Sulfur dioxide,hydrogen sulfide,total reduced sulfur,chlorinated hydrocarbons and photochemical oxidants in southern California museums

Indoor and outdoor concentrations of the air pollutants ozone, NO₂, SO₂, H₂S, total reduced sulfur (TRS), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), methyl chloroform and tetrachloroethylene, have been measured at three southern California museums. Indoor maxima were 175 ppb for NO₂, 77 ppb for O₃, 0.7 ppb for PAN, 1.2 ppb for C₂Cl₄, >6.3 ppb for CH₃CCl₃, 2.5 ppb for SO₂, 1.4 ppb for TRS, and 46 ppt for H₂S. Indoor levels and indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios for the chlorinated hydrocarbons pointed out to indoor sources. Outdoor and indoor levels of SO₂ and TRS were low at all three museums, but I/O ratios for SO₂ were high and averaged 0.89. H₂S concentrations were low, 16–46 ppt at one museum and less than 6 ppt at the other two museums. I/O ratios for the air pollutants with outdoor sources (ozone, PAN and NO₂) showed substantial variations, from low values of 0.02–0.33 at locations without influx of outdoor air to high values of 0.85–0.88 at locations experiencing high influx of outdoor air. Of the 10 institutions we have surveyed in southern California to date, eight exhibit high I/O ratios, e.g. 0.60–1.00 for PAN. Of the four museums surveyed that were equipped with HVAC and chemical filtration, only two yielded the expected low I/O ratios.     

南京市校园室内空气微生物特征

为调查南京市学校教室内空气微生物污染状况,本研究各选一所幼儿园、小学、初中和大学,每所学校分别随机选取10间教室,采用六级安德森采样器进行空气微生物采样.研究发现,在南京地区所调研的这4所不同类型的学校中,幼儿园室内空气微生物浓度最高,细菌和真菌浓度均值分别为605CFU/m³和648CFU/m³,均显著高于其余3所学校.室内细菌和真菌粒径分布趋同,峰值均出现在Ⅴ级（1.1~2.1μm）.仅在大学教室内,发现环境参数与空气微生物浓度存在显著相关性.幼儿园教室内学生每天吸入的细菌和真菌剂量分别为150.2CFU/kg和160.9CFU/kg,均显著高于其他学校学生.     

Quantitative analysis of airborne breathable particles: A comparison between different analytical techniques

Air samples, collected over 6 months, have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the aim to characterize quantitatively the airborne particulate in an urban area. Total suspended particulate (TSP) and Pb concentrations (in μg m⁻³) were estimated by inserting into a simple model the particulate data obtained by SEM.Daily concentration trends were compared with trends measured by gravimetric (TSP) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (Pb) techniques. The correlation coefficients resulted to be 0.8 for TSP and 0.85 for Pb. These results indicate that SEM can be used to have a good evaluation on pollution by airborne breathable particles.     

Asphalt fractions in airborne particles from highway traffic and the accumulation in plants

Ａｓｐｈａｌｔｆｒａｃｔｉｏｎｓｉｎａｉｒｂｏｒｎｅｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｆｒｏｍｈｉｇｈｗａｙｔｒａｆｆｉｃａｎｄｔｈｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｉｎｐｌａｎｔｓ￥ＨｅＫｅｂｉｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，...     

北京市居家空气微生物污染特征

在北京市选取31户有1岁至10岁儿童的家庭进行空气微生物取样,系统研究了室内家庭空气微生物污染特征.结果表明,北京市居家环境空气微生物总浓度变化范围为269～13066 CFU·m-3,均值为2658 CFU· m-3,空气细菌浓度变化范围为47 ～ 12341 CFU·m-3,均值为1821 CFU·m-3,空气真菌浓度变化范围为62～3498 CFU·m-3,均值为837 CFU·m-3.空气细菌和真菌浓度百分比分别为61.0％和39.0％,细菌浓度明显高于真菌浓度.居家环境优势细菌属依次为微球菌属(Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)和库克菌属(Kocuria),4属细菌百分比约占63.1％ ～70.9％,优势真菌属为青霉属(Penicillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和茎点霉属(Phoma),分别约占总数的36.0％、17.8％、9.3％、5.3％和3.6％.文中最后针对北京市居家环境空气微生物污染的现状及其来源,从宠物饲养、空调清理、室内外优良环境的保持及垃圾处理、室内花卉种植等方面提出了治理建议.     

