Chemical characterization of acid precipitation in Albany,New York

Chemical composition of precipitation in Albany, NY from July 1986 to December 1988 has been studied. Mean volume-weighted concentrations (μeq^ℓ−1) were: acidity, 104.0; alkalinity, −63.7; SO₄²⁻, 52.8; NO₃⁻, 29.8; Cl⁻, 5.6; F⁻, 0.50; NH₄⁺, 19.3; Ca²⁺, 6.5; Mg²⁺, 2.8; Na⁺, 3.5; and K⁺, 1.4. Mean pH was 4.2 . Seasonal patterns were pronounced for most species. Concentrations of H⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺ peaked in the summer and spring. Deposition was related to rainfall amount by a power law relationship in which the exponent of the equation was ∮.6. Wet SO₄²⁻ deposition was 2.35 keq ha⁻¹ over a 30-month period. The SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ deposition rates observed at Albany indicate that transport from midwestern sources have a major influence at this site. On the average, free H⁺ ion concentrations determined from pH measurements accounted for 51% of the measured total acidity. There were unknown species, most likely organic acids, that could contribute to the acidity. Correlation and regression analyses indicated that major anions, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻, were closely associated with H⁺ and NH₄⁺ ions. Factor analysis revealed four common factors which are related to fossil-fuel combustion, sea spray, cement factory and biomass burning.     

Atmospheric dry deposition on pines in the Eastern Brook Lake Watershed,Sierra Nevada,California

Atmospheric dry deposition to branches of Pinus contorta and P. albicaulis was measured during summer 1987 in a sub-alpine zone at Eastern Brook Lake Watershed (EBLW), eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Results are presented as deposition fluxes of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, PO₄³⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Pb²⁺ and H⁺, and compared with other locations in California and elsewhere. Deposition fluxes of anions and cations to the pine branches were low, several times lower than the values determined near the Emerald Lake Watershed (ELW), another sub-alpine location in the western Sierra Nevada. The sums of deposition fluxes of the measured cations and anions to pine surfaces were similar, in contrast to the ELW location where the sums of cation fluxes were much higher than the sums of anion fluxes. A strong positive correlation between depositions of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺, as well as SO₄²⁻ and Ca²⁺, suggested that large portions of these ions might have originated from particulate NH₄NO₃ and CaSO₄ deposited on pine surfaces. An estimated total N dry deposition (surface deposition of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ and internal uptake of NO₂ and HNO₃) to the forested area of the EBLW was 29.54 eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻ (about 414 g H ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹).     

太原市五年降尘及降水中主要离子特征

随着我国工业化和城镇化的深入推进,人们对城市大气环境质量关注日益增加。连续五年对山西省太原市5个点位进行监测,考察降水中主要离子时间变异及大气干湿沉降规律。结果表明:太原市五个监测点年均干沉降量排序为太钢工业区坞城(东)桃园(市中)晋祠(景区)上兰(市郊),其中太钢年均沉降量是上兰的三倍。降尘量除了在不同点位差异较大外,相同点上不同季节也有较大波动,表现为各监测点春季和冬季降尘量为全年最高。而夏季由于降雨较多,干沉降最少。总体上,近五年各点干沉降量呈现逐年下降的趋势。湿沉降方面以桃园为市区代表分析,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和NH_4~+是太原市桃园降水中主要的无机离子,其加权平均浓度范围为3.1～19 mg/L,各离子浓度在干燥的冬春季较高,且近五年其浓度及沉降量快速增加。桃园降雨中SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-仍然是最主要的致酸离子,SO_4~(2-)年均沉降量分别是NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和NH_4~+的1.7、3.9、5.9倍。Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+和Mg~(2+)的中和因子分别是0.42、0.30、0.14,说明Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+对酸雨缓冲作用大于Mg~(2+)。2013～2017年太原市桃园降雨SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~-和NH_4~+/NO_3~-比值分别为1.7和0.3,表明酸雨类型由硫酸型向混合型发展,主要是近年来NO_3~-浓度增幅大于SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+。总的来看,近些年太原市政府大力提倡节能减排带来明显效果,但工业厂矿区周边降尘污染依然严重,属于今后城市环境治理的重点。     

