秋季黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地系统CH4通量特征及影响因素研究

2009年秋季(9、10月),运用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地系统的CH4排放通量进行了观测,并对影响CH4通量特征的关键因子进行了识别.结果表明,在空间上,秋季高潮滩、中潮滩、低潮滩和光滩的CH4通量范围分别为-0.206～1.264、-0.197～0.431、-0.125～0.659、-0.742～1.767 mg.(m2.h)-1,均值为0.089、0.038、0.197和0.169mg.(m2.h)-1,均表现为CH4排放源,但源功能整体表现为低潮滩>光滩>高潮滩>中潮滩;在时间上,9、10月的CH4排放通量范围分别为-0.444～1.767、-0.742～1.264 mg.(m2.h)-1,均值为0.218、0.028 mg.(m2.h)-1,除9月高潮滩表现为CH4弱汇外,其它潮滩的CH4通量均明显高于10月.研究发现,黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地环境因素变化比较复杂,CH4排放通量受多重因素控制.不同潮滩湿地在9、10月CH4排放通量的差异可能主要与温度(特别是气温)以及植被生长状况的差异有关,而水盐条件和潮汐状况对潮滩湿地系统CH4通量特征的影响也不容忽视.     

Transported acid aerosols measured in southern Ontario

During the period 29 June 1986–9 August 1986, a field health study assessing the acute health effects of air pollutants on children was conducted at a summer girls' camp on the northern shore of Lake Erie in SW Ontario. Continuous air pollution measurements of SO₂, O₃, NO_x, particulate sulfates, light scattering, and meteorological measurements including temperature, dew point, and wind speed and direction were made. Twelve-hour integrated samples of size fractioned particles were also obtained using dichotomous samplers and Harvard impactors equipped with an ammonia denuder for subsequent hydrogen ion determination. Particulate samples were analyzed for trace elements by X-ray fluorescence and Neutron Activation, and for organic and elemental carbon by a thermal/optical technique. The measured aerosol was periodically very acidic with observed 12-h averaged H⁺ concentrations in the range < 10–560 nmoles m⁻³. The aerosol H⁺ appeared to represent the net strong acidity after H₂SO₄ reaction with NH₃(g). Average daytime concentrations were higher than night-time for aerosol H⁺, sulfate, fine mass and ozone. Prolonged episodes of atmospheric acidity, sulfate, and ozone were associated with air masses arriving at the measurement site from the west and from the southwest over Lake Erie. Sulfate concentrations measured at the lakeshore camp were more than twice those measured at inland sites during extreme pollution episodes. The concentration gradient observed with onshore flow was potentially due to enhanced deposition near the lakeshore caused by discontinuities in the meteorological fields in this region.     

Effect of bio-column composed of aged refuse on methane abatement – A novel configuration of biological oxidation in refuse landfill

An experimental bio-column composed of aged refuse was installed around the exhaust pipe as a new way to mitigate methane in refuse landfill.One of the objectives of this work was to assess the effect of aged refuse thickness in bio-column on reducing CH 4 emissions.Over the study period,methane oxidation was observed at various thicknesses,5 cm (small size),10 cm (middle size) and 15 cm (large size),representing one to three times of pipeline diameters.The middle and large size both showed over 90% methane conversion,and the highest methane conversion rate of above 95% occurred in the middle-size column cell.Michaelis-Menten equation addressed the methanotrophs diffusion in different layers of the bio-columns.Maximum methanotrophic activity (V max) measured at the three thicknesses ranged from 6.4 × 10 3 to 15.6 × 10 3 units,and the half-saturation value (K M) ranged from 0.85% to 1.67%.Both the highest V max and K M were observed at the middle-size of the bio-column,as well as the largest methanotrophs population,suggesting a significant efficiency of methane mitigation happened in the optimum zone with greatest affinity and methanotrophic bacteria activities.Therefore,bio-column is a potential style for methane abatement in landfill,and the aged refuse both naturally formed and artificially placed in the column plays a critical role in CH 4 emission.     

