边界层方案与垂直混合对京津冀地区O3模拟的影响研究

采用WRF-Chem模式中的3种边界层方案YSU、MYJ和ACM2对2019年6月京津冀及周边地区典型O₃污染月份开展模拟研究.详细对比了各方案对地面气象要素、NO₂和O₃浓度时空分布,以及温湿风要素和O₃浓度垂直分布的模拟效果.结果表明：3种方案对地面气象要素的时空分布和温湿风要素的垂直变化模拟较为合理.MYJ方案模拟地面气象要素整体效果最佳.各方案对边界层高度的日变化特征模拟较好,相关系数为0.58~0.69,但存在白天偏高、夜间偏低的现象,YSU方案相比效果最佳.3种边界层方案对NO₂浓度模拟普遍高估,而O₃模拟结果则出现低估.白天模拟偏差较小而夜间偏差较显著.模拟最佳的是ACM2,其次为YSU和MYJ.3种方案均较好地模拟出了O₃的垂直分布特征,但整体低估了O₃浓度.对上午O₃垂直分布的模拟差异较下午更为明显.此外,基于YSU方案设置了3个敏感实验,通过调整化学模块所用的湍流扩散系数阈值,对比分析了垂直混合过程改变对O₃浓度模拟的影响,模拟的变化只反映由于边界层的垂直混合过程改变造成的污染差异,而不是由于热动力场的调整造成的变化.模拟结果表明3个方案均可改善区域上地面NO₂和O₃的模拟性能,尤其是对原3种边界层方案模拟O₃均明显低估的华北平原地区提升效果最显著,平均偏差降低了23.7%.在垂直方向上,湍流扩散系数阈值的调整增加了早间近地面模拟的O₃浓度,改善了模拟偏低的现象,但同时增大了高层O₃浓度的负偏差.敏感性方案显著改善了夜间的模拟,白天则并不明显.这些结果显示出湍流扩散系数对O₃垂直混合的重要影响.因此,改进湍流扩散系数的参数化对O₃模拟是必要的.     

2008～2017年北京市PM2.5周期性变化特征与影响机制

利用Morlet小波方法分析北京市2008~2017年PM_2.5资料,结果表明,北京市PM_2.5浓度存在显著的日变化、周变化、以及季节和年变化周期性特征,并且秋冬季的周期性特征显著高于春夏季.结合气象资料,包括水平风速、大气边界层高度、以及大气稳定度指数等,分析PM_2.5不同周期性变化对应的主要影响机制表明：大气边界层过程是PM_2.5日变化的主要影响机制,导致PM_2.5浓度白天低、夜间高.秋冬季PM_2.5日变化幅度高于春夏季;天气过程是PM_2.5周变化的主要机制,PM_2.5浓度与天气变化过程带来的风速变化和边界层高度呈强反相关关系;PM_2.5的季节变化与大气扩散能力的季节变化密切相关,秋冬季减弱的大气扩散能力加速了PM_2.5在近地面累积,春夏季则相反.     

边界层低空急流导致北京PM2.5迅速下降及其形成机制的个例分析

2015年3月17日18:00~23:00北京地区的PM_(2.5)质量浓度快速下降,在此期间并未出现与冷空气活动相伴的强偏北风.本研究分析了导致空气质量迅速改善的原因,结果表明边界层急流起着关键的作用.随着边界层内偏南风速增大,大气的通风量增大,污染物浓度降低.急流发展也加大了边界层内水平风的垂直切变,从而导致湍流增强和混合层增厚.此外,3月17日20:00在混合层顶附近出现气旋性地转涡度,Ekman抽吸的方向为垂直向上,于是底层的污染物就被带到高空并随强劲的西南风输送到下游.边界层急流的发展与惯性振荡和大气的斜压性有关.     

经度、纬度及时差设置对AERMOD预测结果的影响

为了验证经度、纬度和时差参数对AERMOD模式预测结果是否有影响,假设在某气象条件下存在一个点源,利用AERMOD模式计算该点源排放的污染物的浓度分布.保持气象条件和污染源参数不变,仅改变点源所在地的经度、纬度或时差,重新利用AERMOD模式进行了预测,比较预测结果的差异.结果表明,经度、纬度和时差参数对白天时段行星边界层参数的计算值有影响,受影响的参数包括地表热通量、摩擦速度、Monin-Obukhov长度、对流速度尺度、温度尺度和混合高度.经度、纬度和时差的不同取值对AERMOD计算出的污染物小时平均浓度最大值和浓度分布影响明显.根据AERMOD公式的描述和能量变化得出,经度、纬度和时差的改变引起了项目所在地白天太阳高度角的变化,进而改变了地表热通量.地表热通量的改变,造成了行星边界层参数的变化,最终影响了浓度分布的计算值.     