Estimates of ion sources in deciduous and coniferous throughfall

Estimates of external and internal sources of ions in net througfall deposition were derived for a deciduous and coniferous canopy by use of multiple regression. The external source component appears to be dominated by dry deposition of Ca²⁺, SO₂ and NO₃⁻ during dormant and growing seasons for the two canopy types. Increases in the leaching rates of K⁺ and Mg²⁺ during the growing season reflect the presence of leaves in the deciduous canopy and increased physiological activity in both canopies. Internal leaching rates for SO₄²⁻ doubled during the growing season presumably caused by increased physiological activity and uptake of SO₂ through stomates. Net deposition of SO₄²⁻ in throughfall during the growing season appears highly dependent on stomatal uptake of SO₂. Estimates of SO₂ deposition velocities were 0.06 cm s⁻¹ and 0.13 cm s⁻¹ for the deciduous and coniferous canopies, respectively, during the dormant seasons, and 0.30 cm s⁻¹ and 0.43 cm s⁻¹ for the deciduous and coniferous canopies, respectively, during the growing season. For the ions of major interest with respect to ecosystem effects, namely H⁺, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻, precipitation inputs generally outweighed estimates of dry deposition input. However, net throughfall deposition of NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ accounted for 20–47 and 34–50 per cent, respectively, of total deposition of those ions. Error estimates of ion sources were at least 50–100 per cent and the method is subject to several assumptions and limitations.     

Elements in the precipitation of S. Paulo City (Brazil)

Rainwater samples in S. Paulo city were collected on an event basis from October 1983 to October 1985 covering two dry and two rainy periods. Bulk samples only were obtained. At the same site and period, fine, coarse and inhalable particles were also collected. Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺ contents were determined in rainwater samples, while Na, Ca, K, Cl and S concentrations were measured in aerosol samples. Rainwater is slightly acid (mean pH = 5.0), and contains high concentrations of Ca²⁺, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺. Dry and wet fluxes and washout ratios were determined for some elements. Results obtained suggest that the atmospheric composition in this city is strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources.     

Chemical composition of rain in Thessaloniki,Greece, in relation to meteorological conditions

Wet precipitation was collected in Thessaloniki, Greece, during the period March 1989–December 1990 by using an automatic wet-only precipitation sampler.Rainwater samples were analysed for major cations (H⁺, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺) and anions (Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻), in addition to acidity and conductivity measurements. The majority of rain had a neutral or alkaline character as a result of neutralization, primarily caused by calcareous soil dust and secondarily by atmospheric ammonia. In all rain, SO₄²⁻ concentration exceeded NO₃⁻ concentration. The contribution of maritime sources to the total SO₄²⁻ concentration was very low (<2%).The chemical composition of precipitation was analysed in conjunction with meteorological variables (season of the year, precipitation type, airflow patterns) to evaluate temporal variations and chemical source influence. Rain caused by weak, localized flows showed the highest acidity and the minimum influence of neutralization processes.     

Cloud chemistry at Mt Rigi,Switzerland: Dependence on drop size and relationship to precipitation chemistry

The chemical composition of winter and spring cloud water sampled at 1620 masl elevation on Mt Rigi in central Switzerland was dominated by NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺ and H⁺. A wide range of concentration levels was observed, with maxima of 3700, 1800 and 4600 micronormal for NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺, respectively. Concentrations at a lower elevation (1030 masl) site on the mountain were higher due to lower cloud liquid water contents and higher pollutant levels at that site. The lowest pH observed was 2.95; large concentrations of NH₃ in the region prevented pH values from falling even lower. A comparison of simultaneously sampled cloud water and precipitation revealed much higher concentrations for most species in the cloud water, except in one case of extreme precipitation riming when the concentrations in the two phases converged. An exception to the pattern was H⁺; at times the precipitation was more acidic than the cloud water. The chemical composition of the cloud drops varied with drop size. Drops smaller than 10 μm diameter were enriched in NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺ relative to larger drops. Since the larger drops are the ones most effeciently captured by snow crystals, knowledge of their composition is essential to understanding the chemical implications of accretional growth of precipitation.     

