及指示克里格实验半变异函数,并根据交叉验证结果确定分别采用带块金值的指数模型及带块金值的球形模型套合结构拟合普通及指示克里格实验半变异函数.通过普通和指示克里格插值结果筛选水稻禁产区后,应用误判率法评估了两种方法应用于水稻禁产区筛选的优缺点.结果表明,普通克里格法训练数据集的误判率为3.89%,验证数据集误判率为26.09%;指示克里格法训练集的误判率为0.78%,验证数据集误判率为21.73%,指示克里格法的估计精度要优于普通克里格法,更适合于研究区水稻禁产区的筛选.     

广州地区紫外辐射特征和模式对比分析

根据中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所的紫外观测数据,研究了广州的紫外辐射季节变化,结果表明,2005年和2006年广州各月份紫外辐射强度的极值的最大值都出现在7月,2006年的达到了55.48W/㎡,极值的最小值也都出现在1月,2005年最小只有23.17W/㎡.利用NCAR(美国大气研究中心)的TUV模式,模拟研究了2005年11月16~29日一次从清洁到灰霾过程的典型个例,模拟的结果与实际观测基本一致,模式研究表明,在污染较轻时,TUV模式能够很好的模拟晴天紫外辐射的日变化,模式与实测之间有约7%~15%的误差. 随着污染的加剧,模式的偏差也变大.气溶胶对紫外辐射的影响相当大,在气溶胶污染严重时可使紫外辐射降低40%,气溶胶对紫外辐射的短波谱也有较大的影响,随着污染的加重,对紫外辐射的短波衰减会加强.     

无机氮和有机氮对铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒影响的比较

以氯化铵和丙氨酸作为氮源,通过测定铜绿微囊藻细胞生物量、胞内藻毒素含量、基质利用率等变化情况探究并比较两种含氮化合物对铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒的影响.结果表明铵氮低浓度(10 mg·L-1)促进铜绿微囊藻生长,而高浓度(20 mg·L-1)具有抑制作用;不同浓度的丙氨酸对铜绿微囊藻的生长均具有促进作用,最适生长浓度为20 mg·L-1.铵态氮对藻毒素产生的促进作用不明显,丙氨酸则较大的促进了微囊藻产毒,是同时期对照组的6倍.     

Reconciling model results with user needs to improve climate policy

The aim of this study is to understand the ‘reconciliation process’ between model results and user needs in Participatory Integrated Assessments. This process is analyzed for the Delft Dialogue, a project in which scientists and UNFCCC delegates used the IMAGE model to assess the consequences of different climate policy proposals. The Delft Dialogue consisted of five iterations in which model results were presented and requests for new analyses were prioritized. These requests were diverse, changed over time and linked long-term model projections with short-term policy targets. We conclude that two factors played an essential role in the reconciliation process in the Delft Dialogue: (1) user requests were identified in iterative interactions and guided the selection of model analyses and (2) model analyses were co-produced by participants and modelers. This Dialogue shows that reconciliation processes can be facilitated through a transparent, interactive and iterative process where user needs are elicited to guide the choice for model analyses.     

A nutrient-transfer model to explain the fate of phosphorus and sulphur in a Grazed Hill-Country pasture

A nutrient-transfer model was developed using a mass balance approach to explain the variations in the amounts of soil phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) found across a range of slopes and aspects in four 10-ha farmlets located in summer-moist hill-country pastures in the southern North Island of New Zealand. The farmlets were continuously grazed by sheep for a period of 12 years, during which time they received a total of 115, 187, 387, 603 and 126, 201, 405, 630 kg ha⁻¹ of P and S, respectively, as single superphosphate (SSP). The model takes account of the effect of topography and local climate on stock behaviour, herbage accumulation and its nutrient content, pasture utilization and the uneven nutrient return through excreta.The developed P model was reliable. The predictions of the transfer model explained 95% of variation in soil P amounts (0–150 mm depth) between farmlets (n=4), 89% of variation between slope units (n=12) and 79% between slope-aspect units (n=36) across all farmlets. When S input parameters were substituted for P parameters, the model was unable to predict the measured soil S levels in any of the four farmlets. Unlike P, S is subject to losses by leaching from these soils. The differences between predicted and measured soil S amounts were used to estimate S leaching losses and pinpoint areas from where they occurred.The concept of modelling the fate of P in P and S fertilized systems and then using the calculated nutrient-transfer functions of the model to evaluate the fate of S provides invaluable information for developing strategies for improving the efficiency of S fertilizer use.     