西宁地区大气边界层风、温场特征研究

利用西宁地区2009-2011 年地面气象及高空探测资料,统计及数值模拟研究了大气边界层风、温场特征。结果表明,西宁地面风场状况受地形的影响较大,风场复杂。地面较高频率风向与河谷走向基本一致,谷底平均风速较小,在北川河谷及湟中县西南为风速低值区。高空和地面主导风向在100 m以下发生转换,7：00 高空以西风和西西北风为主,19：00 则以东东南风和西西北风为主,风速均以西风和西西北风最大。风速垂直切变在冬季大,夏季小,夏季傍晚的风速垂直切变明显高于清晨。温度场特征表现为冬季出现逆温频率高,夏季低,清晨出现逆温层厚度较傍晚厚且逆温增温率强。逆温特征较黄土高原河谷城市及黄土高原较湿润地区更为明显,但较黄土高原干旱区则相对弱。混合层高度特征表现为春、夏季较高,冬季最小,气温相当的干旱季节混合层高度大于湿润季节,日混合层平均高度约在200～3 000 m变化,变化幅度大,扩散条件的日变化相差较大。     

沿岸熏烟扩散的中尺度模拟系统

建立了一个沿岸熏扩散的中尺度模拟系统，它由一个二维二阶矩闭合的ＰＢＬ模式和一个随机流动扩散模式组成。初步的模拟和一些数值试验结果表明，随机游动扩散模式与现行的基于高斯扩散公式的熏烟扩散模式比较，其物理模型更为合理；采用二阶矩湍流闭合方案的ＰＢＬ模式能模拟得到合理的热力内边界层（ＴＩＢＬ）结构特征，将二阶矩湍流闭合ＰＢＬ模式模拟所得气象场作为随机游动扩散模式的气象输入，可以较好地预测沿岸地区日间持续     

Effects of building aspect ratio, diurnal heating scenario, and wind speed on reactive pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons

A photochemistry coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based numerical model has been developed to model the reactive pollutant dispersion within urban street canyons, particularly integrating the interrelationship among diurnal heating scenario (solar radiation affections in nighttime, daytime, and sun-rise/set), wind speed, building aspect ratio (building-height-to-street-width), and dispersion of reactive gases, specifically nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) such that a higher standard of air quality in metropolitan cities can be achieved. Validation has been done with both experimental and numerical results on flow and temperature fields in a street canyon with bottom heating, which justifies the accuracy of the current model. The model was applied to idealized street canyons of different aspect ratios from 0.5 to 8 with two different ambient wind speeds under different diurnal heating scenarios to estimate the influences of different aforementioned parameters on the chemical evolution of NO, NO₂ and O₃. Detailed analyses of vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations showed that different diurnal heating scenarios could substantially affect the reactive gases exchange between the street canyon and air aloft, followed by respective dispersion and reaction. Higher building aspect ratio and stronger ambient wind speed were revealed to be, in general, responsible for enhanced entrainment of O₃ concentrations into the street canyons along windward walls under all diurnal heating scenarios. Comparatively, particular attention can be paid on the windward wall heating and nighttime uniform surface heating scenarios.     

珠江三角洲秋季典型气溶胶污染的过程分析

为了解大气中各物理和化学过程对气溶胶浓度的贡献情况,利用Models-3/CMAQ模式系统对珠江三角洲(以下简称珠三角)秋季典型气溶胶污染进行研究.模拟时间是2012年10月,期间珠三角主要受高压系统的控制,在17日冷锋过境前后高压天气形势发生转变,风向从东北风转为偏东风.结果表明,珠三角秋季PM2.5浓度呈现西高东低的水平分布特征,随着高度的上升浓度高值中心也向西南方向偏移;受大气边界层高度的影响,陆地上PM2.5输送高度呈现白天高夜晚低的变化特征;过程分析结果表明源排放,水平输送和垂直输送是影响近地面PM2.5浓度变化的主要过程;本地污染物排放是城市中心(广州站)PM2.5浓度升高的主要原因,而在下风向位置(江门站)外来污染物的水平输送过程是PM2.5的最主要来源.     