浙江宁波天童地区酸性降水化学特征研究

为了解浙江宁波天童地区降水的化学特征、离子来源及酸性降水的成因,于2010年3月—2011年2月在该地区采集了90个降水样品,并运用离子色谱法分析其化学组分.结果显示,天童地区降水的酸化频率和酸化程度非常高,酸雨频率为97%,雨量加权pH平均值为4.37,离子浓度的大小顺序为SO24->NH4+>NO3->Ca2+>Cl->Na+>Mg2+>K+>F-,降水较清洁;降水pH值和各离子含量存在明显的季节变化,总体表现为冬、春季污染程度高于夏、秋季;SO24-/NO3-的浓度比值为1.9,表明该地区酸雨类型为硫酸和硝酸复合型;SO24-、NO3-、NH4+和部分Ca2+主要来自人为污染源,Na+、Cl-和大部分Mg2+主要来自海洋源,K+和大部分Ca2+则主要来自地壳源,海洋对天童地区降水离子组分影响较大,但对降水酸度影响并不显著;NH4+与SO42-(r=0.90)、NO3-(r=0.88)的相关性分别大于Ca2+与SO24-(r=0.67)、NO3-(r=0.73)的相关性,且NH4+/Ca2+的浓度比值为1.47,说明NH4+对降水酸性的中和作用大于Ca2+,与我国其他城市降水相比,天童地区降水中的碱性离子,尤其是Ca2+浓度较低,从而导致降水酸度高于北方地区和西南其他地区.     

Rainwater composition in Athens,Greece

Wet precipitation-only samplers were used to collect wet deposition at two sites in the Athens basin, Greece for the period March 1986–February 1987.Concentrations of major cations (H⁺, NH⁺₄, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) and major anions (Cl⁻, NO⁻₃ and SO²⁻₄) were determined for the first time in rainwater samples in Greece. Bicarbonate concentrations were calculated. The relative importance of natural and anthropogenic sources were estimated by a chemical balance. The majority of rain collected has a neutral or alkaline character. Acidity was due to the presence of H₂SO₄ and HNO₃. The statistical analysis of the correlation between the concentration of chemical species confirm the influence of natural and anthropogenic sources. In all samples, SO²⁻₄ concentrations exceed NO⁻₃ concentrations despite the dominance of low S oil burning in the region. The wet flux of S was calculatd to be 0.34 gm⁻²a⁻¹.     

Deposition of atmospheric ions to pine branches and surrogate surfaces in the vicinity of emerald lake watershed,Sequoia National Park

Atmospheric dry deposition of ions to branches of native Pinus contorta and Pinus monticola (natural surfaces), and nylon filters and Whatman paper filters (surrogate surfaces) were measured in the summer of 1987 in the vicinity of Emerald Lake Watershed (ELW) of the Sequoia National Park located on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada in California. Deposition fluxes of airborne NO⁻₃, NH⁺₄ and SO²⁻₄ to native pines at the ELW were much higher than in the eastern Sierra Nevada, but several times lower than deposition fluxes to natural and surrogate surfaces at the highly polluted site in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California. Deposition fluxes of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ to the natural and surrogate surfaces at the ELW were much higher than deposition of SO₄²⁻, providing the importance of N compounds in atmospheric dry deposition in this part of the western U.S. A deficit of inorganic anions in materials deposited to various surfaces indicated a possibility of substantial participation of organic acids in atmospheric dry deposition processes. Nylon and paper filters proved to be poor surrogate surfaces for the estimation of ionic dry deposition to conifer branches.     