长江口盐沼带湿地生态演替过程中甲烷排放研究

甲烷(CH4)作为河口湿地碳循环的重要中间产物,是大气中仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的第二大温室气体,其排放清单对于全球气候变暖趋势的预测具有重要意义.因此,本研究采用静态箱-气相色谱技术,针对长江口盐沼带湿地CH4的排放通量展开了为期2年、每月1次的现场观测.研究结果表明,长江口盐沼带湿地持续表现为大气CH4的净排放源,其中,2011年在海三棱藨草覆盖情况下,全年CH4平均排放通量达到了1.00 mg·m-2·h-1,2012年互花米草大规模入侵后,海三棱藨草生物量显著减小,全年CH4排放通量减小为0.55 mg·m-2·h-1.Pearson相关性分析表明,沉积物有机碳含量、光合有效辐射及含水率等均不是影响长江口盐沼带湿地CH4排放的重要环境因子.在2011年,海三棱藨草生物量(p=0.001,r=0.928)、气温(p0.01,r=0.432)均与CH4排放通量呈现显著正相关,全年CH4最大排放通量出现在生物量最大的夏季8月份;2012年随着互花米草的入侵,CH4排放通量在5月份达到了最大值,自5月份之后逐渐减小,互花米草的入侵使长江口中潮滩盐沼带湿地CH4排放通量整体呈现出了下降的趋势.     

Analysis of temperature effects on seasonal and interannual variation in CH4 emission from rice-planted pots

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddies are one of the major sources of atmospheric methane (CH₄), a greenhouse gas. To elucidate the quantitative relationship between CH₄ emission from rice paddies and temperature, 6 years data of CH₄ emission from pot experiments were analyzed in terms of the sum of effective temperature (∑(T−15); T is the daily mean air temperature (°C)). The base temperature of 15 °C was adopted as the 0 °C physiological temperature for methanogens. Significant positive correlations between total CH₄ emission throughout the rice growth period and ∑(T−15) were observed for pots with rice straw (RS) application at a rate of 6 g kg⁻¹ soil, which corresponds to 6 t ha⁻¹ (r=0.830⁷¹), and those without RS application (r=0.818⁷¹). It was confirmed that temperature is a major factor affecting the interannual variation in CH₄ emission. For the 1993 and 1995 data sets that include seven and four levels of RS application, the relationship between seasonal CH₄ emission and RS application rate could be expressed using linear functions (r=0.988⁷¹, 0.996⁷¹), the slopes of which were similar to each other. Based on these findings, we confirmed that the dependence of seasonal CH₄ emission on both temperature and RS application rate can be described by a single linear equation.     

The investigation of air quality and acid rain over the Gulf of Mexico

A research cruise was conducted in the summer of 1986 by a group of scientist from the U.S.A. and Mexico to investigate air chemistry over the Gulf of Mexico. Chemical, physical, meteorological and oceanographic measurements were carried out to survey temporal and spatial variations of diverse parameters throughout the Gulf. Emphases were placed on air-sea-land exchange of gases and aerosols, natural air quality, transport of anthropogenic air pollution, and acid rain deposition to the Gulf. Although the prevailing winds were easterly from the sea during the cruise, the air was highly polluted with continental aerosols, probably caused by local shifting winds and the oscillation between sea breeze and land breeze. Aerosol number concentrations were measured from 10⁵ cm⁻³ at ports to 10³ cm⁻³ in the open Gulf. The average aerosol mass concentration was ∼25μg M⁻³, consisting of 60% insoluble crustal particles that contained Si, Al, Fe; 30% seasalt particles that contained Na⁺ and Cl⁻; and 10% anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate particles. Samples of rain water collected near the coast were acidic (pH ∼4). The concentrations of dimethyl sulfide correlated with bio-particle concentrations in surface seawater and could be a significant precursor of atmospheric SO₄²⁻ particles. The life cycles of the aerosols in the Gulf, including sources, transport, transformation, and wet and dry deposition are discussed.     