Overall efficiency of tubular inlets sampling at 0–90 degrees from horizontal aerosol flows

We have developed a unified and comprehensive model for the overall efficiency of tubular inlets sampling from horizontal aerosol flows at 0–90° relative to the wind direction. In our model, derived from experimental data obtained in our wind tunnel, the transmission efficiency is separated into two components: one due to gravitational settling in the boundary layer and the other due to impaction. The gravitational settling component is determined by extending our previously developed isoaxial sampling model to nonisoaxial sampling. The impaction component is determined by a new model that quantifies the particle losses caused by direct wall impaction. The model also quantifies the additional particle losses resulting from the turbulent motion in the vena contracta which is formed in the inlet when the inlet velocity is higher than the wind velocity.The equation for the gravitational settling component considers the inertial behaviour of the particles by including the Stokes number, the flow development in the boundary layer by including the Reynolds number and the gravitational settling in the boundary layer by including a modified gravitational settling parameter. The equation for the impaction component considers direct wall impaction and the losses due to vena contracta formation through the Stokes number, velocity ration and sampling angle. Direct wall impaction is further differentiated by the gravity effect on the impaction process which distinguishes upward from downward sampling. Our equations for transmission efficiency in combination with aspiration efficiency equations determine the overall efficiency of tubular, sharp-edged inlets at all orientations of the inlet relative to horizontal aerosol flows.     

成都一次霾过程中颗粒物消光作用的垂直变化

基于2017年1月4~7日成都地区一次重霾过程中,颗粒物粒径谱的垂直加密观测和激光雷达同步观测数据,利用Mie散射理论计算颗粒物消光系数并与激光雷达反演结果对比,计算了不同粒径谱颗粒物消光系数以及消光贡献率.分析表明：重霾期间,在不同边界层高度上颗粒物消光系数表现为PM₁ > PM_2.5~10 > PM_1~2.5 > PM _{> 10},其中PM₁的消光贡献率整体上维持在49.5%~69.4%,是本次重霾过程中影响颗粒物消光系数大小的主要因子.在大气边界层内,不同粒径谱颗粒物消光作用呈现出显著垂直变化和昼夜差异,白天在600m以下和700~1100m之间颗粒物消光系数出现高值区;夜间颗粒物消光系数整体上随高度呈现出明显递减趋势,在1100m处出现高值.此外,夜间在200m以下颗粒物消光系数明显大于白天,且PM_>1的消光贡献率也明显大于白天.整体上,PM₁消光贡献率随高度递增,而PM_>1消光贡献率随高度递减.     

中国城市热岛时空特征及其影响因子的分析

全球气候变暖背景下,城市热岛效应会加重城市地区的热胁迫,对人类健康和生存发展提出严峻挑战.近年来我国雾-霾污染情况严重,但雾-霾对城市热岛影响的认识仍较匮乏.本研究基于MODIS遥感卫星地表温度数据,明确了我国2003~2013年白天、夜间以及四季城市热岛的空间变化,并从生物物理学和生物化学角度定量分析其控制机制.结果表明,影响我国白天城市热岛强度的主要因素为人口、农田灌溉和植被活动.纬度、降水量、反照率以及气溶胶浓度是夜间城市热岛强度的主控因子.从对比城乡粗糙度、反照率等生物物理学属性的角度,揭示了乡村背景环境对城市热岛分析的重要影响.结果表明,雾-霾治理可以缓解我国夜间城市热岛现象和热胁迫,有利于缓解区域甚至全球气候变化.     

A large-eddy simulation of a line source in a convective atmospheric boundary layer—I. Dispersion characteristics

The dispersion of a passive line source in the convective atmospheric boundary layer is calculated with a large-eddy simulation. The results of the calculation are presented in the form of dispersion parameters. The total dispersion parameter is made up of two contributions: meandering and relative diffusion. Both contributions are calculated as a function of diffusion time and of source height. The results for vertical dispersion show that initially the contribution by meandering is large. Furthermore, the meandering component becomes larger as source height increases. These results can be interpreted in terms of the well-known looping plume in the convective boundary layer. The horizontal dispersion parameter is also influenced by meandering. However, in this case the lowest source has the largest meandering component. Finally, we consider the velocity statistics and demonstrate that they are consistent with the dispersion parameters.     