中国西南酸雨区降水化学特征研究进展

西南酸雨区为我国主要酸雨沉降区,且是全球三大喀斯特集中分布区之一.本文将该区9个地点的降雨资料进行了总结、整理和分析,数据包括pH值和主离子成分(Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+).该地区降雨中的主要阴离子为SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-,主要阳离子为Ca~(2+)和NH_4~+.与我国其它地区相比,其酸性离子、碱性离子和总离子浓度均普遍高于东南地区、而低于我国北方地区.西南酸雨区主要以pH值为4.5~5.6的弱酸性降雨为主,占总降雨频次的58%左右.根据酸、碱性离子的相关性、中和因子等分析结果,该区雨水中的酸性物质可能受到了碱性离子的中和作用,其中起主要中和作用的离子为Ca~(2+)和NH_4~+.将该区雨水pH值和酸、碱性离子浓度与我国其它地区进行对比研究发现,西南酸雨区降雨受到的中和作用要强于东南地区,但弱于北方地区的降雨.通过对西南酸雨区降雨中主要离子来源的分析和估算,降雨中的酸性离子SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-主要来自于人为污染;99.7%的Ca~(2+)和84.0%的Mg~(2+)为陆源贡献,这可能与西南地区碳酸盐岩广泛分布有关.     

Ambient concentrations,scavenging ratios,and source regions of acid related compounds and trace metals during winter in northern michigan

Daily measurements the atmospheric cocnentrations of HNO₃, NO₃^-, NO₂, SO₂, SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺, and several trace metals were made at the University of Michigan Biological Station over a 124-day period during the 1984–1985 winter. The composition of the daily precipitation was also determined. The relative contributions of scavenged NO₃⁻ and HNO₃ to the precipitation was estimated by assuming that the NO₃⁻ scavenging ratio was the same as that of trace metals with a similar particle size. Similarly, the SO₄²⁻ and SO₂ contributions were based on the scavenging ratios of NH₄⁺ and trace metals. On this basis, it was determined that the event median NO₃⁻ and HNO₃ scavenging ratios were 500 and 3500, respectively. HNO₃ scavenging accounted for 83% of the total scavenged NO₃⁻. Scavenging of SO₄²⁻ accounted for all the snow SO₄²⁻ in 67% of the events. In the remaining events, some SO₂ was scavenged, with a median scavenging ratio of 219. Overall, 67% of the snowfall acidity appeared to be due to HNO₃ scavenging. Backward air-mass trajectories that were calculated for each event were used to determine the general source regions of the acidic species. Snow associated with air masses from the south and west accounted for 81 and 75% of the deposited NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻, respectively.     

西安市大气降水污染和沉降特征及其来源解析

基于东亚酸沉降监测网(Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia,EANET)的湿沉降观测数据,分析了2000～2017年西安市大气降水化学特征、沉降特征以及潜在来源.结果表明,2000～2017年西安市降水pH和电导率的变化分别呈上升和下降趋势;大气降水中离子平均浓度大小依次为SO_4~(2-) Ca~(2+) NH_4~+ NO_3~- Na+ Cl- Mg~(2+) K+,其中SO_4~(2-)浓度占总离子的比值由2000年的38. 6%降低到2017年的27. 9%.近年来的SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的比值表明,西安市大气污染物排放类型有由燃煤型向混合型转变的趋势.近十几年来SO_4~(2-)的沉降量整体呈下降趋势,与Mann-Kendall检验所得结果基本一致.西安市大气降水中氮和硫的沉降量分别为16. 89 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)和33. 52 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),并且NH_4~+-N为西安市大气活性氮的主要沉降成分.机动车排放既是SO_4~(2-)的主要贡献者,又是NO_3~-的主要贡献者,对SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的贡献占比分别为15. 43%和72. 99%.对NH_4~+贡献最大的是农业源,占比达到75. 47%.     