Nitrogenous air pollutants at a southern California mountain forest smog receptor site

Ambient levels of the nitrogenous pollutants NO, NO₂, nitric acid, nitrous acid, ammonia, particulate nitrate, particulate ammonium, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and peroxypropionyl nitrate (PPN) have been measured at a southern California mountain forest location severely impacted by urban photochemical smog. Air quality at the mountain forest location was characterized by high levels of nitric acid (up to 18 ppb) and the phytotoxic peroxyacyl nitrates PAN (up to 22 ppb) and PPN (up to 5 ppb). Alkyl nitrates were below our detection limits of 0.05–0.5 ppb. The (PAN + PPN)/NO₂ ratios varied substantially (range 0.03–2.27) and were generally large, with typical 24-h averages of 0.19–0.50. Diurnal variations of the (PAN/PPN)/NO₂ ratio exhibited both nighttime and daytime maxima reflecting diurnal variations in PAN (and PPN) thermal stability and photochemical production rates, respectively. Organic nitrogen-containing oxidation products (PAN + PPN) were more abundant than inorganic nitrate (HNO₃ + NO₃⁻), with an average organic/inorganic concentration ratio of 2.5 (daytime ratio 1.0; nighttime ratio 3.7). The four oxidation products PAN, PPN, HNO₃ and NO₃⁻ together accounted for 0.26 of the total reactive nitrogen. The results are discussed with respect to diurnal and seasonal variations and in terms of NO₂ atmospheric oxidation pathways. Deposition fluxes and velocities to ponderosa pine have been measured for inorganic nitrate and for ammonium and have been compared with those obtained at other mountain forest locations.     

The relationship of the extinction coefficient distribution to wind field patterns in southern California

The averaged distribution of the extinction coefficient, including its diurnal variation, in southern California is shown for commonly occurring winter and summer wind field patterns. The wind field patterns were generated by an objectively based method using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the vector wind, similarity criteria and cluster analysis. For the days assigned to each pattern, averaged extinction coefficient fields were calculated for six diurnal periods. Three main winter and three main summer patterns were identified. Associated with the wind field patterns were distinctly differing extinction coefficient patterns. Transport of visibility reducing aerosols can be inferred by comparing the wind and extinction fields and their diurnal variation. Transport of visibility reducing pollutants from the Los Angeles Basin and San Joaquin Valley into the Mojave Desert and the south-western U.S. was shown to be highly persistent in summer, while only sporadic in winter. The San Joaquin Valley was identified as having a significant potential for additional visibility impacts in the southwest with higher emissions of visibility affecting pollutants associated with the increasing urbanization of the valley. The analysis illustrated a technique for organizing large wind data sets into a reasonable number of patterns. The clear and consistent relationship between the extinction and wind fields demonstrates the usefulness of this technique in air pollution analysis.     

北极夏季大气气溶胶单颗粒研究

为研究北极地区大气气溶胶颗粒的物理化学特性,于2013年8月8~12日环Svalbard岛收集大气气溶胶样品,利用带能谱的透射电子显微镜(TEM-EDS)共分析2530个单颗粒,并获得颗粒物的形貌特征和化学组成.结果表明,北极地区颗粒物主要表现为5种类型,分别为海盐颗粒、富S颗粒、富Fe颗粒、含碳颗粒和矿物颗粒.后向气流轨迹显示,采样期间大气污染物主要来自于北极点周边的海洋上空和附近格陵兰岛地区.来自海洋上空的大气中主要包含海盐颗粒,所占数量比例为54.7%;经过陆地的大气样品中95.4%为矿物颗粒.利用时间密度因子法估算出北极地区PM2.5质量浓度范围为0.55~0.72mg/m3.     

Comparison of filter materials used for sampling of mutagens and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient airborne particles

The filter material used in high-volume sampling of ambient airborne particles was investigated for its influence on mutagenicity and PAH content of the particles.The particles were collected simultaneously with glass-fibre filters (G filters) and Teflon filters (T filters) or Teflon-coated filters (Tc filters). Sampling was carried out 17 times at different locations in The Netherlands.The use of G filters lead to slightly higher mutagenicity in almost all experiments. In addition every sample collected with this filter material contained substantially higher concentrations of the lower molecular weight PAH which are partly present in the vapour phase. In contrast some experiments revealed slightly lower concentrations of non-volatile PAH which are sensitive to chemical conversion under atmospheric conditions.A multivariate analysis of the concentrations did hardly show any influence of the filter material. The main factor affecting the PAH profile was volatility; factor analysis revealed chemical reactivity as a second factor.The differences between the concentrations of the volatile PAH can be explained by the lower pressure drop across the G filters, resulting in less artifactual evaporation. In addition, adsorption of these compounds from the gas phase on this filter material was found.The latter phenomenon may also explain the differences in mutagenicity, as it has been shown that PAH adsorbed on glass-fibre material react with gaseous air components to form mutagens. The lower concentrations of non-volatile PAH on the G filters points directly to conversion which may also have contributed to the differences in mutagenicity.It is not possible to decide whether the chemical conversion on the T and the Tc filters (demonstrated with factor analysis) has an artifactual origin or takes place in the ambient air before the air reaches the filter.It is concluded, that the differences in mutagenicity between the filter materials are too small to support the use of T or Tc filters instead of G filters in mutagenicity studies.The adsorption of volatile PAH on filter material makes it uncertain to what extent high-volume sampling by filtration leads to over- or underestimation of the volatile PAH present in the particulate phase of the air.     

