A comparison of urban and suburban precipitation chemistry

Precipitation samples at an urban Chicago site and a nearby suburban site were compared in order to examine the influence of emissions within a large urban area on local precipitation chemistry. Precipitation samples were collected from June 1981 to May 1982, initially for events and subsequently weekly, and precipitation-weighted concentrations (PWCs) of the major chemical constituents were calculated from concurrent urban-suburban pairs of samples, stratified according to the estimated mixed-layer wind quadrant. Overall, PWCs at the urban site were higher than those at the suburban site for Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻; approximately equal for Na⁺ and SO₄²⁻; and lower for H⁺. For precipitation in southwesterly flow, in which the suburban site was upwind of the urban site and most urban emissions, PWCs of all species except Na⁺ were higher at the urban site. For the few precipitation cases in northeasterly flow, however, differences between sites did not have a pattern consistent with a reversal in the upwind-downwind relationship.     

On the relationship between precipitation amount and wet deposition of nitrate and ammonium

Precipitation collected as wetfall-only on a weekly basis at two sites in the Western Baltic was analyzed for nitrate and ammonium. Both concentration and wet deposition of nitrate and ammonium showed a highly significant correlation with precipitation amount. The relationship between concentration and precipitation amount is described by an inverse half-power law, while wet deposition of nitrate and ammonium is characterized by a dependence on the square root of precipitation amount. This relationship governing wet deposition is shown to be a consequence of the dependence of concentration on precipitation amount.     

Origin of soluble chemical species in bulk precipitation collected in Tokyo,Japan: Statistical evaluation of source materials

An iterative least-squares method with a receptor model was applied to the analytical data of the precipitation samples collected at 23 points in the suburban area of Tokyo, and the number and composition of the source materials were determined. Thirty-nine monthly bulk precipitation samples were collected in the spring and summer of 1987 from the hilly and mountainous area of Tokyo and analyzed for Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ by atomic absorption spectrometry and ion chromatography. The pH of the samples was also measured. A multivariate ion balance approach (Tsurumi, 1982, Anal. Chim. Acta138, 177–182) showed that the solutes in the precipitation were derived from just three major sources; sea salt, acid substance (a mixture of 53% HNO₃, 39% H₂SO₄ and 8% HCl in equivalent) and CaSO₄. The contributions of each source to the precipitation were calculated for every sampling site. Variations of the contributions with the distance from the coast were also discussed.     

降水与氮沉降变化对草地关键氮过程的影响研究进展

研究降水格局变化和氮沉降增加对草地氮循环关键过程的影响,探索不同氮循环过程对未来全球气候变化的叠加效应和适应特征,为最终调节氮素转化过程,提高草地氮素利用效率并降低其生态环境负效应提供科学依据.本文综述了不同水分、氮素以及水氮耦合作用分别对植物氮库、土壤氮库的影响,同时分析了在这些条件变化下可能存在的微生物和酶活性变化的驱动机制.在此基础上探讨了水、氮变化对草地氮循环关键过程影响的不确定性以及目前研究中存在的主要问题.     

北京市内到郊区氮沉降时空变化特征

对北京市区到远郊梯度带上的4个采样点(北京师范大学(BNU)、奥林匹克森林公园(AS)、减河公园(JH)、延庆上辛庄(YQ))降雨和针叶树穿透雨雨量及其化学成分进行了监测,分析了从市中心到远郊的氮沉降时空变化规律.结果表明:梯度带上各点铵态氮(NH+4-N)与硝态氮(NO-3-N)均为5、6月最大,7月开始迅速减小,雨季降雨的稀释作用是主要原因.在空间上,NH+4-N与NO-3-N沉降量大小为BNUJHASYQ,4个样点对应的可溶性无机氮(铵态氮与硝态氮)总沉降量分别为22.6、13.7、12.1、5.42 kg·hm~(-2)a-1(以N计).无机氮沉降以湿沉降为主,4个样点上湿沉降所占比例分别为BNU 72.44%、AS 65.97%、JH 62.78%、YQ 93.86%;沉降成分以铵态氮为主,所占比例分别为BNU56.41%、AS 59.47%、JH 61.21%、YQ 63.33%,从城区到远郊逐次增大.国内外同类研究综合表明,湿沉降中无机氮浓度均是工业区市区郊区远郊区,北京降雨中无机氮浓度相对较高.大多数研究区的城区与郊外大气氮沉降均是以铵态氮为主,与市区交通及生活源氮氧化物排放较高的实际并不一致,其成因与机制尚不明确.     