On the impact of snow cover on daytime pollution dispersion

A preliminary evaluation of the impact of snow cover on daytime pollutant dispersion conditions is made by using conceptual, scaling, and observational analyses. For uniform snow cover and synoptically unperturbed sunny conditions, observations indicate a considerate suppression of the surface sensible heat flux, the turbulence, and the development of the daytime atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) when compared to snow-free conditions. However, under conditions of non-uniform snow cover, as in urban areas, or associated with vegetated areas or bare ground patches, a milder effect on pollutant dispersion conditions would be expected. Observed concentrations of atmospheric particles within the ABL, and surface pollutant concentrations in urban areas, reflect the impact of snow cover on the modification of ABL characteristics.     

Thermal internal boundary layer and its effects on air pollutants during summer in a coastal city in North China

The thermal internal boundary layer(TIBL) is associated with coastal pollution dispersion,which can result in high concentrations of air pollutants near the surface of the Earth. In this study, boundary layer height data which were obtained using a ceilometer were used to assess the effect of the TIBL on atmospheric pollutants in Qinhuangdao, a coastal city in North China.A TIBL formed on 33% of summer days. When a TIBL formed, the sunshine duration was 2.4 hr longer, the wind speed was higher, the wind direction reflected a typical sea breeze, and the boundary layer height was lower from 9:00 LT to 20:00 LT compared to days without a TIBL. If no TIBL formed, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) decreased with increasing boundary layer height. However, when a TIBL was observed, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) increased with increasing boundary layer height. Because the air from the sea is clean, PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations reached minimums in the daytime at 16:00 LT. After16:00 LT, the PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations increased rapidly on days when a TIBL formed,which indicated that the TIBL leads to the rapid accumulation of atmospheric pollutants in the evening. Therefore, the maximum concentrations of particulate matters were larger when a TIBL formed compared to when no TIBL was present during the night. These results indicate that it is suitable for outdoor activities in the daytime on days with a TIBL in coastal cities.     

基于无人机探空和数值模拟天津一次重污染过程分析

污染发生在边界层中,边界层热力和动力垂直结构对重污染天气形成有显著影响.本文基于无人机探空、地基遥感观测和数值模式,开展天津地区2019年1月10~15日重污染过程期间边界层垂直结构及污染成因分析,以期加强北方沿海城市边界层过程对重污染影响规律认知,提升重污染天气预报预警准确率.结果表明：大气温度层结对重污染天气形成、持续和消散有显著影响,此次过程伴随逆温层的发展和消散,PM_2.5高浓度区白天向大气上层发展,高度可达300 m以上,夜间向近地面压缩,高度在100 m左右;雾天气出现并在白天维持,改变了边界层垂直结构特征,雾顶逆温的持续存在抑制了污染物向大气上层扩散,使得白天湍流垂直混合过程贡献明显下降,导致近地面重污染天气维持和发展;过程期间区域输送贡献率为66.6%,边界层垂直结构与重污染天气区域输送密切相关,区域污染物输送高度主要出现在边界层顶部以及雾顶逆温层以上的大风速层处,且随着边界层和雾顶抬升高度的变化,通过下沉运动影响地面,形成北部弱高压天气控制下静稳天气区域输送;边界层垂直结构影响冷空气对空气质量的改善效果,S3阶段雾顶的强逆温导致冷空气无法通过湍流切应力传导到地面,在高低空存在明显的风速差,冷空气影响地面时间延后,作用减弱,重污染天气无法彻底缓解.     