胶州湾夏季悬浮颗粒物组成特征研究

2005年8月采用FACSCalibur流式细胞仪等方法对胶州湾夏季悬浮颗粒物组成特征及影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,胶州湾夏季悬浮颗粒物浓度范围在12～17.4 mg/L,浓度从湾内到湾口有逐渐减少的趋势;悬浮体中有机颗粒物占总颗粒物数量的58.73%～72.1%,以小于1 μm的颗粒为主,1～2 μm,2～5 μm,大于5 μm的颗粒数量依次递减;活体颗粒含量达到40.05%～61.37%,并且活体颗粒的粒径也比较小,其粒径分布趋势与有机性颗粒分布趋势相似;有机颗粒、活体颗粒分布都具有近岸较高,离岸较低的特点;表层悬浮物有机颗粒、活体颗粒含量分别与温度、pH值和PO3-4-P之间具有较好的相关性.     

西藏南部地区旅游资源特征

受复杂地质作用、强烈新构造运动以及藏族传统文化的影响,在西藏这块广袤无垠的高原环境中孕育了丰富而独具特色的自然景观、地质遗迹景观和人文景观等多种多样的旅游资源,其中西藏南部地区居多而集中,为今天充分开发该地区的旅游资源提供了基础和前提。但西藏地区自然环境恶劣,生态系统极其脆弱,很容易受到破坏,且难以恢复。本文在介绍西藏南部地区旅游资源的基础上,初步提出了开发该地区旅游资源的措施性建议。     

隧道大气细颗粒物及其元素的粒径分布特征

对比研究了隧道和大气环境中不同粒径细颗粒物 (切割粒径分别为0.03,0.06,0.108,0.17,0.26,0.40,0.65,1.0,1.6和2.5 μm) 中S,K,Ca,Ti,Mn,Fe,Zn,Pb,Al,Si,Cu和V等12种痕量元素的浓度. 结果表明:隧道中不同粒径细颗粒物的数浓度和质量浓度在上下班高峰时段出现明显峰值,且隧道细颗粒物在0.108 μm粒径处的数浓度和在2.5 μm粒径处的质量浓度分别是大气环境对照值的15.2和40.0倍;在隧道传输过程中质量浓度增加的痕量元素有 Si,Ca,Fe,Al,Ti,Zn,Mn,Cu和V,减小的有S,Pb,Zn和K;地壳元素(Si,Ca,Fe,Al和Ti)的质量浓度总和占隧道细颗粒物中痕量元素质量浓度总和的87%,表明土壤扬尘仍是隧道大气细颗粒物的主要来源.      

我国大气背景点颗粒物PAHs分布特征及毒性评估

选择我国自北向南4个国家大气背景监测站(吉林长白山、山西庞泉沟、湖北神农架和广东南岭),于2013年4个季度采集了环境空气PM2.5和PM10样品,采用超声波乙腈萃取-超高压液相色谱分析16种多环芳烃.结果表明,4个大气背景点的PM2.5和PM10中∑PAHs浓度分别为0.09~25.42ng/m3和0.13~30.16ng/m3,与国内外大气背景点基本处于同一浓度水平,空间分布特点为庞泉沟>长白山>神农架>南岭,季节分布特点为庞泉沟和神农架春季、冬季,长白山的春季,以及南岭冬季明显高于所在背景点的其他季节.PM2.5和PM10中BaP和∑PAHs在低浓度范围内均呈现显著的线性相关性.除了长白山冬季和南岭夏季的3环PAHs比例较高外,其余季节的背景点以4环和5环PAHs为主,主要为荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)荧蒽.通过BaP当量进行了致癌性和致突变性评价,结果显示庞泉沟春季和冬季颗粒物的∑BaPTEF和∑BaPMEF相对较高,分别为1.81~2.74ng/m3和2.92~4.36ng/m3, 对所在区域的PAH污染状况需要关注.     