降水量与城市大气环境关系——以113个环保重点城市为例

为研究降水量与大气污染物之间的关系,依据2017年全国113个环保重点城市大气质量数据,得出城市聚类空间分布规律及两者之间线性拟合方程。基于南北降水量分布特性与城市空气污染指数,采用模糊聚类法对具有不同亲疏程度的城市进行类别划分,运用Spearman相关性与拟合方程对大气污染特征值与降水量进行分析。结果表明：随着聚类种数增多,城市聚集在空间分布上由“环环相套”发展为“依流域分布”,降水量与大气污染物浓度呈现负向关联性,晋冀鲁豫陕省份污染最严重。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验法,得出NO₂、O₃、PM_2.5总体分布符合正态分布,SO₂、PM₁₀、CO既不符合正态分布,也不符合均匀、指数分布,它们与降水量的相关系数为：-0.316、-0.238、-0.332、-0.617、-0.574、-0.695;线性拟合方程系数处于 [-0.031, -0.008] 之间,降水量与大气污染物浓度之间负相关性明显。研究结果有助于了解和认识降水量对城市大气环境变化的影响。     

Spatial and temporal relationships between precipitation and ANPP of four types of grasslands in northern China

Precipitation is considered to be the primary resource limiting terrestrial biological activity in water-limited regions. Its overriding effect on the production of grassland is complex. In this paper, field data of 48 sites （including temperate meadow steppe, temperate steppe, temperate desert steppe and alpine meadow） were gathered from 31 published papers and monographs to analyze the relationship between above-ground net primary productivity （ANPP） and precipitation by the method of regression analysis. The results indicated that there was a great difference between spatial pattern and temporal pattern by which precipitation influenced grassland ANPP. Mean annual precipitation （MAP） was the main factor determining spatial distribution of grassland ANPP （r^2 = 0.61, P 〈 0.01）; while temporally, no significant relationship was found between the variance of AN PP and inter-annual precipitation for the four types of grassland. However, after dividing annual preeipitation into monthly value and taking time lag effect into account, the study found significant relationships between ANPP and precipitation. For the temperate meadow steppe, the key variable determining inter-annual change of ANPP was last August-May precipitation （r^2 = 0.47, P = 0.01）; for the temperate steppe, the key variable was July precipitation （r^2 = 0.36, P = 0.02）; for the temperate desert steppe, the key variable was April-June precipitation （r^2 = 0.51, P 〈 0.01）; for the alpine meadow, the key variable was last September-May precipitation （r^2 = 0.29, P 〈 0.05）. In comparison with analogous research, the study demonstrated that the key factor determining inter-annual changes of grassland ANPP was the cumulative precipitation in certain periods of that year or the previous year.     

北方农牧交错带降水极值变化空间特征

农牧交错带是我国生态环境脆弱带,以109个气象站1971～1998年间的逐日降水资料,分析了农牧交错带年降水量、侵蚀性降水及暴雨等方面降水极值的时间变化及空间分布。结果显示农牧交错带平均每年发生侵蚀性降水的日数在3.5～17.6d之间,暴雨日数在0～2.6d之间;大部分地区的年降水量、侵蚀性降水量及暴雨量等都呈现不同程度的增加趋势,但暴雨量以及侵蚀性降水量等降水极值指标增加趋势更明显,反映出多数地区降水强度增加、降水侵蚀的潜在能力增强的特征;局部地区的降水极值呈减少趋势。     

Poor correlation between the removal or deposition of pollen grains and frequency of pollinator contact with sex organs

The Science of Nature - Pollinators deposit pollen grains on stigmas and remove pollen grains from anthers. The mechanics of these transfers can now be quantified with the use of high-speed video....     