Effects of acidic deposition on the erosion of carbonate stone — experimental results from the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)

One of the goals of NAPAP-sponsored research on the effects of acidic deposition on carbonate stone has been to quantify the incremental effects of wet and dry deposition of hydrogen ion, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides on stone erosion. Test briquettes and slabs of freshly quarried Indiana limestone and Vermont marble have been exposed to ambient environmental conditions in a long-term exposure program. Physical measurements of the recession of test stones exposed to ambient conditions at an angle of 30° to horizontal at the five NAPAP materials exposure sites range from ∼ 15 to ∼ 30 μm yr⁻¹ for marble, and from ∼ 25 to ∼ 45 μm yr⁻¹ for limestone, and are approximately double the recession estimates based on the observed calcium content of run-off solutions from test slabs. The difference between the physical and chemical recession measurements is attributed to the loss of mineral grains from the stone surfaces that are not measured in the run-off experiments. The erosion due to grain loss does not appear to be influenced by rainfall acidity, however, preliminary evidence suggests that grain loss may be influenced by dry deposition of sulfur dioxide between rainfall events. Chemical analyses of the run-off solutions and associated rainfall blanks suggest that ∼ 30% of erosion by dissolution can be attributed to the wet deposition of hydrogen ion and the dry deposition of sulfur dioxide and nitric acid between rain events. The remaining ∼ 70% of erosion by dissolution is accounted for by the solubility of carbonate stone in rain that is in equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide (“clean rain”). These results are for marble and limestone slabs exposed at an angle of 30° from horizontal. The relative contribution of sulfur dioxide to chemical erosion is significantly enhanced for stone slabs having an inclination of 60° or 85°. The dry deposition of alkaline particulate material has a mitigating effect at the two urban field exposure sites at Washington, DC, and Steubenville, OH.     

Deposition and forest canopy interactions of airborne sulfur: Results from the integrated forest study

The Integrated Forest Study (IFS) was a long-term research project designed to determine the effects of atmospheric deposition on forest nutrient cycles. Concentrations and fluxes of airborne sulfur compounds were determined for several years at the 13 IFS research forests in North America and Europe using a standard set of protocols. Annual mean air concentrations of sulfur ranged from ∼1.5 to 8 μgSm⁻³ and were generally dominated by SO₂ (∼60% of total sulfur on the average). Atmospheric deposition of sulfate at these forests was highest at the high elevation (∼ 1000–2000 eq ha⁻¹yr⁻¹) and at the southeastern U.S. sites (∼800–1000 eq ha⁻¹yr⁻¹), and lowest in the Pacific northwest (∼300 eq ha⁻¹yr⁻¹). Cloud water contributed significantly to the sulfur flux at the mountain sites (45–50%), and dry deposition was comparable to wet at the drier southeastern sites (>40% of total). Deposited sulfur appeared to behave more or less conservatively in these canopies, showing little net uptake (ofSO₂) and minor foliar leaching (of soil-derived, internal SO₄²⁻) relative to the total atmospheric flux. The estimated fluxes in total deposition were generally within 15% of the measured fluxes in throughfall plus stemflow, indicating that useful estimates of total atmospheric deposition of sulfur can be derived from measurements of throughfall.     

Effects of plant diversity on greenhouse gas emissions in microcosms simulating vertical constructed wetlands with high ammonium loading

Wastewater with relatively high nitrogen concentrations is a major source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions and exerts multiple stresses on the environment. Studies have shown that plant diversity plays an important role in ecosystem functioning. However, the effects of plant species diversity on CH₄ and N₂O emissions under high ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) loading rates remain unclear. In this study, a microcosm experiment simulating vertical constructed wetlands supplied with high NH₄⁺-N water levels was established. The treatments included four species richness levels (1, 2, 3, 4) and 15 species compositions. There was no significant relationship between species richness and N₂O emissions. However, N₂O emissions were significantly reduced by specific plant species composition. Notably, the communities with the presence of Rumex japonicus L. reduced N₂O emissions by 62% compared to communities without this species. This reduction in N₂O emissions may have been a result of decreased N concentrations and increased plant biomass. CH₄ emissions did not respond to plant species richness or species identity. Overall, plant species identity surpassed species richness in lowering N₂O emissions from constructed wetlands with high NH₄⁺-N water. The results also suggest that communities with R. japonicus could achieve higher N removal and lower greenhouse gas emissions than other wetland species.     