基于碳氮平衡模型评价厨余垃圾厌氧消化工程

以典型厨余垃圾厌氧消化工程为研究对象,使用碳氮平衡全流程模型计算,分析比较了碳氮物质流模型计算结果与采样实测数据;通过碳氮在固液气三相的全流程分配,评价工程实际运行效能.结果表明,实测数据与模拟结果比较,显示碳氮物质流在厌氧产气部分拟合效果较好（拟合优度0.88）,但在固液分离组件环节存在显著缺陷.通过优化消化液含固率（TS）与固液分离分配比的关系,改进了模型的固液分离组件,从而提高了沼液和沼渣含固率的模拟效果,拟合优度分别提高至0.97和0.82;通过嵌入实际产气程度（R_BMP）,提出并应用了一种基于碳氮平衡模型的评估方法,可判别厌氧消化反应器运行状况.     

污水处理厂COD和氨氮总量削减的成本模型

对国内12个城市污水处理厂COD和氨氮总量削减所需单位成本的调研结果显示,根据污水处理量确定运行费用的传统方法不能直接反映污染物总量削减的成本.在处理能力范围内,COD和氨氮总量削减所需的单位电耗随着其去除负荷增加而降低,并逐渐趋向定值.因此本研究以COD和氨氮总量削减所需电耗为基础,建立了污水处理厂的运行成本模型,其影响因素包括进水和出水浓度、设计规模、水量负荷率等,根据该计算模型确定运行成本可以有效激励污水处理厂削减更多的COD和氨氮总量.     

Indoor/outdoor relationships of airborne ionic substances: Comparison of electronic equipment room and factory environments

In previous work, the indoor and outdoor airborne concentrations and indoor surface accumulation rates of ionic substances contained in fine (<2.5) and coarse (2.5–15 μm) particles were determined for low-occupancy electronic equipment rooms. This work has now been extended to an electronic equipment manufacturing environment.Comparison of indoor and outdoor concentrations at the manufacturing facility for both fine and coarse particles show substantially different behavior from that seen for the electronic equipment rooms.As was found previously, the dominant species in fine particles are ammonium and sulfate, which closely track each other. Their indoor and outdoor concentrations also track, but the indoor/outdoor ratios are larger by a factor of 4–5 than those found for the electronic equipment rooms. Sodium shows tracking behavior similar to ammonium and sulfate and its indoor/outdoor ratio is also large. Other ions in fine particles show elevated indoor/outdoor ratios for some sampling intervals and tracking is not evident, thought it may be masked by the large fractional error associated with species with low concentrations. There is no dominant species in the coarse fraction. Sodium and chloride track each other strongly indoors and outdoors and the indoor and outdoor concentrations of each track closely. Potassium, as well as chloride, exhibit indoor/outdoor ratios that are sometimes much larger than 1.Modelling of indoor/outdoor relationships using a mass-balance model has shown that indoor concentrations can be accurately predicted from outdoor concentrations for species with no indoor sources. The model also shows that the source generation rates for fine and coarse particles indoors range from 0 to 6.6 and 2.3 to 5.8 mg min⁻¹, respectively, for a room with a volume of 6336m³.     

关于醋酸纤维滤膜和聚碳酸酯滤膜测定营养盐和Chl a的对比

本论文采用聚碳酸酯滤膜（0.4 μm）和国内测定营养盐常用的醋酸纤维滤膜（0.45 μm）过滤不同站位海水样品测定营养盐和Chl a,探究两种滤膜之间的区别。营养盐的对比结果表明,采用未干燥的醋酸纤维滤膜和聚碳酸酯滤膜过滤的亚硝酸盐、铵氮、磷酸盐和硅酸盐均不存在显著性差异,硝酸盐存在显著性差异但差别小于2%,因而两种滤膜均适用于海水溶解态营养盐的过滤。干燥后的醋酸纤维滤膜过滤速度慢,且过滤过程中会引入较高的铵氮。Chl a的对比结果表明,聚碳酸酯滤膜更加适合Chl a的测定,醋酸纤维滤膜的截留效率明显低于聚碳酸酯滤膜,这可能是由于该滤膜无法完全截留小粒径的浮游植物。