Chemistry of atmospheric precipitation at the Western Arabian Gulf Coast

Rainwater and atmospheric bulk deposition samples were collected at a station on the rooftop of the Research Institute of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Dhahran. Continuous sampling was carried out manually throughout the rainy season between December 1987 and February 1988, and for one rainfall event in March 1987. A total number of 13 samples were collected and investigated for pH and dissolved ionic composition using inductivity coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP) and ion chromatography (IC). The range and volume-weighted average pH were 5.1–7.2 and 5.48, respectively. Significant negative linear correlations were observed between the precipitation pH and rain depth, and between pH and the summation of dissolved {(Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)−(SO₄²⁻ + NO₃⁻ + NO₂⁻)} (in μeqℓ⁻¹). The ionic summation also correlated negatively with rain depth. The ionic abundance in rainwater (in μeqℓ⁻¹) expressed in concentration order showed the general trend SO₄²⁻ > HCO₃⁻¹ = Cl⁻ = NO₃⁻ > NO₂⁻ for anions and Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > NH₄⁺ > K⁺ > H⁺ > Sr²⁺ for cations. Good mass balance between cations and anions was observed. Total NO₃⁻ contribute equally to precipitation acidity as SO₄²⁻ and Ca²⁺ plus Mg²⁺ in alkaline suspended particulates from natural sources are the major ions which buffer the acidity of precipitation. The NH₄⁺ ion which is also present plays an insignificant role in the acid/base equilibrium of rainwater.     

The chemical composition of intercepted cloudwater in the Sierra Nevada

The chemical composition of cloudwater in the Sierra Nevada is dominated by NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺. Cloudwater pH is determined largely by the balance between the concentrations of these three species, although inputs of formic and acetic acid also are believed to be important, particularly when anthropogenic inputs are small. Cloudwater samples collected in Sequoia National Park (SNP) exhibited pH values ranging from 3.9 to 6.5; Yosemite National Park (YNP) cloudwater samples had pH values ranging from 3.8 to 5.2. Samples collected at YNP were more acidic than those collected at SNP. The difference in pH between the two regions appears to be due to relatively small differences in inputs of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺. In the absence of inputs of NH₃, cloudwater pH values in the Sierra may fall below 3.Over 250 h of cloud interception were observed during a 12 month period at a cloud monitoring site at 1856 m elevaton in SNP. Estimates of cloudwater deposition of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺ indicate that cloud interception contributes significantly to regional acid deposition for closed forest canopies. Cloud interception may be the dominant deposition mechanism for isolated conifers and ridgetop canopies, where wind speeds are higher and cloudy air parcels can impact directly on foliar surfaces.     

European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes

A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope Integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH₃, NH₄⁺, HNO₃ and NO₃⁻, as well as SO₂, SO₄²⁻, HCl, Cl⁻ and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH₃) and regional (HNO₃, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH₃, largely of agricultural origin, which was the largest single constituent and will dominate dry Nr fluxes at most sites.     

Scavenging ratios and deposition of sulphur,nitrogen and chlorine species in eastern England

Measurements of wet deposited NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻, as well as airborne concentrations of these species and gaseous HNO₃, HCl and NH₃, have been made at a site in eastern England. Scavenging ratios based solely upon aerosol-associated species and upon aerosol plus gaseous airborne species are presented and compared with literature values. It appears that HCl and HNO₃ have only a rather minor influence upon wet deposition at our site. Gaseous NH₃ influences ground-level air chemistry appreciably, but scavenging ratios for NH₄⁺ are low, even when based upon aerosol NH₄⁺ concentrations alone, presumably due to altitudinal gradients in this species. The problems inherent in interpretation of scavenging ratios are discussed. Deposition of nitrogen in various chemical forms is estimated from rainwater and air composition. If a transport-limited deposition velocity is assumed for ammonia gas, dry deposition of this species accounts for around 40% of total nitrogen deposition to the ground.     