Modeling the impact of mitigation options on methane abatement from rice fields

The enhanced concentration of methane (CH₄) in the atmosphere is significantly responsible for the ominous threat of global warming. Rice (Oryza) paddies are one of the largest anthropogenic sources of atmospheric CH₄. Abatement strategies for mitigating CH₄ emissions from rice fields offer an avenue to reduce the global atmospheric burden of methane and hence the associated menace of climate change. Projections on population growth suggest that world rice production must increase to meet the population’s food energy demand. In this scenario, those mitigation options are advocated which address both the objectives of methane mitigation and increased production of rice simultaneously. In this paper, we have formulated a nonlinear mathematical model to investigate the effectiveness and limitations of such options in reducing and stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of CH₄ while increasing rice yield. In modeling process, it is assumed that implementation rate of mitigation options is proportional to the enhanced concentration of atmospheric CH₄ due to rice fields. Model analysis reveals that implementation of mitigation options not always provides “win-win” outcome. Conditions under which these options reduce and stabilize CH₄ emission from rice fields have been derived. These conditions are useful in devising strategies for effective abatement of CH₄ emission from rice fields along with sustainable increase in rice yield. The analysis also shows that CH₄ abatement highly depends on efficiencies of mitigation options to mitigate CH₄ emission and improve rice production as well as on the implementation rate of mitigation options. Numerical simulation is carried out to verify theoretical findings.     

河口潮滩湿地CH4、CO2排放通量对氮硫负荷增强的响应

以闽江河口区高、中潮滩短叶茳芏湿地为研究对象,于2014年6—11月植物生长季进行氮硫负荷增强实验,利用静态箱-气象色谱法测定土壤CH_4、CO_2排放通量,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明,氮硫负荷增强对潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量的影响不尽一致.与对照相比,NH_4~+-N输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别提高了(107.53%,7.19%),使高潮滩CO_2排放通量增加了3.39%,中潮滩减少了3.00%;NO_3~--N输入使高潮滩CH4、CO_2排放通量分别增加了(29.99%,16.99%),使中潮滩分别减少了(3.45%,4.77%);SO_4~(2-)-S输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别减少了(8.99%,7.67%),使高潮滩CO_2排放通量减少了3.87%,中潮滩增加了5.44%;N-S复合输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别提高了(72.48%,25.66%),CO_2排放通量提高了(13.32%,13.48%).氮硫负荷增强改变了短叶茳芏沼泽生长季CH_4、CO_2排放通量变化规律,但除了NH+4-N处理对高潮滩CH4通量的影响显著外,其他处理影响均未达到显著性水平.相关分析显示,高、中潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量与土壤温度,含水率具有显著的正线性相关关系,与土壤电导率相关性不显著.在全球环境问题日益严重背景下,系统研究湿地生态系统温室气体排放的机制与规律,对于准确估算全球温室气体排放量具有重要而直接的意义.     

厌氧污泥产甲烷活性与产甲烷菌群多样性的研究

选用NaAc为基质,对AP、DH两污水处理厂的厌氧污泥进行了生化产甲烷(CH4)势实验(BMP).经改进的Gompertz模型和MichaelisMenten模型回归分析可知,尽管AP、DH两厂厌氧污泥的最大比产气速率数值接近(67.93、62.65 mL·g-1·d-1,以VSS计),但对基质NaAc的半饱和常数K m差异较大(1517和801 mg·L-1),DH厌氧污泥对基质的亲和力较好.BMP实验结束时DH厌氧污泥中的ORP位于-310~-373 mV之间,投加基质时CH4回收率高于80%,均优于AP厌氧污泥.T-RFLP与SEM镜检结果与BMP实验结果较为吻合,AP厌氧污泥中产CH4功能菌群群落丰度较低,Diverse菌群相对丰度达45%,而DH厌氧污泥中产CH4功能菌种群密集,Diverse菌群相对丰度仅为7%.DH厌氧污泥中产CH4功能菌以产CH4髦毛菌Methanosaeta spp.(280 bps)为主,同时存在产CH4微菌Methanomicrobiaceae(80 bps)、RC-I(389bps)和产CH4杆菌Methanobacteriacea(88 bps).     