Characteristics of the water-soluble components of aerosol particles in Hefei, China

Size-classified daily aerosol mass concentrations and concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions were measured in Hefei,China,in four representative months between September 2012 and August 2013.An annual average mass concentration of 169.09μg/m~3 for total suspended particulate(TSP)was measured using an Andersen Mark-II cascade impactor.The seasonal average mass concentration was highest in winter(234.73μg/m~3)and lowest in summer(91.71μg/m~3).Water-soluble ions accounted for 59.49%,32.90%,48.62%and 37.08%of the aerosol mass concentration in winter,spring,summer,and fall,respectively,which indicated that ionic species were the primary constituents of the atmospheric aerosols.The four most abundant ions were NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-),Ca~(2+) and NH_4~+.With the exception of Ca~(2+),the mass concentrations of water-soluble ions were in an intermediate range compared with the levels for other Chinese cities.Sulfate,nitrate,and ammonium were the dominant fine-particle species,which were bimodally distributed in spring,summer and fall;however,the size distribution became unimodal in winter,with a peak at 1.1–2.1μm.The Ca~(2+) peak occurred at approximately 4.7–5.8μm in all seasons.The cation to anion ratio was close to 1.4,which suggested that the aerosol particles were alkalescent in Hefei.The average NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)mass ratio was 1.10 in Hefei,which indicated that mobile source emissions were predominant.Significant positive correlation coefficients between the concentrations of NH_4~+ and SO_4~(2-),NH_4~+ and NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-)and NO_3~-,and Mg~(2+) and Ca~(2+) were also indicated,suggesting that aerosol particles may be present as(NH_4)_2SO_4,NH_4HSO_4,and NH_4NO_3.     

Formic acid and acetic acid: Emissions,atmospheric formation and dry deposition at two southern California locations

Emission rates, in situ formation rates and removal rates by dry deposition are estimated for formic acid (HCOOH, C1) and acetic acid (CH₃COOH, C2), which are the most abundant acids in southern California air and together account for much of the airborne acidity and are the leading contributors to acid dry deposition. Using data for eight unreactive tracers, direct emission rates during the fall 1987 are estimated to be 5.6 and 12.8 metric tons d⁻¹ for C1 and C2, respectively, at a coastal source-dominated site. These emissions rates increase to 9.6(C1) and 20.4(C2) metric tons d⁻¹ during the summer. In situ formation in the atmosphere via the ozone-olefin reaction is an important source for both acids. This reaction produces an estimated 25.0 and 10.1 metric tons d⁻¹ of C1 and C2, respectively, during the day and 34.5 (C1) and 4.3 (C2) metric tons d⁻¹ at night. More acetic acid than formic acid is emitted by direct sources, with C2/C1 emission rate ratios of 2.1–2.3. The reverse is true of in situ formation, with C1/C2 production rate ratios of 2.5 (day) and 8.0 (night). Dry deposition removal rates depend on season (fall > summer) and location (inland > coastal) and are 22–52 metric tons d⁻¹ for C1, and 32–83 metric tons d⁻¹ for C2. Source (emissions + in situ formation) and sink (dry deposition) terms are of the same magnitude in all six cases studied and balance each other well in three of these cases. Uncertainties in emission, in situ production and removal rates are discussed and reflect uncertaintes in olefin and unreactive tracer emission rates, yields of organic acids from the Criegee biradical (ozone-olefin reaction), and dry deposition velocity, respectively.     

饮用水源中不同粒径颗粒物吸附抗生素特征研究

天然水体中存在大量的细小颗粒,它们往往与污染物相互作用并成为其载体,在饮用水传统处理工艺中亦不能被很好去除,进而随水厂出水进入人体,对人体健康造成潜在威胁.抗生素在饮用水源中的固、液相分配规律以及不同粒径颗粒对抗生素的吸附能力及影响因素亟待研究.实验利用微波萃取(MAE)和高效液相色谱与质谱联用(HPLC-MS/MS)的方法分别对颗粒物上吸附的抗生素进行了前处理和测定,进而分析了饮用水源颗粒物对4种典型抗生素的吸附特征.连续吸附平衡实验在360 min达到平衡,平衡时抗生素有32%~44%分布在颗粒上;除青霉素外,粒径0.05~1μm小颗粒的吸附量又占颗粒总吸附量的56%~70%.同时p H是影响饮用水源中颗粒吸附抗生素的重要因素,无论对于所有颗粒还是0.05~1μm的小颗粒,其吸附能力的最大值均出现在中性条件(p H=7)下.     