Environmental impact of cement production: detail of the different processes and cement plant variability evaluation

This study evaluates the environmental impact of the cement production and its variations between different cement plants, using Life Cycle Impact Assessment. For that purpose, details of the cement production processes are investigated in order to show the respective part of raw materials preparation and clinker production using environmental impacts calculated with CML01 indicators. For the kiln emission data, a European pollutant emission register for French intensive industries is used to quantify the variability of indicators between cement plants. For the CML01 indicators that are controlled by kiln emissions, some of them (i.e. global warming, photochemical oxidation) show variations between cement plants between 20 and 30%, as for other (i.e. acidification, eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity) variations are greater than 40% due to the lack of accurate measurements on both pollutant content and annual flow. Finally, a normalisation, using Western Europe yearly emissions is performed and permits to highlight among all the CML01 indicators which ones are the main impacts for the cement production. Abiotic depletion, global warming, acidification and marine ecotoxicity are the four identified impacts.     

Relationship between urban eco-environment and competitiveness with the background of globalization: Statistical explanation based on industry type newly classified with environment demand and environment pressure

Within the global urban system, the statistical relationship between urban eco-environment(UE) and urban competitiveness(UC)(RUEC) is researched. Data showed that there is a statistically inverted-U relationship between UE and UC. Eco-environmental factor is put into the classification of industries, and gets six industrial types by two indexes viz. industries‘ eco-environmental demand and pressure. The statistical results showed that there is a strong relationship, for new industdal classification, between the changes of industrial structure and evolvement of UE. The drive mechanism of the evolvement of urban eco-environment, with human demand and global work division was analyzed. The conclusion is that the development stratege, industrial policies of cities, and environmental policies fo cities must be fit with their ranks among the global urban system. At the era of globalization, so far as the environmental policies, their rationality could not be assessed with the level of strictness, but it can enhance cities‘ competitiveness when they are fit with cities‘ capabilities to attract and control some sections of the industry‘s value-chain. None but these kinds of environmental DOlicies can probably enhance the UC.     

Cities from space: potential applications of remote sensing in urban environmental research and policy

The rapidly expanding urban areas of the world constitute an environmental challenge for the 21st century that requires both new analytic approaches and new sources of data and information. Management of the urban environment must consider phenomena at three scales, including the physical environment within cities, environmental systems consisting of cities and their regional hinterlands, and the environmental implications of the global network of megacities. Increasing availability of remotely sensed observations and a variety of other geospatial information could facilitate the development of new tools and approaches for understanding the urban environment. These new applications should take advantage of the special characteristics of remotely sensed data, including their broad spatial coverage, their capacity for routine and unobtrusive updating and their ability to provide self-consistent measurements of critical physical properties that would be difficult or expensive to obtain in situ. In many cases, using remote sensing data to measure and monitor urban environmental conditions will be more straightforward than using them for urban planning purposes, where traditional sources of governmental and private sector data are more easily obtained and understood. In developing countries, however, remote sensing may provide fundamental observations of urban growth and environmental conditions that are not available from other sources.     

挥发性有机物(VOCs)的不同化学去除途径:城市与区域站点的对比

VOCs在大气中主要是与OH自由基、NO₃自由基和O₃等反应氧化去除,部分OVOCs的自身光解也是重要的化学去除途径.本研究基于2018年和2019年秋季在珠三角地区的城市和区域站点的外场观测实验,使用VOCs、常规痕量气体及气象参数的观测数据,对烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和OVOCs等VOCs组分不同化学去除途径的去除速率进行分析.结果表明,烷烃和芳香烃主要通过与OH自由基反应去除,最高占比超过99%.与NO₃自由基和O₃的反应可贡献烯烃去除速率的80%以上,特别是一些天然源的烯烃(如单萜烯)与NO₃自由基的氧化去除是贡献最大的氧化途径.光解是甲醛最重要的去除途径,在两个站点均达到了50%以上,酮类的光解贡献会高于其他OVOCs类物质.OH自由基的氧化去除途径在城市和区域站点的人为源及天然源VOCs去除中占主导地位.区域站点,烯烃尤其是天然源的烯烃物种,与NO₃自由基和O₃反应的贡献要高于城市站点.本研究对促进不同VOCs物种在大气中的去除...     