Greenhouse gas emissions from oilfield-produced water in Shengli Oilfield, Eastern China

Greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions from oil and gas systems are an important component of the GHG emission inventory. To assess the carbon emissions from oilfield-produced water under atmospheric conditions correctly, in situ detection and simulation experiments were developed to study the natural release of GHG into the atmosphere in the Shengli Oilfield,the second largest oilfield in China. The results showed that methane(CH4) and carbon dioxide(CO2) were the primary gases released naturally from the oilfield-produced water.The atmospheric temperature and release time played important roles in determining the CH4 and CO2emissions under atmospheric conditions. Higher temperatures enhanced the carbon emissions. The emissions of both CH4 and CO2from oilfield-produced water were highest at 27°C and lowest at 3°C. The bulk of CH4 and CO2was released from the oilfield-produced water during the first release period, 0–2 hr, for each temperature, with a maximum average emission rate of 0.415 g CH4/(m3·hr) and 3.934 g CO2/(m3·hr), respectively. Then the carbon emissions at other time periods gradually decreased with the extension of time. The higher solubility of CO2 in water than CH4 results in a higher emission rate of CH4 than CO2over the same release duration. The simulation proved that oilfield-produced water is one of the potential emission sources that should be given great attention in oil and gas systems.     

Government environmental control measures on CO2 emission during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing: Perspectives from a top-down approach

Strict air pollution control measures were conducted during the Youth Olympic Games（YOG） period at Nanjing city and surrounding areas in August 2014.This event provides a unique chance to evaluate the effect of government control measures on regional atmospheric pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.Many previous studies have observed significant reductions of atmospheric pollution species and improvement in air quality,while no study has quantified its synergism on anthropogenic CO₂...     

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by heterogeneous reactions with N2O5 on atmospheric particles

The degradation of particulate polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on atmospheric soot particles in the presence of gas phase dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) was explored. Dilute diesel and wood soot particles containing PAH were reacted with∼10ppm of N₂O₅ in a 200 ℓ continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). To provide a stable source of particles for reaction in the CSTR, diesel or wood soot particles were injected at night into a 25 m³ Teflon outdoor chamber. The large chamber served as a reservoir for the feed aerosol, and the aerosol could then be introduced at a constant flow rate into the CSTR. PAH-N₂O₅ heterogeneous rate constants for wood soot at 15°C ranged from2 × 10⁻¹⁸to5 × 10⁻¹⁸ cm³ molecules⁻¹ s⁻¹. For diesel soot the rate constants at 16°C were higher and ranged from5 × 10⁻¹⁸to30 × 10⁻¹⁸ cm³ molecules⁻¹ s⁻¹. Comparisons with other studies suggest that sunlight is the most important factor which influences PAH decay. This is followed by ozone, NO₂, N₂O₅ and nitric acid. The rate constants of nitro-PAH formation from a parent PAH and N₂O₅ were of the order of1 × 10⁻¹⁹−1 × 10⁻¹⁸ molecules⁻¹s⁻¹. The uncertainty associated with all of these rate constants is± a factor of 3. Given, however, the small magnitude of the rate constants and the low levels of N₂O₅ present in the atmosphere, we concluded that PAH heterogeneous reactions with gas phase N₂O₅ degrade particle-bound PAH or to form nitro-PAH from PAH arenot very important. (Direct application of the specific rate constants derived in this study to ambient atmospheres should not be undertaken unless the ambient particle size distributions and chemical composition of the particles are similar to the ones reported in this study.)     

1991—2004年东亚温室气体浓度特征及变化趋势

利用NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory提供的1991─2004年Tae-ahn(韩国),Ulaan Uul(蒙古)以及瓦里关(中国)的大气温室气体CO₂和CH₄的数据,对东亚地区大气温室气体的浓度特征及变化趋势进行研究.结果表明:14年来东亚地区大气中φ(CO₂)和φ(CH₄)月和年平均值总体呈明显上升趋势;3个监测站的φ(CO₂)年线性递增率比较接近,平均值为1.91×10-6a-1,季节变化较一致;从沿海到内陆这2种温室气体的浓度均随海拔升高而逐渐降低.      