The spatial distribution and particle size of some inorganic nitrogen,sulphur and chlorine species over the North Sea

The use of filter packs and a cascade impactor during a series of research cruises in the southern area of the North Sea has yielded detailed spatial distribution patterns of aerosol concentrations, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻¹ and NH₄⁺ and gaseous concentrations, HCl, HNO₃ and NH₃. The overall distribution of the atmospheric concentrations closely parallels published modelled results for metallic species. The chemical transformations of these aerosols and gases are investigated together with their interactions with the seasalt aerosol. Aerosol chloride loss is greatest in the more polluted areas, whilst concentrations products of NH₃ with HNO₃ and HCl appear insufficient to sustain the existence of NH₄NO₃ and NH₄Cl. Nitrate is associated predominantly with larger particles and appears to be present substantially as a surface coating on marine aerosol. The total dry deposition input for nitrogen species is calculated for the southern sector with extrapolation to the whole of the North Sea, using particle size weighted deposition velocities of 0.63 and 0.21 cm s⁻¹ for NO₃⁻¹ and NH₄⁺, respectively, and literature-derived values for the gaseous constituents. Finally the use of air-mass back trajectories illustrates the role of source regions in influencing the chemical composition of the North Sea atmosphere.     

近3年太原市夏季降水的化学特征研究

本研究采集了2011~2013年太原市夏季66场降水样品,分析了p H值、电导率和水溶性阴阳离子,探讨了太原市夏季降水的化学组成及来源.结果表明,近3年太原市夏季降水p H值范围为4.63~8.02,加权平均值为5.19;2011~2013年酸雨频率分别为37.0%、31.2%和17.4%.太原夏季降水的化学组成以SO2-4、NO-3、Ca2+和NH+4为主,阴离子SO2-4和NO-3加权平均浓度分别占阴离子总浓度的67.2%和22.0%,阳离子Ca2+和NH+4加权平均浓度分别占阳离子总浓度的55.1%和29.0%;降水中SO2-4、NO-3、Ca2+和NH+4浓度水平随年度有明显的下降趋势.近3年SO2-4/NO-3的当量浓度比分别为2.97、3.06和3.08,平均值为3.02,说明太原市夏季酸性降雨类型为硫酸和硝酸复合型,且硝酸盐的贡献逐年增强.通过中和因子分析,表明太原市夏季降水中Ca2+和NH+4对酸性中和起主导作用,但Mg2+的作用不可忽略.太原市夏季降水中水溶性化学组分主要与燃煤排放有关;结合气团的后向轨迹分析表明太原市夏季降水主要受山西省内南部低空运行的短距离输送气团的控制;西南和东南气团是太原市夏季降水中水溶性化学组分的主要来源.为了有效改善太原市的空气质量,太原南部及本地焦化企业和燃煤电厂污染物的排放应给予关注.     

Aspects of wet,acidifying deposition in Arnhem: Source regions,correlations and trends (1984–1991)

A time series of wet deposition in Arnhem, the Netherlands, was analysed for the period 1984–1991. Precipitation was collected with four samplers on a daily basis. A comparative study by the Dutch National Precipitation Network showed significant biases for the observations of the National Network station due to longer exposure to dry deposition. Simultaneous operation of wet-only and bulk collectors demonstrated a concentration bias of about 10% for daily bulk sampling.Using a cluster analysis of backward trajectories, clear distinctions could be made between precipitation from continental and maritime origin. Event-to-event variations in deposition seemed to be determined largely by meteorological influences. As major anthropogenic source regions, the U.K., France, Belgium and the Netherlands itself were identified. The contribution of Dutch sources to wet acid deposition in Arnhem was estimated at 30–40%.Trends and seasonal variations were analysed with an advanced time-series model based on Kalman filtering. Similar seasonal variations were found for SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺. Also, seasonal variations in the concentrations of H⁺ and NO₃⁻ corresponded. Significant long-term changes in deposition and concentration were found for SO₄²⁻ (about −3% yr⁻¹) and H⁺ (about −9% yr⁻¹) only. The analysed trends were decreasing, but decreases were larger in the years 1984–1986 than in the following years. The relative decrease in the wet deposition of SO₄²⁻ was substantially smaller than decrease in dry-deposited SO₂ and SO₄²⁻.