汾渭平原至黄土高原不同海拔高度地区近地面臭氧浓度差异

利用2017~2019年中国生态环境监测总站逐小时地面臭氧(O₃)和二氧化氮(NO₂)数据, 结合再分析气象数据集,分析了从汾渭平原至黄土高原三个不同海拔高度的典型城市郊区(西安:500m、榆林:1100m和鄂尔多斯:1300m)O₃浓度的季-月-日变化特征,以及导致三地O₃浓度差异可能的化学和气象成因.结果表明:与其他季节比较,夏季三地的O₃浓度都较高且差值较小,其中西安昼间O₃的净增量最大、夜间净减量也最大且前体物NO₂浓度最高,说明西安夏季白天O₃光化学反应最强烈、夜间NO滴定O₃效应也最强,榆林其次、鄂尔多斯最弱;冬季三地的O₃浓度都较低且差异较大,其中西安最低、鄂尔多斯最高,可能是由于冬季白天光化学反应都弱、夜间NO滴定O₃效应差异和高海拔地区背景O₃浓度高共同导致的,反映了三地O₃浓度水平差异不仅受不同NO_x水平下局地化学作用影响,还由区域背景值决定.分析还发现,高海拔的鄂尔多斯和榆林二地O₃浓度在上午升高的速率快于西安,与二地边界层向上发展的速率一致,可能是由于此时的夹卷效应将高海拔自由对流层的高背景O₃向下湍流输送所致.在每个季节雨天夜间,三地的O₃浓度均高于其阴、晴天,但是这一差异在西安较弱,而在榆林和鄂尔多斯较强,这进一步意指高海拔地区近地面O₃在雨天夜间更强烈地受到高浓度背景O₃的影响,一方面是通过降水的拖曳作用,另一方面是因为雨天夜间NO的滴定作用减弱.本研究通过长期观测资料分析,推测了不同海拔高度对近地面O₃的影响机制,还需在更多地区进行分析和利用模式开展验证.     

城市复杂环境下涡度相关通量观测的适用性分析

利用涡度相关技术,于2008—2009年对北京325 m铁塔47 m、140 m和280 m高度处CO2和能量通量进行了观测.研究了涡度相关技术应用于城市环境通量长期观测中的理论问题和方法适用性.结果表明,平面拟合方法受地面建筑物的影响明显,不同的坐标旋转方法所计算CO2通量差异在15%以内,这种差异随着观测高度的增加而减小.稳态检验表明,城市环境下低质量的数据分布没有明显的日变化趋势.CO2通量在各自通量贡献区内明显受到平流输送的影响,47~140 m之间的平流约占140 m日累计CO2通量的33%.白天对流混合,污染物浓度梯度很小,垂直平流不大,水平平流占据了平流输送的绝大多数,夜间水平平流和垂直平流则具有相同量级.     

Velocity oscillations and plume dispersion in a residential neighborhood during wintertime nights

Measurements of velocity and tracer plume concentrations during stable atmospheric conditions were obtained in the Boise River Valley as part of the EPA Integrated Air Cancer Project during December, 1986. Wind speed, temperature, and wind direction were measured at two levels on a 30 m tower. Spectral and autocorrelation analyses of the velocity component data clearly indicate the occurrence of wave-like oscillations in the flow and the almost complete lack of turbulent energy. The predominate wave-like motion had an oscillation period of about 1000 s. Halogenated atmospheric tracers were released from as many as four houses during the night-time drainage conditions. Hourly averaged horizontal dispersion coefficients were very large compared to the Pasquill-Gifford curves and the urban McElroy-Pooler dispersion curves. The time-averaged dispersion coefficients formed an upper bound on very short-term dispersion coefficients obtained from mobile traverses of the tracer plume with a continuous SF₆ analyzer. These results agree with the concept of a narrow instantaneous plume with a broad meander driven by the observed 1000 s oscillation. Vertical dispersion rates were slightly smaller than the Pasquill-Gifford class F curve. Results from a single tracer release from a side canyon near the neighborhood showed that drainage flow from the tributary impacted the main residential sampling site at Elm Grove Park and represented a significant fraction of the upstream air flow at Elm Grove Park. For sources with equal emission rates, a source in the tributary adds about 10% to the mean of the concentration caused by a neighborhood source.     

海陆风环流情况下的大气扩散模式

本文讨论了海岸地区的大气过程和空气污染模式,推导了一个海陆风环流情况下的大气污染物输送扩散模式。实例应用表明,该模式对海陆风上下层风向存在切变时的空气质量模拟是有效的。      

北京气象塔夏季大气臭氧观测研究

2000年夏季7～8月,以北京325m气象塔为观测平台,分别在8,120,280m高度上进行了大气污染物臭氧(O₃)及其前体物氮氧化物(NO_x)和气象要素加强期的同步观测.对观测资料的分析表明,边界层内存在明显的臭氧浓度垂直差异;低层臭氧浓度呈明显的日变化,且昼夜振幅较大;对O₃浓度与NO₂/NO的比值作线性拟合分析发现,白天(10:00～16:00)O₃浓度与[NO₂/NO]的比值成线性关系,即达到光化学稳定态,但受气象背景场影响较大.