Comparison of CH4 emission inventory data and emission estimates from atmospheric transport models and concentration measurements

CH₄ emissions from two sources of emission inventory data i.e. the National Communications and the EDGAR/GEIA database, are compared with emission estimates from six global and two regional atmospheric transport models. The emission inventories were compiled using emission process parameters to establish emission factors and statistical data to derive activity data. The emission estimates were derived from an evaluation of atmospheric transport modelling results and measured concentrations of CH₄. The comparison of emission inventories and the emissions derived from atmospheric transport models shows the largest differences on the global scale to occur in biogenic CH₄ emissions, i.e. by wetlands and biomass burning. Anthropogenic CH₄ emissions due to oil and gas production and distribution, also appear rather uncertain, especially with respect to the spatial distribution of the sources. A comparison of CH₄ emissions on a smaller scale (NW Europe) showed a fair amount of agreement between National Communications, EDGAR data and results of inverse atmospheric modelling. Because most of the CH₄ emissions in this area come from reasonably well-known CH₄ emission sources like ruminants and landfills, this is a good argument. CH₄ emission from some areas in the North Sea was underestimated by inventories. This could be due to CH₄ emissions of oil production platforms in the North Sea.     

Vertical distribution of atmospheric aerosol size distribution over south-central New Mexico

The vertical distribution of background atmospheric aerosols was measured over south-central New Mexico as a part of the Atmospheric Lidar Verification Experiment (ALIVE) during four research field periods in the summers and winters of 1989 and 1990. Aerosol size distribution was measured from the surface up to 4500 m above sea level (asl) over the particle size range 0.1∼32 μm, using two Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) probes mounted on the wings of the NOAA King Air research aircraft. Vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations of both fine- (0.1–2.0 μm) and coarse- (>2.0 μm) particle modes show seasonal differences, with higher number concentrations and higher mixed layer heights during summers. The measured aerosol size distribution data of each ALIVE intensive were averaged for boundary layer and free troposphere regions. These data mostly exhibit bi-modal distributions, typical for the continental atmospheric aerosols. Exceptions were the free troposphere size distributions measured during December 1989 (ALIVE III) and June 1990 (ALIVE IV), which resemble Junge's power-law distribution. Each of the averaged aerosol size distributions was approximated by the sum of log-normal distributions. Different characteristics of aerosol size distribution were observed between the two summer measurements of 1989 and 1990. Back-trajectory analysis revealed that decreased aerosol concentrations were observed during June 1990 when the air mass was transported from the southwestern U.S.A.     

Laboratory tests of KI and alkaline annular denuders

Annular denuders coated with KI and with alkaline solutions have been tested for their ability to remove atmospheric pollutants including ozone, NO₂, SO₂, formaldehyde, methyl nitrate and peroxyacetyl nitrate. Tests were carried out at flow rates of 0.4–2.0 ℓ min⁻¹, using particle-free ambient air as well as purified air to study the effect of atmospheric CO₂ on alkaline denuder performance. Denuders coated with KI were efficient in removing O₃, NO₂, SO₂ (> 95%) and PAN (84±3%) but not methyl nitrate (44%) and formaldehyde (<5%). Selective removal of PAN from NO₂, and vice versa, could be obtained with annular denuders coated with NaOH, which removed 100% PAN and ⩽15% NO₂, and with alkaline guaiacol, which removed ⩾99% NO₂ and ⩽6% PAN.     

北京市区大气氮沉降研究

2009年3～9月,使用离子交换树脂柱法对北京市区大气氮沉降进行了观测.2009年3～6月,北京市区大气硝态氮沉降平均值为40.59 mg.m-2,大气亚硝态氮沉降平均值为14.66 mg.m-2.2009年6～9月,北京市区大气硝态氮沉降平均值为75.13 mg.m-2,大气亚硝态氮沉降平均值为20.67 mg.m-2.观测表明,大气硝态氮和亚硝态氮沉降有明显的局部分异特点,沉降量大的地点主要是交通干线和热电厂周边地区,显示了大气硝态氮和亚硝态氮的线源和点源特征.2009年3～6月,北京市区大气氨态氮沉降平均值为12.19 mg.m-2.2009年6～9月,北京市区大气氨态氮沉降平均值为8.46 mg.m-2.结果表明,各观测点之间大气氨态氮沉降变化明显小于硝态氮和亚硝态氮,显示了大气氨态氮的非点源特征.