城市湖泊氮磷沉降输入量及影响因子——以武汉东湖为例

城市湖泊是受人类影响最严重生态系统之一,正面临着水体污染和生态系统退化的双重压力.研究氮、磷沉降输入量及影响因素对城市湖泊管理具有重要的实践意义.本文通过对中国最大的城市湖泊之一——武汉东湖进行为期1年的氮、磷沉降连续监测,研究了大气混合沉降对武汉东湖的氮、磷输入动态,并探讨了氮、磷沉降的影响因素.结果表明:武汉东湖大气氮、磷年沉降通量分别为22.80、1.37 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);总氮年沉降负荷为76.94 t·a~(-1),氨氮年沉降负荷为31.83 t·a~(-1),总磷年沉降负荷为4.61 t·a~(-1),分别占其东湖年入湖污染物的7.28%、7.61%和4.41%.从时间格局看,总氮沉降通量的季节性差异较为明显,表现为:春季(9.03 kg·hm~(-2))夏季(6.01 kg·hm~(-2))秋季(3.90 kg·hm~(-2))冬季(3.86 kg·hm~(-2));而总磷沉降通量呈现出仅春季较高(0.52 kg·hm~(-2)),占全年的38%,其他三季总磷沉降通量变化较小的特征.相关性分析显示,氮、磷沉降负荷量与降雨量、降雨时间间隔及空气颗粒物浓度(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5))等因素呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关.分析表明,随着控源、截污等措施对城市湖泊氮、磷输入的控制,氮、磷沉降对城市湖泊的生态影响应引起足够的重视.     

Skimming behaviour and spreading potential of Stenus species and Dianous coerulescens (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)

Rove beetles of the genus Stenus Latreille and the genus Dianous Leach possess pygidial glands containing a multifunctional secretion of piperidine and pyridine-derived alkaloids as well as several terpenes. One important character of this secretion is the spreading potential of its different compounds, stenusine, norstenusine, 3-(2-methyl-1-butenyl)pyridine, cicindeloine, α-pinene, 1,8-cineole and 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one. The individual secretion composition enables the beetles to skim rapidly and far over the water surface, even when just a small amount of secretion is emitted. Ethological investigations of several Stenus species revealed that the skimming ability, skimming velocity and the skimming behaviour differ between the Stenus species. These differences can be linked to varied habitat claims and secretion saving mechanisms. By means of tensiometer measurements using the pendant drop method, the spreading pressure of all secretion constituents as well as some naturally identical beetle secretions on the water surface could be established. The compound 3-(2-methyl-1-butenyl)pyridine excelled stenusine believed to date to be mainly responsible for skimming relating to its surface activity. The naturally identical secretions are not subject to synergistic effects of the single compounds concerning the spreading potential. Furthermore, evolutionary aspects of the Steninae’s pygidial gland secretion are discussed.     

Synchronous removal of CuO nanoparticles and Cu2+ by polyaluminum chloride-Enteromorpha polysaccharides: Effect of Al species and pH

Copper oxide nanomaterials have been extensively applied and can have serious impacts when discharged into the aquatic environment, especially when complexed with humic acid(HA) to form composite contaminants.As an innovative recycled coagulant aid,Enteromorpha polysaccharides(Ep) were associated with polyaluminum chloride(PACl)(denoted as PACl-Ep) to simultaneously remove CuO nanoparticles, Cu²⁺and HA in this study.The influence of different Al species coagulants(AlCl₃, PA...     

Control of aliphatic halogenated DBP precursors with multiple drinking water treatment processes: Formation potential and integrated toxicity

The comprehensive control efficiency for the formation potentials(FPs) of a range of regulated and unregulated halogenated disinfection by-products(DBPs)(including carbonaceous DBPs(C-DBPs), nitrogenous DBPs(N-DBPs), and iodinated DBPs(I-DBPs)) with the multiple drinking water treatment processes, including pre-ozonation, conventional treatment(coagulation–sedimentation, pre-sand filtration), ozone-biological activated carbon(O_3-BAC) advanced treatment, and post-sand filtration, was investigated. The potential toxic risks of DBPs by combing their FPs and toxicity values were also evaluated.The results showed that the multiple drinking water treatment processes had superior performance in removing organic/inorganic precursors and reducing the formation of a range of halogenated DBPs. Therein, ozonation significantly removed bromide and iodide,and thus reduced the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs. The removal of organic carbon and nitrogen precursors by the conventional treatment processes was substantially improved by O_3-BAC advanced treatment, and thus prevented the formation of chlorinated C-DBPs and N-DBPs. However, BAC filtration leads to the increased formation of brominated C-DBPs and N-DBPs due to the increase of bromide/DOC and bromide/DON.After the whole multiple treatment processes, the rank order for integrated toxic risk values caused by these halogenated DBPs was haloacetonitriles(HANs)》haloacetamides(HAMs) haloacetic acids(HAAs) trihalomethanes(THMs) halonitromethanes(HNMs) 》I-DBPs(I-HAMs and I-THMs). I-DBPs failed to cause high integrated toxic risk because of their very low FPs. The significant higher integrated toxic risk value caused by HANs than other halogenated DBPs cannot be ignored.     