The effect of sampling rate on the efficiency of the Warren Spring sampler in the determination of ambient concentrations of airborne particles

Field measurements of total suspended particulates and airborne lead concentrations are presented showing evidence of a relationship between the sampling efficiency of the Warren Spring M-type sampler and the pumping rate employed.     

吕梁山连片贫困区南部水资源实物量表特征

为实现区域水资源的优化配置及区域经济、社会和水资源的协调持续发展,查明区域水资源实物量,选取水资源生态极为脆弱的吕梁山连片贫困区的南部地区,基于2008—2017年的水资源数据,编制区域水资源实物量表,分析水资源实物量的时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）吕梁山南部贫困区水资源实物存量在研究期内呈明显增加趋势,增长值（含重复计算量）高达6101×10⁴m³,其中地表水实物存量期间增长最快,地下水实物存量期间增长较慢;第一产业用水增加明显,这与区域高耗水的经果林大面积推广种植有关。（2）居民生活用水增长明显,人均生活用水量增加较快,居民生活用水是当地水资源实物存量变化的主要影响因素。（3）研究区各县水资源实物量空间分布差异大,县域间水资源平均存量最大相差3971.4 m³;单位面积平均水资源存量及单位面积平均水资源实际使用量均为隰县最多,吉县最少;隰县人均生活用水量最多,汾西县人均生活用水量最少。（4）实际用水量与水资源总量相关程度高,水资源的存量在一定程度上制约了水资源的实际使用量。研究结果对于区域水资源优化配置及吕梁山连片贫困区早日实现脱贫攻坚具有重要的科学指导意义。     

常州市春季PM2.5中细菌群落特征及影响因素

为研究常州市春季PM_2.5中细菌群落特征,利用高通量测序对PM_2.5中细菌的16S rRNA基因进行研究.测序获得的有效序列数为600150,以97%的相似水平划分,各样品的OTUs为1890~6519,同时样本的Coverage指数较高,表明测序结果可以准确地代表样本中的空气细菌群落.物种注释结果表明：常州春季PM_2.5中相对丰度> 1%的有11个细菌门、14个细菌纲和12个细菌属,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝藻细菌门（Cyanobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）是排名前3的优势细菌类群,占总基因丰度的80.88%.属水平优势细菌主要有拟甲色球藻属（Chroococcidiopsis,6.03%）、Rubellimicrobium（5.95%）、微囊藻属（Microcystis,4.86%）和鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas,3.16%）,但在属水平上未能进行分类的基因序列比例高达81.11%.基于PM_2.5中细菌群落组成进行来源分析,发现常州市春季PM_2.5中细菌的环境来源多变,其主要环境源可能为淡水,其次是土壤、植物和人为源.利用冗余分析探讨环境因子与细菌群落的关系,结果表明,NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、O₃、SO₄^2-、OC、气压和CO是常州市春季PM_2.5中细菌群落的主要影响因子,同时不同环境因子对不同细菌类群影响不同.     

北京2015年大气细颗粒物的空间分布特征及变化规律

近年来,随着雾霾事件的频发,人们逐渐提高了对雾霾的关注度,PM_2.5作为其首要污染物对大气能见度及人体健康造成了严重影响.因此,本文利用2015年北京12个环境监测站点的PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、CO和O₃的浓度数据和气象数据,综合研究了北京2015年大气细颗粒物的空间变化特征及分布规律.同时,利用空间差异率（COD）统计方法评估了不同地区细颗粒物浓度的差异程度,并结合2015年2次特殊事件（春节和阅兵）,对大气污染特征及其与排放源控制的关系进行了深入对比分析.结果发现,重污染天气集中发生在秋冬季,且污染程度高、持续时间长.城区PM_2.5浓度比郊区高约12 μg·m^-3.东城区与对照区差异最大,COD值为0.24;东城区与西城区差异最小,COD值为0.05.春、夏、秋季颗粒物PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度日变化较为平稳,在中午有所升高,冬季颗粒物质量浓度明显呈现出夜间高于日间的污染模式.近3年PM_2.5与PM₁₀保持显著的相关性,但PM_2.5/PM₁₀比值呈降低趋势.阅兵期间采取的空气质量管控措施和气象要素共同作用导致PM_2.5浓度下降约72%,市中心的首要污染物为NO₂,郊区首要污染物为O₃和PM₁₀.春节期间烟花燃放对PM_2.5的瞬时贡献量很大,对比春节假期和非假期2个阶段的大气污染特征发现,人口和机动车减少及餐馆暂停营业并没有使北京局地空气质量得到明显改善.该研究结果提示在进行PM_2.5控制的同时也要对O₃浓度有所关注,同时也进一步支撑了北京空气质量改善需要京津冀协同控制这一重要结论.