灾害风险视角下的城市安全评估及其驱动机制分析——以滁州市中心城区为例

全球自然灾害以及城市化进程中的人为灾害频发,严重制约着城市的生存和安全发展。以典型的灾害多发地区滁州市中心城区为例,基于压力—状态—响应（Pressure-State-Response,PSR）概念框架,构建了各单灾种风险评价指标体系,利用耦合激励模型复合单灾种风险评估结果,定量测度了研究区的城市安全风险分布特征,并运用地理探测器对城市安全风险进行了驱动机制分析。结果表明：（1）研究区的城市安全风险等级占比从低到高分别为2.49%、8.71%、41.08%、30.47%和17.25%,以中风险占主导。在空间上,城市安全风险表现为中部高于周围边缘区域,呈现出由核心区往外逐步减弱的格局特征。（2）6个驱动因子对城市安全风险的解释力强度为人口密度（0.404）>地均GDP（0.402）>建筑承灾能力（0.095）>植被覆盖度（0.078）>路网密度（0.013）>用地类型风险（0.012）,因子交互协同作用后对结果的解释力增强。研究结果为城市安全风险评估提供了新的理论视角与研究框架,能够服务于高风险区域的灾害风险管理。     

基于GIS的宜宾城市土壤Pb含量空间分布特征及污

基于ArcGIS地统计模块,对长江上游城市宜宾市的63个土壤样品进行了分析,探讨了城市土壤中重金属Pb的空间分布特征和污染状况.结果表明,城市土壤样品中Pb含量为20.3-223.9 mg·kg-1,平均含量为61.2 mg·kg-1,显著高于四川省土壤背景值,具有明显的累积效应(p=0);与四川省土壤基线值相比,宜宾...     

Spatial and long-term variability of soil loss due to crop harvesting and the importance relative to water erosion: A case study from Belgium

The harvest of crops such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), leek (Allium porrum L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.) causes soil loss from arable land because soil adhering to the crop and soil clods that failed to be separated by the harvesting machine, are exported from the field together with these harvested crops. These soil losses can be of the same order of magnitude as soil losses caused by water erosion processes, but are often neglected in soil erosion research. In this article we developed a methodology to investigate the spatial and long-term (1846–2004) variability of soil loss due to crop harvesting (SLCH) in Belgium and the spatial distribution of the importance of SLCH relative to soil losses caused by water erosion processes in Flanders. The study is based on long-term time series of soil tare data of crop processing factories and area and crop yield statistics. Until the middle of the 20th century, potato and roots and tubers grown as second crop, had the largest share in the SLCH-crop growing area in Belgium. Sugar beet gained importance from the end of the 19th century onwards and has now, of all SLCH crops, the largest growing area. We could estimate that, partly due to increasing crop yields and the mechanisation of the harvesting process, SLCH per hectare of cropland increased from 0.4 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in 1846 to 2.4 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in the 1970s and early 1980s. Since then mean annual soil losses decreased again to 1.8 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in 2004. It was assessed that total yearly SLCH in Belgium rose from more than 575,000 Mg in the middle of the 19th century to more than 1.7 × 10⁶ Mg in the 1970s and early 1980s, while current SLCH values are 1.4 × 10⁶ Mg. We estimated that since 1846, more than 163 × 10⁶ Mg soil was exported from cropland in Belgium through this erosion process, which corresponds to 109 hm³ or an average soil profile truncation of 1.15 cm. Average sediment export from cropland in Flanders was 3.7 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in 2002, of which 46% was due to SLCH and 54% was due to water erosion processes. The relative importance of SLCH varied, depending on the agricultural region, between 38% and 94%.